The opinion
Opinion issued March 7, 2023
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-22-00198-CV
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PORT FREEPORT, Appellant
V.
HENRY JONES, LOTTIE JONES SANDERS, DEMETRIA JONES, ANGIE
NICOLE CLARK JOHNSON, JANICE CATLEY, KIRK JOHNSON,
LONNIE JONES, GABRIEL JONES, RACHEL R. THOMAS, TIMOTHY
JONES, PENDLETON JOHNSON, ROOSEVELT JOHNSON, SR.,
ARNOLD JOHNSON, ELSIE HIGGINS CAMPBELL, BRUCE EDWARD
HIGGINS, WILLIAM A. BROWN, RODERICK L. BROWN, REGINALD
A. BROWN, ALPHONSE JOHNSON, SR., JOHN HENRY JOHNSON,
JOYCE WILLIAMS, AND MARVELOUS JOHNSON, Appellees
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3
Brazoria County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. CI62105
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Port Freeport appeals the denial of its motion to strike that was effectively a
plea to the jurisdiction in this eminent domain proceeding. The Port contends the
owners of the land in question, Lucille Marshall’s heirs, did not file a valid objection
to the special commissioners’ findings determining the value of the land, so the trial
court lacked jurisdiction to hear the cause. Because we conclude the agent of one of
the heirs filed a valid objection, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the Port’s
motion to strike.
BACKGROUND
Port Freeport sought to acquire a few tracts of land in the city of Freeport to
expand its facilities. The tracts had once been owned by Lucille Marshall, and her
heirs now share ownership of the tracts. One of Lucille Marshall’s heirs is Henry
Jones, who signed a durable power of attorney in favor of his daughter, Pamela
Tilley. Unable to agree with the heirs on a purchase price for the tracts, the Port filed
a petition to condemn the land in December of 2020. The trial court appointed special
commissioners to determine the value of the land, and they conducted a hearing in
which Tilley participated on behalf of her father. The special commissioners then
issued their findings that the tracts were worth $28,000 and awarded that amount as
damages to the heirs. Tilley filed a written objection to the special commissioners’
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findings objecting to the amount of damages awarded. Tilley signed the objection as
“HEIR and family representative.”
The Port moved the trial court to strike Tilley’s objection and to enter
judgment adopting the special commissioners’ award because, as a nonparty, Tilley
had no standing to object and because, without a valid objection, the trial court
lacked jurisdiction to do anything but perform the ministerial duty of adopting the
special commissioners’ findings. The trial court denied the Port’s motion to strike,
and the Port now appeals this interlocutory order.
DISCUSSION
Eminent Domain
The United States Constitution prohibits governmental taking of private
property without just compensation. U.S. CONST. amend. V. The process by which a
governmental unit in Texas may exercise its eminent domain authority to acquire
private property is governed by Chapter 21 of the Texas Property Code. TEX. PROP.
CODE §§ 21.001–.103. A governmental unit must make a bona fide offer to buy the
property, and if the governmental unit and the property owner cannot agree on the
value of the property, the governmental unit may file a petition in the proper court
and begin a condemnation proceeding. Id. §§ 21.0113, 21.012. The trial court then
appoints three special commissioners to conduct a hearing and make specific
findings, namely, the amount of damages to be awarded to the property owner. Id.
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§ 21.014. Either party may appeal the special commissioners’ findings. Id. § 21.018.
The Property Code provides:
(a) A party to a condemnation proceeding may object to the
findings of the special commissioners by filing a written statement of the
objections and their grounds with the court that has jurisdiction of the
proceeding. The statement must be filed on or before the first Monday
following the 20th day after the day the commissioners file their findings
with the court.
(b) If a party files an objection to the findings of the special
commissioners, the court shall cite the adverse party and try the case in
the same manner as other civil causes.
Id. Thus, the condemnation proceeding has two phases. In re Lazy W Dist. No. 1,
493 S.W.3d 538, 542 (Tex. 2016). The first phase involving the special
commissioners is administrative. Id. “It is essentially an official, compulsory
mediation of the value dispute with the goal of avoiding a trial.” Id. During the
administrative phase, the trial court “lack[s] jurisdiction to interfere with
proceedings pending before the commissioners.” Id. The second phase is judicial
and is initiated when a party files a “proper objection” to the special commissioners’
findings. Id. at 542–43. The objection invests the trial court with subject-matter
jurisdiction over the case. Collin County v. Hixon Fam. P’ship, Ltd., 365 S.W.3d
860, 866 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. denied). The trial court then has jurisdiction
to hear the case as in any other case. In re Lazy W Dist. No. 1, 493 S.W.3d at 543.
Without a timely objection to the special commissioners’ findings, the trial
court lacks jurisdiction to do anything but enter a judgment adopting the special
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commissioners’ findings. Pearson v. State, 315 S.W.2d 935, 938 (Tex. 1958). The
trial court has a “ministerial duty” to enter a judgment conforming to the special
commissioners’ award. Oak Lawn Apartments, Ltd. v. State, 584 S.W.3d 11, 15
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, pet. denied).
Standard of Review
As discussed more fully below, this appeal is based on the denial of a plea to
the jurisdiction. We review a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo
because the question of whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a matter of
law. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).
When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we construe the pleadings
liberally in favor of the pleader and determine whether the pleader has alleged facts
that affirmatively demonstrate the court’s jurisdiction to hear the cause. Id. When a
plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider
relevant evidence submitted by the parties. Id. at 227. If the evidence creates a fact
question regarding the jurisdictional issue, then the fact issue must be resolved by
the factfinder. Id. at 227–28. If the evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact
question, then the plea to the jurisdiction may be decided as a matter of law. Id.
A. Appellate Jurisdiction
The heirs argue we must dismiss this appeal because the Port did not appeal
from a final judgment or from an appealable interlocutory order; instead, the Port
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has improperly tried to appeal the denial of its motion to strike. The heirs have also
filed a motion to dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction based on the same
reasoning. See TEX. R. APP. P. 42.3. The Port argues in response that its motion to
strike Tilley’s objections and enter judgment functioned as a plea to the jurisdiction
because the Port argued in the motion that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to do
anything other than enter a judgment adopting the special commissioners’ award.
1. Applicable law
Appeals may only be taken from final judgments or from certain types of
interlocutory orders. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014; Thomas v. Long, 207
S.W.3d 334, 338 (Tex. 2006). An order granting or denying a plea to the jurisdiction
by a governmental unit is an appealable interlocutory order. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE § 51.014(a)(8). A plea to the jurisdiction does not refer to a “particular
procedural vehicle” but rather to the “substance of the issue raised.” City of
Magnolia 4A Econ. Dev. Corp. v. Smedley, 533 S.W.3d 297, 299 (Tex. 2017) (per
curiam); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 71 (“When a party has mistakenly designated any
plea or pleading, the court, if justice so requires, shall treat the plea or pleading as if
it had been properly designated.”); Ryland Enter., Inc. v. Weatherspoon, 355 S.W.3d
664, 666 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam) (in construing pleadings, we should
“acknowledge the substance of the relief sought despite the formal styling of the
pleading”); Thomas, 207 S.W.3d at 339–40 (construing summary-judgment motion
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that challenged jurisdiction as plea to jurisdiction and concluding appellate court had
jurisdiction over appeal under Section 51.014(a)(8)); City of Austin v. Liberty Mut.
Ins., 431 S.W.3d 817, 822 & n.1 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, no pet.) (treating Rule
91a motion to dismiss as plea to jurisdiction).
2. Analysis
The Port filed a “Motion to Strike Objections to the Award and for Entry of
Judgment in the Absence of Objections.” In the motion, the Port argued Tilley’s
objection should be stricken because she was not a party to the condemnation
proceeding and had no authority to represent Lucille Marshall’s heirs. Because no
other objections had been filed, the Port argued in its motion that the trial court “only
ha[d] jurisdiction to perform its ministerial duty of entering judgment on the award
of commissioners in this proceeding.” Thus, the Port argued the trial court did not
have jurisdiction to try the case. Looking at the substance of the issue raised in the
Port’s motion, see Smedley, 533 S.W.3d at 299, we conclude the motion functioned
as a plea to the jurisdiction. The trial court’s order denying the Port’s plea to the
jurisdiction was an appealable interlocutory order over which we have appellate
jurisdiction. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(8). Accordingly, we
deny the heirs’ motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
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B. Objection by Nonparty
The Port argues that Tilley could not raise a valid objection to the special
commissioners’ award because she was not a party to the condemnation proceeding.
The heirs acknowledge that Tilley was not a party to the proceeding, but they argue
instead that, because Jones had signed a durable power of attorney in favor of Tilley,
she was authorized to participate in legal proceedings on his behalf. We agree with
the heirs.
1. Applicable law
The Property Code allows a “party to a condemnation proceeding” to object
to the special commissioners’ findings by filing a written objection with the court
that has jurisdiction over the proceeding. TEX. PROP. CODE § 21.018(a). After a party
files an objection, the court must cite all adverse parties and try the case like any
other civil case. Id. § 21.018(b).
A durable power of attorney is a “writing or other record that designates
another person as agent and grants authority to that agent to act in place of the
principal.” TEX. EST. CODE § 751.0021(a); see also id. § 751.002(4). Generally, an
act performed by an agent under a durable power of attorney has the same effect as
if the principal had performed the act. Id. § 751.051. This includes participating in
legal proceedings and asserting claims before a court or administrative agency on
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behalf of the principal. Id. § 752.110. When acting for the principal, the agent has a
duty to disclose his or her status as an agent and identify the principal. Id. § 752.051.
2. Analysis
The Port and the heirs do not dispute that Jones had signed an effective durable
power of attorney in favor of Tilley. Rather, they dispute whether Tilley was acting
on behalf of Jones when she objected to the special commissioners’ findings. If she
was acting on behalf of Jones, then her objection was as effective as if Jones himself
had objected. See id. § 751.051. If she was not acting on behalf of Jones, then the
objection was not valid because she was not a party to the condemnation proceeding.
See TEX. PROP. CODE § 21.018(a) (authorizing only “a party to a condemnation
proceeding” to raise objection).
Tilley indicated in the objection that she was acting on behalf of Jones and
others, thereby satisfying her duty to disclose her status as Jones’s agent. The
objection stated that Lucille Marshall’s heirs, “as represented by heirs Pamela Tilley
and Ava Waddell,” objected to the special commissioners’ findings on certain
grounds and that they, “the defendants and representatives,” were asking the court
to vacate the special commissioners’ award. The objection was signed:
Pamela Tilley
HEIR and family representative
The objection indicates that Tilley was acting on behalf of herself and other members
of the family, which included Jones. While directly identifying Jones by name and
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using the word “agent” would have further reduced confusion, the objection made
clear Tilley was acting on behalf of others, including her father.
The record supports our conclusion that Tilley sufficiently identified herself
as Jones’s agent. Not only does the objection describe Tilley as a representative of
the family, including Jones, the special commissioners’ findings stated:
Defendants, its agents, and/or attorneys appeared as follows:
Pamela Jones Tilley - Power of Attorney for Henry Jerry Jones
Tilley had already appeared in the condemnation proceeding and clearly identified
herself as Jones’s agent before she made the objection on Jones’s behalf, and she
identified herself as a representative in the objection. Tilley was acting on behalf of
Jones when she objected to the special commissioners’ findings, and her objection
was as effective as if Jones himself had objected. Tilley raised a valid objection to
the special commissioners’ findings. We overrule the Port’s first issue.
C. Trial Court’s Jurisdiction
In its third issue, the Port contends that, without a timely and properly filed
objection, the trial court lacks jurisdiction to hear the case and do anything besides
enter judgment adopting the special commissioners’ findings. The Port argues that
no party to the proceeding filed an objection to the special commissioners’ findings.
The Port relies on Section 21.061 of the Property Code:
If no party in a condemnation proceeding files timely objections
to the findings of the special commissioners, the judge of the court that
has jurisdiction of the proceeding shall adopt the commissioners’
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findings as the judgment of the court, record the judgment in the
minutes of the court, and issue the process necessary to enforce the
judgment.
Id. § 21.061. The Port correctly argues that if no party files an objection, then the
trial court does not have jurisdiction to do “anything more than accept and adopt the
[special commissioners’] award as its judgment.” Pearson, 315 S.W.2d at 938.
Adopting the award is simply a “ministerial duty” that the trial court must perform.
Oak Lawn Apartments, 584 S.W.3d at 15.
While the Port correctly cites the law on this matter, we have already
concluded that there was a timely and properly filed objection in the condemnation
proceeding. The objection therefore invested the trial court with jurisdiction to hear
the case as a civil cause. Hixon Fam. P’ship, 365 S.W.3d at 866. The Port’s argument
that the trial court lacks jurisdiction because there was not a valid objection must
fail. We overrule the Port’s third issue.
D. Tilley’s Authority to Represent Others
Finally, the Port argues that Tilley had no authority to represent family
members other than her father. Because she is not an attorney, the Port argues, Tilley
may only represent herself in court and her father under the durable power of
attorney. To represent other family members would constitute the unauthorized
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practice of law, the Port argues.1 In response, the heirs argue that the Rules of Civil
Procedure do not apply to the administrative phase of a condemnation proceeding,
so the prohibition against non-lawyers litigating in a representative capacity does not
apply here.
We need not decide this issue because whether Tilley could or did represent
other family members in her objection is unnecessary to the disposition of this
appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 (written opinion of appellate court need not address
issues unnecessary to final disposition of appeal). Even if we were to sustain the
Port’s issue, that ruling would not affect the disposition of this appeal because we
have already concluded that Tilley filed a valid objection on her father’s behalf,
which invested the trial court with jurisdiction over the civil cause. Only one
objection is necessary to invoke the trial court’s jurisdiction over the entire case. See
City of Houston v. Huber, 311 S.W.2d 488, 491 (Tex. App.—Houston 1958, no writ)
(if any one defendant objects to special commissioners’ award, objection confers
jurisdiction on trial court and inures to benefit of all defendants because trial court
1
See Kaminetzky v. Newman, No. 01-10-01113-CV, 2011 WL 6938536, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (person may represent
himself pro se but may not litigate rights of others in representative capacity); see
also TEX. R. CIV. P. 7 (“Any party to a suit may appear and prosecute or defend his
rights therein, either in person or by an attorney of the court.”); TEX. GOV’T CODE
§ 81.102 (“[A] person may not practice law in this state unless the person is a
member of the state bar.”); TEX. GOV’T CODE § 81.101 (defining “practice of law”
as “the preparation of a pleading or other document incident to an action or special
proceeding . . . on behalf of a client”).
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could not dispose of case without exercising jurisdiction over entire controversy and
all parties). Because there was one valid objection and only one valid objection was
necessary to invoke the trial court’s jurisdiction, we do not need to decide whether
Tilley could or did invoke the trial court’s jurisdiction on behalf of her other family
members in the administrative phase of the condemnation proceeding. We thus
decline to rule on the Port’s second issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
CONCLUSION
We deny the heirs’ motion to dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction. We
affirm the trial court’s denial of the Port’s motion to strike that was effectively a plea
to the jurisdiction.
Gordon Goodman
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Hightower, and Guerra.
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