The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
DAVID SUTTON, JR., UNPUBLISHED
January 12, 2023
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 360631
Oakland Circuit Court
BEZTAK COMPANY, MORNINGTON LC No. 2021-186377-CZ
ASSOCIATES LLC, and DEBORAH
WISTERMAN,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and O’BRIEN and RICK, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals as of right an order granting summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10) in favor of defendants in this action arising from plaintiff’s eviction from an
apartment allegedly owned and managed by defendants. We affirm.
In February 2021, plaintiff filed his complaint, in propria persona, against defendants. In
Count I, plaintiff labeled his claim: “Restatement (2nd) of Torts, § 45, Negligent and Intentional
Infliction Emotional Distress.” Plaintiff averred that he was African-American and defendants
“negligently and intentionally inflicted emotional distress” on him when they “served notice of
eviction on plaintiff and alleged that plaintiff violated the following sections of the lease agreement
of 12/18/2019: 11. Alterations and 8 Responsibility to Other Residents.” Plaintiff averred that
defendants’ conduct “was for an ulterior motive or purpose” and “was extreme, outrageous, and
of such character as not to be tolerated by a civilized society.” In Count II, plaintiff labeled his
claim: “Breach of Contract,” and averred that defendants failed to abide by the terms of the lease
as plaintiff had requested. In Count III, plaintiff labeled his claim: “Retaliatory Eviction, MCL
600.5720(1)(a),” and averred that his eviction was primarily a penalty against plaintiff for his
attempt to enforce rights under the lease. Plaintiff requested that the notice for eviction be
dismissed and that he be awarded damages, costs, and other relief to which he was entitled.
In December 2021, defendants filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(8) and (10). According to defendants, plaintiff had been a tenant at Muirwood
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Apartments since about November 2017; the most recently executed lease agreement was with
defendant Mornington Associates from February 16, 2020 through February 15, 2021. Defendants
explained that plaintiff was subject to summary proceedings in the district court to recover
possession of the apartment on the grounds that plaintiff had harassed other occupants of the
apartment complex throughout his tenancy, and such conduct resulted in those tenants terminating
their tenancies. In one case, plaintiff allegedly was upset with a neighbor’s children playing in the
parking lot and threatened and harassed the cotenant, causing fear for the welfare of that family
and the cotenant moved out. In a second case, plaintiff allegedly was upset with a neighbor’s
puppy making too much noise and, based on plaintiff’s complaint to police, was given a citation.
The cotenant requested to be released from the lease based on plaintiff’s behavior and moved out.
In a third case, plaintiff allegedly was upset with noise coming from an upstairs neighbors’
apartment and would pound on his ceiling, knock on their apartment door, call the police and
complain, point his cameras at their carport and engage in other harassing behaviors which was
unsettling to the cotenants.
Defendants argued that plaintiff’s complaint should be summarily dismissed. First,
defendants argued, plaintiff’s claims for negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress
are clearly unenforceable as a matter of law. Plaintiff did not witness harm to a family member
and thus would not be entitled to “bystander recovery” even if a claim of negligent infliction of
emotional distress was cognizable in Michigan. Likewise, even if a cause of action for intentional
infliction of emotional distress was cognizable in Michigan, defendants’ conduct could not be
considered extreme and outrageous so as to give rise to liability. Defendants merely pursued their
“lawful right to seek to evict Plaintiff in a permissible manner after multiple complaints and
concerns about Plaintiff from his neighbors.” Second, defendants argued, plaintiff’s breach of
contract claim must be dismissed because he failed to attach the lease to his complaint as required
under MCR 2.113(C)(1). In any case, the only executed lease that existed was between plaintiff
and defendant Mornington, as landlord, and plaintiff failed to identify how the contract was
breached; therefore, plaintiff failed to state a claim and it must be dismissed. Third, defendants
argued, plaintiff’s “retaliatory eviction” claim was premised on MCL 600.5720(1)(a) which is a
defense in district court summary proceedings and is not an independent cause of action; therefore,
plaintiff failed to state a claim and it must be dismissed. Defendants attached exhibits to their
motion, including the following: a lease executed by plaintiff on December 18, 2019 and by an
agent of defendant Mornington on January 21, 2020; a lease executed by plaintiff on January 29,
2021 but not by defendant Mornington; a complaint to recover possession of property dated March
5, 2021 and a summons stating a hearing date of March 30, 2021; a notice to quit seeking eviction
dated February 2, 2021; and an affidavit of defendant Deborah Wisterman, manager of defendant
Muirwood Apartments for Mornington Associates, dated December 8, 2021, which detailed the
reasons for seeking plaintiff’s eviction, i.e., plaintiff’s alleged harassing conduct.
Plaintiff filed a response to defendants’ motion for summary disposition, arguing that the
evidence was insufficient to support dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint. Generally, plaintiff denied
harassing and threatening cotenants. Plaintiff argued that Count I of his complaint stated a claim
for which relief should be granted because his “claim for negligence and intentional infliction of
emotional distress is made on his own behalf, for his own injuries, for a tort directed at him rather
than another person.” It arises from a wrongful eviction action and it may be “maintained as a
separate, independent cause of action . . . .” And from the fact that defendants erroneously reported
a false rental history to the credit bureau Experian, claiming plaintiff’s rent payments were late
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which was a falsehood and impaired plaintiff’s ability to obtain rental housing. Further, plaintiff
argued, Count II of his complaint stated a claim for breach of contract because the term of the lease
was from February 16, 2021 through September 15, 2021, but defendants sought to evict plaintiff
months before the term of the lease expired and the eviction proceedings were initiated without
legal or factual justification. And, plaintiff argued, Count III of his complaint stated a claim for
retaliatory eviction under MCL 600.5720(1)(a) because he was being evicted for enforcing his
rights under the lease. Therefore, defendants’ motion for summary disposition should be denied.
Plaintiff attached exhibits to his responsive brief, including the following: a notice to quit seeking
eviction dated February 2, 2021; the affidavit of defendant Deborah Wisterman, dated December
8, 2021; a lease executed by plaintiff on January 29, 2021 and by an agent of defendant Mornington
on February 1, 2021 for a rental term 2/16/21 to 9/15/21; Credit report information from Experian;
an email dated September 29, 2021 denying a rental application for housing based on credit report
information; and several letters to defendant Muirwood authored by plaintiff detailing his various
complaints.
Defendants filed a reply in support of their motion for summary disposition, arguing that
an agent of defendant Mornington never signed the lease on February 1, 2021 as claimed by
plaintiff, and an affidavit was submitted by the purported agent denying that it was her electronic
signature on the lease. Further, defendants argued, they did not make any reports about plaintiff’s
payment history and because the eviction matter was pending in the district court, rent had not
been accepted from plaintiff. The tenant account program may reflect that fact, which may have
been shared to other program users without defendant Mornington’s input. In any case, defendants
argued, plaintiff’s responsive brief failed to raise any genuine issues of material fact that precluded
summary disposition in defendants’ favor; therefore, plaintiff’s complaint should be dismissed in
its entirety.
Thereafter, defendants submitted a supplemental brief stating that an agent of defendant
Muirwood Apartments did, in fact, sign the lease on February 1, 2021—as plaintiff had claimed—
but the wrong employee’s name was electronically inserted. In any case, defendants argued, the
lease ending on September 15, 2021 was inconsequential to plaintiff’s claims because that lease
had also expired.
On March 7, 2022, the trial court issued its amended order and opinion granting
defendants’ motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). First, the court dismissed
plaintiff’s negligent infliction of emotional distress claim because he had “not made any
allegations that suggest he witnessed a physical injury to an immediate family member or that he
suffered any damages as a result.” Second, the court dismissed plaintiff’s intentional infliction of
emotional distress claim because plaintiff had not established extreme and outrageous conduct,
and further, although he claimed the eviction was illegal, such argument is more appropriately
made in the summary proceedings. Third, the court dismissed plaintiff’s breach of contract claim
because plaintiff failed to establish actions by defendant Mornington that amounted to breach of
the lease, and presented no evidence of a contract between himself and either defendants Beztak
or Wisterman. Fourth, the court dismissed plaintiff’s claim for “retaliatory eviction” under MCL
600.5720(1)(a) because that statute is part of the summary proceedings statute which means that
such a claim must be raised in the district court; the circuit court had no jurisdiction. Accordingly,
the trial court granted defendants’ motion in its entirety and plaintiff’s complaint was dismissed.
Plaintiff filed his claim of appeal, in propria persona, on March 14, 2022.
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On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendants’ motion for
summary disposition as to all of his claims. We disagree.
We review de novo a lower court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(10). Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 173; 821 NW2d 520 (2012). A motion for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a claim. Stone v Auto-
Owners Ins Co, 307 Mich App 169, 173; 858 NW2d 765 (2014). The pleadings, affidavits,
depositions, and other documentary evidence is reviewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists for the trier of fact
to decide. Walsh v Taylor, 263 Mich App 618, 621; 689 NW2d 506 (2004). If reasonable minds
could differ on an issue, a genuine issue of material fact exists. Allison v AEW Capital Mgt, LLP,
481 Mich 419, 425; 751 NW2d 8 (2008). But a mere possibility that the claim might be supported
by evidence at trial is insufficient to defeat a motion for summary dismissal. Bennett v Detroit
Police Chief, 274 Mich App 307, 317; 732 NW2d 164 (2006).
First, plaintiff argues that “the trial court erred dismissing his ordinary negligence claim on
the basis that it was a ‘negligent infliction of emotional distress claim.’ ” However, plaintiff’s
complaint did not assert an ordinary negligence claim. Count I of plaintiff’s complaint was
labeled: “Restatement (2nd) of Torts, § 45, Negligent and Intentional Infliction Emotional
Distress.” It is true, as plaintiff asserts, that courts are not bound by labels and that a claim will be
identified by considering it as a whole. Simmons v Apex Drug Stores, Inc, 201 Mich App 250,
253; 506 NW2d 562 (1993); MacDonald v Barbarotto, 161 Mich App 542, 547; 411 NW2d 747
(1987). But it was incumbent on plaintiff to state each allegation in a clear, concise, and direct
manner, MCR 2.111(A)(1), and to state a claim “with the specific allegations necessary reasonably
to inform the adverse party of the nature of the claims the adverse party is called on to defend,”
MCR 2.111(B)(1). Plaintiff’s complaint simply does not reasonably inform anyone that plaintiff
is alleging an ordinary negligence claim. Moreover, plaintiff’s responsive brief to defendants’
motion for summary disposition did not clarify or mention that he asserted an ordinary negligence
claim. Therefore, this argument is without merit.
Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his intentional infliction of
emotional distress claim because reasonable minds could differ as to whether defendants’ conduct
in evicting plaintiff was extreme and outrageous under the circumstances, including: plaintiff was
71-years old, had health issues, and paid his rent on time, and his eviction was without notice and
done solely to penalize plaintiff for enforcing his rights under the lease. We disagree.
“To establish a prima facie claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff
must present evidence of (1) the defendant’s extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) the defendant’s
intent or recklessness, (3) causation, and (4) the severe emotional distress of the plaintiff.” Walsh
v Taylor, 263 Mich App 618, 634; 689 NW2d 506 (2004). “Liability attaches only when a plaintiff
can demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct is ‘so outrageous in character, and so extreme in
degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and utterly
intolerable in a civilized community.’ ” Lewis v LeGrow, 258 Mich App 175, 196; 670 NW2d 675
(2003), quoting Graham v Ford, 237 Mich App 670, 674; 604 NW2d 713 (1999). As the trial
court concluded, defendants’ decision to pursue the eviction of plaintiff through summary
proceedings filed in the district court, i.e., in a proper legal manner, cannot be considered extreme
and outrageous conduct. And it is apparent in plaintiff’s several letters of complaint with regard
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to his apartment that he was not satisfied with the housing or the service he was receiving in that
regard from defendants. Plaintiff characterized these issues miscellaneously, for example, as
“habitability defects” that threatened his quiet enjoyment and indicated, at one point, that he was
interested in terminating his rental agreement, stating in a letter dated May 18, 2020 that he would
“proceed to find tenancy elsewhere.” Defendants’ notice to quit, seeking plaintiff’s eviction, was
dated February 2, 2021. Under the circumstances of this case, we agree with the trial court that
defendants’ conduct does not qualify as so extreme and outrageous—surpassing all bounds of
decency in a civilized society—as to allow recovery for intentional infliction of emotional distress
and this claim was properly dismissed.
Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his breach of contract claim
because defendants did not abide by the terms of the lease when they served him with a notice of
eviction. A breach of contract claim required plaintiff to assert that a contract existed between the
parties, the contract was breached, and the breach resulted in damages to plaintiff. See Bank of
America, NA v First American Title Ins Co, 499 Mich 74, 100; 878 NW2d 816 (2016). While it
appears there was a lease between plaintiff and defendant Mornington, plaintiff does not refer us
to any particular term of the lease which he claims was breached by defendant Mornington. It
appears that plaintiff may be arguing that by seeking his eviction from the premises, defendant
Mornington breached the lease. But plaintiff does not refer to any provision in the lease that
supports such a claim. Defendants pursued plaintiff’s eviction in the district court by authority of
the summary proceedings statute, MCL 600.5701 et seq., which applies to tenants like plaintiff.
Any challenge to the propriety of plaintiff’s eviction should have been raised in the district court
through those proceedings. And, as the trial court noted, this includes plaintiff’s claim under MCL
600.5720(1)(a) that eviction was sought by defendants as a penalty for plaintiff’s attempts to
enforce his rights under the lease. Further, plaintiff has never produced any evidence of a contract
between himself and either defendant Beztak or defendant Wisterman. Accordingly, the trial court
properly dismissed plaintiff’s breach of contract claim.
In summary, the trial court did not err in granting defendants’ motion for summary
disposition as to all of plaintiff’s claims.
Affirmed.
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Michelle M. Rick
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