Com. v. Giles, T.

J-S32027-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

: PENNSYLVANIA

:

v. :

:

:

TYRELL GILES :

:

Appellant : No. 227 MDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 11, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP-38-CR-0000992-2020

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and LAZARUS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED DECEMBER 21, 2022

Appellant, Tyrell Giles, appeals from the aggregate judgment of

sentence of 11½—25 years’ incarceration, imposed after a jury convicted him

of two counts of aggravated assault, recklessly endangering another person,

and possessing instruments of crime.1 After careful review, we affirm.

In its opinion dismissing Appellant’s post-sentence motions, the trial

court provided a summary of the facts adduced at his May 26, 2021 jury trial

as follows:

At the jury trial, Chief Harold Easter of the Norther Lebanon

Township Police Department testified that he was on duty on July

16, 2020[,] and responded to a dispatch to Martin Drive in North

Lebanon Township for a report of a person bleeding on a lawn in

a residential neighborhood. When he arrived at the location, he

observed a male l[]ying in the grass just off the pavement. He

was not wearing a shirt, there was a wound on the lower right side

of his back, and he was bleeding. The man was identified as

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1 Respectively, 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702(a)(1), 2702(a)(4), 2705, and 907(a).

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Jarrod Sales. Sales told Chief Easter that he had been at the

Mobil[] Gas Station at 121 and Cumberland Streets in the City of

Lebanon when an individual approached him and stabbed him.

Sales said he had never seen the person who stabbed him before.

Sales’ vehicle was parked on the street adjacent to where he was

l[]ying. When Chief Easter looked inside the vehicle, he observed

thick, coagulated blood on the right side of the driver’s seat. He

was able to observe Sales’ wound when he and other officers

applied a compress bandage and pressure to try to stop the

bleeding. Chief Easter explained that he had served in combat in

the military and had been in law enforcement since 1969, with 46

years’ experience instructing other police officers in defensive

tactics, the use of weapons, and wounds. One of those courses

involved edged weapons. He explained that the difference

between a knife or stab wound and a puncture wound is that a

puncture wound would be round/circular and jagged and would be

caused by something like a re-rod or glass. A knife wound would

be long and thin. Chief Easter explained that it appeared that

Sales had been lacerated with a sharp object as the wound was

smooth and narrow with clean edges. Based on his training and

experience, Chief Easter opined that it was consistent with a

wound caused by a knife or a[n] edged[ ]weapon. Chief Easter

also noted that in addition to the back wound, the victim had

recent abrasions on his lower legs.

Due to the fact that the incident occurred in the City of Lebanon,

the Lebanon City Police Department took over the investigation at

that point and the North Lebanon Township Police had no further

involvement. Chief Easter identified a series of photographs which

were taken of Sales and his vehicle on July 16, 2020 (Exhibits “1A

through 1G”)[,] and a Powerpoint which had been prepared for

the jury trial[] (Exhibit “2”)[.]

On cross-examination, Chief Easter acknowledged that he had

never received any medical training. However, he explained on

re-direct that he has observed many people who had been stabbed

throughout his career. Based on his training and experience, he

found that Sales’ wound was consistent with a stab wound. He

also reiterated that Sales told him at the scene that he had been

stabbed.

Sergeant Keith Uhrich of the Lebanon City Police testified that on

July 16, 2020[,] at approximately 12:40 p.m.[,] he was

dispatched to the gas station at 1201 Cumberland Street due to a

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report of a stabbing having occurred there. Sergeant Uhrich

identified a Powerpoint diagram which showed the layout of the

gas station and the surrounding area[] (Exhibits “3A through

3N”)[.] He also identified a series of photographs which he had

taken at the scene[] (Exhibits “4A through 4K”)[.]

Sergeant Uhrich personally retrieved the surveillance video of the

incident from the gas station[] ( Exhibit “S”)[.] The video was

played at the jury trial. In the video, Sergeant Uhrich pointed out

that Sales could be seen pulling into the gas station and parking

his vehicle. Then a black car pulls into the parking lot from 12th

Street. Before the black car was entirely inside the parking lot, a

male jumped out and ran toward the gas pumps where Sales was

standing. Sales began to run[,] and the male pursued him toward

a red truck in the parking lot. During this time, the female driver

parked the black car near the front of the store. After Sales’ hat

and shoes fell off, he ran back toward the gas pumps. The male

continued to chase him, keeping his hand in his right pocket the

entire time. The male ultimately pulled his hand out of his pocket

and could be seen making a folding motion, swinging his hand into

the right back side of Sales. After that, the male continued to

pursue Sales, finally ending up on top of him and continuing the

assault.

The jury was also shown a frame-by-frame surveillance video

taken from another angle which focused on the assault. The male

from the black car could be seen making a stabbing motion into

Sales. Prior to that point, Sales’ shirt was entirely white and had

no blood on it. After the male made those motions, a blood spot

appeared on Sales’ shirt. The spot of blood began to get larger

and the shirt became soaked in blood. During the pursuit, the

male kept his hand in his right pocket. At the end of the incident,

the male’s hand could be seen reaching for the ground. The male

kept his left hand balled up as he reached over to his right hand

and his right hand returned to his pocket. There appeared to be

something hanging or sticking from the male’s right hand.

Eventually, Sales was able to push the male off and the male

returned to the black vehicle. After he got up, Sales went into the

gas station and watched out the window. After the black car

pulled out of the parking lot onto Cumberland Street, Sales exited

the gas station, picked up his shoes and hat[,] and got into his

own vehicle. He drove out of the parking lot heading north on 12th

Street, but left his bloody shirt by the red truck in the parking lot.

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When Sergeant Uhrich processed the crime scene, he located

Sales’ bloody shirt. He identified the shirt (Exhibit “7”) and a

series of photographs of the shirt which showed a smooth slice

through the back[] (Exhibit “8”)[.] One of the photographs

showed the trail of blood and a pool of blood where Sales had been

l[]ying in the parking lot while he was pinned down by the male.

Sergeant Uhrich explained that they were unable to find a knife,

weapon, or anything else near the gas pumps which could have

caused Sales’ injury. However, he noted that this was not unusual

as “people usually take their weapons with them.” []N.T. [Jury

Trial, 5/26/21,] at 57[.]

Sergeant Uhrich explained that he first learned [Appellant]’s

identity through an anonymous call to the Police Department. The

caller informed the police that the driver of the black car was

Ashley Nunemaker[,] and that she was with a man named Lamar.

When they pulled [Appellant]’s full legal name, it was discovered

that his middle name is Lamar. [Sergeant Uhrich] obtained a

picture of [Appellant] and compared it to the surveillance video to

determine that they were the same person. When Sergeant

Uhrich eventually interviewed [Appellant], [he] admitted to being

the passenger in the black car. He also informed Sergeant Uhrich

that the car was driven by a female named Ashley.

Sergeant Uhrich visited Ashley Nunemaker at her home the day

after the incident. Nunemaker allowed the police to search her

home for [Appellant] but he was not there. The police also

searched Nunemaker’s black Nissan, which was the car seen on

the video, but found no knives or weapons. Nunemaker returned

to the police station to make a statement and identified

[Appellant] from a photographic lineup as the person who was

with her at the gas station the previous day[] (Exhibit “9”)[.]

[Appellant]’s picture and a description of the incident were

released to the press and posted on social media. [Appellant]’s

state parole officer was also notified. [Appellant] turned himself

in to the police on July 19, 2020. Sergeant Uhrich interviewed

[Appellant] at that time and made an audio record[ing] of the

interview[] (Exhibits “11A” and “11B”)[.]

[Appellant] told Sergeant Uhrich that he had turned himself in

because his family, friends, and state parole officer told him he

was wanted for a stabbing, but he claimed that he did not know

anything about the incident. Sergeant Uhrich explained to

[Appellant] what could be seen on the gas station surveillance

video and described the severity of Sales’ injuries to him.

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[Appellant] admitted that he was at the scene but denied using a

knife on Sales: “I don’t remember no stabbing.” []N.T. Jury

Trial[,] 5/26/21[,] at 73[.] [Appellant] further admitted that he

chased Sales throughout the gas station, that Sales fell, and that

the two were tussling. He repeatedly described the entire day as

a blur and stated that he did not recall the stabbing. He also

acknowledged that on July 16, 2020, he had received a phone call

from a female who informed him that Sales had to go to the

hospital. However, he denied that he had a weapon or that he

stabbed Sales.

Sergeant Uhrich also identified photographs taken of Sales’ car[]

(Exhibit[s] “12A” and “12B”)[.] When Sergeant Uhrich compared

the slice in Sales’ shirt (Exhibit “8”) to the scar on Sales’ back, he

noted that both had clean edges with an arc to the left.

On cross-examination, Sergeant Uhrich acknowledged that

[Appellant] told him that his phone was missing when [Appellant]

came in to be interviewed. On redirect, however, Sergeant Uhrich

noted that [Appellant] had also told him that his mother and other

individuals had called to let him know that he was wanted for a

stabbing.

Jarrod Sales testified that around lunchtime on July 16, 2020, he

was at the gas station and had parked his car at a gas pump. He

was wearing a white tee[-]shirt and sneakers with the laces

untied. As he was pumping gas, a man ran toward him and chased

him to a red truck in the parking lot. Sales then ran back toward

his car. Sales explained[,] “I mean, I don’t remember it. Like, all

this shit was just a blur to me[,]” and that, [“]when I woke up in

the hospital, that’s when, like, people told me what happened.”

[]N.T. Jury Trial[,] 5/26/21[,] at 100[.] He confirmed that it was

him on the video and that he did not have any injuries prior to the

attack. He explained that he spent seven days in the hospital,

that he had surgery on his stomach as a result of his injuries, and

that his hospital bill had totaled approximately $30,000.00. He

explained that he did not want to appear in court to testify because

he did not remember much of the incident. He had also received

many messages on social media about appearing in court. On

cross[-]examination, Sales acknowledged that he had met

Nunemaker and [Appellant] prior to this incident but maintained

that he did not actually know them. At first, he did not recall

seeing either of them that day but later recalled that he recognized

Nunemaker at the gas station when he was down on the ground.

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Joleesha Heist testified that Sales had called her on July 16,

2020[,] and told her that he had just been stabbed and that he

would need a ride home from the hospital. She picked Sales up

at Hershey Medical Center (“HMC”) and he told her that he was in

pain. When Heist subsequently spoke with Sergeant Uhrich, she

told him that Sales had told her he had been stabbed. An

audiotape of that conversation was admitted into evidence as

Exhibit “20”.

Sergeant Duane Koons of the North Lebanon Police Department

testified that he was on duty on July 16, 2020[,] and was

dispatched to Martin Drive for a call of suspicious activity and to

conduct a welfare check on a subject on the ground in the area of

Martin Drive and Water Street. When he arrived at the location,

Chief Easter was already there. Sergeant Koons observed Sales

on the ground. He was bleeding and had a wound on his right

lower back above the hip. He told the officers that he had been

stabbed at a gas station located at 12th and Cumberland Streets.

When they asked him who stabbed him, he told them that it was

on the videos.

Sergeant Koons observed that Sales’ wound was about an inch to

one and [one] quarter inches in length. The wound looked like a

slice with very clean edges and was bleeding very quickly. Based

on his training, experience, and prior observation of stab wounds,

Sergeant Koons explained that it was consistent with a stab wound

and looked like it had been inflicted with an edged weapon. On

cross-examination, Sergeant Koons explained that Sales was

moaning and in pain at the scene. He was slipping in and out of

consciousness toward the end of the interaction, but he was able

to converse with the police and emergency medical staff.

Officer Justin Stehr of the Pennsylvania Parole Board testified that

[Appellant] was on parole in July of 2020[,] and that Officer Stehr

was assigned to his supervision. He spoke with [Appellant] via

telephone on July 16, 2020[,] at 3:05 p.m. At that time,

[Appellant] told him he was eating at Texas Roadhouse. Officer

Stehr told [Appellant] he wanted to see him in person at

[Appellant]’s home. Officer Stehr went to [Appellant]’s home at

4:32 [p.m.] that afternoon and met with [Appellant]. He

described [Appellant]’s demeanor as cool and calm. The next day,

Officer Stehr was notified that the Lebanon City Police were

looking for [Appellant] in relation to the stabbing and that an

arrest warrant would be issued if they could not locate him.

Officer Stehr tried to reach [Appellant] by calling on his cellphone

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but the cellphone was turned off. He left a voicemail and a text

message telling [Appellant] to call him. He was aware that

[Appellant] turned himself in three days after the incident. At that

time, Officer Stehr had been supervising [Appellant] for about a

year and, although there were a few issues with his supervision

for which [Appellant] received medium-level sanctions, there had

been no major sanctions imposed on him.

Ashley Nunemaker testified that in July of 2020, she was in a

romantic relationship with [Appellant]. She also knew Sales as he

had been dating her best friend. She was with [Appellant] on the

date of this incident as they were intending to go to Autozone on

Cumberland Street and then go shopping. They were in her car

that day and she was driving with [Appellant] in the front

passenger seat. As they were traveling on 12th Street toward

Autozone, they decide[d] to stop at the Mobil[] station at the

intersection of 12th and Cumberland Streets to get a soda.

[Appellant] had been talking on the phone during the ride.

As Nunemaker turned right into the gas station, she was digging

in her purse for change. When they entered the parking lot,

[Appellant] jumped out of the car while it was still in motion and

ran toward Sales who was pumping gas. Nunemaker parked her

car in front of the store and got out of the vehicle. At that point,

[Appellant] was attacking Sales in the middle of the gas pumps

near Sales’ car. When Sales ran away, [Appellant] ran after him.

She observed Sales fall onto his back on the ground by the red

truck with [Appellant] on top of him. Sales asked her to help him

and she tried to pull [Appellant] off Sales and tried to put her

hands on [Appellant] so he could not strike Sales. However,

[Appellant] would not stop and continued the assault.

When [Appellant] stood up, Nunemaker got into her car and began

to drive away. As she was exiting the parking lot, [Appellant]

jumped into her vehicle. She proceeded on Cumberland Street

toward Boscov’s, but made [Appellant] get out of the vehicle at

16th and Lehman Streets. She stated that she had no idea that

something like this was going to happen that day. When she

asked [Appellant] about what happened at the gas station, he had

no reaction and did not respond to her questions. She did not

notice a knife or weapon in [Appellant]’s hand or anything on the

ground. She did notice the severity of Sales’ injuries and

described his back as being full of blood.

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On redirect, Nunemaker explained that Sales’ back did not have

any blood on it when Sales was running back toward his car from

the red truck. After Sales got up after [Appellant] had him pinned

on the ground, there was blood on his shirt. Nunemaker

acknowledged that she did not see a knife or weapon[,] but stated

that she was not looking for one during the incident. The police

came to Nunemaker’s home the following day looking for

[Appellant] and searched her car and her home. She also went to

the police department with them to view a photographic lineup

and she pointed out [Appellant] as the person who had attacked

Sales[] (Exhibit “9”)[.]

Alicia Kain, Penn State Health … Information Supervisor,

authenticated Sales’ medical records from his treatment at HMC[]

(Exhibit[s] “22A” and “22B”)[.] Dr. Steven Moore, an HMC

Emergency Room and Critical Care physician, testified that he was

on duty when Sales was brought into the Emergency Room by

ambulance and that Sales was immediately labeled a trauma

patient. Upon examination, Dr. Moore determined that Sales was

in critical condition with very low blood pressure and a single

injury that appeared to be a stab wound on his lower right back.

Due to the injury, Sales was moved to the operating room for

surgery. Dr. Moore described the wound as linear with very clean

borders and was consistent with what would be seen with a stab

wound. Dr. Moore expressed his opinion that Sales had been

stabbed with a reasonable degree of medical certainty.

Dr. Karima Fitzgerald, an HMC trauma surgeon, testified that

Sales was transferred to her for surgery from the HMC Emergency

Room. She explained that he responded after being given a unit

of blood but then became hypotensive (low blood pressure) which

indicated possible internal bleeding due to the wound in his back.

Upon examination, she determined that the wound involved a

laceration to Sales’ kidney, that the kidney was bleeding

internally, and that he had lost enough blood to become

hypotensive.

Dr. Fitzgerald explained that in order to repair the damage to

Sales’ kidney, she performed a midline laparotomy which involved

making an incision across his stomach. She believed the

laceration to his back to be 2 to 3 centimeters long. It had clean,

even edges: “[I]t didn’t look like anything that had been from a

blunt object or anything other than a stab.” []N.T. [Jury Trial,

5/26/21,] at 197[.] Dr. Fitzgerald’s inspection of Sales’ shirt

strengthened her opinion that this was a stab wound. She also

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stated her opinion, with a reasonable degree of medical certainty,

that Sales sustained serious bodily injury as the result of a

stabbing.

Post-Sentence Motion Opinion (“PSMO”), 1/7/22, at 2-15.

The jury found Appellant guilty on all counts. On August 12, 2021, the

trial court sentenced him to 10-20 years’ incarceration for aggravated assault

pursuant to Section 2702(a)(1),2 a concurrent term of 1-2 years’ incarceration

for recklessly endangering another person, and a consecutive term of 1½-5

years’ incarceration for possessing instruments of crime, for an aggregate

term of incarceration as stated above. Appellant filed a timely post-sentence

motion on August 23, 2021, raising sufficiency, weight, and sentencing claims.

The trial court ultimately entered an order and opinion denying Appellant’s

post-sentence motion on January 7, 2022.

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on February 4, 2022,3 and a

timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on February 28, 2022. The

trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion (dated March 23, 2022) on March

24, 2022. Appellant now presents the following questions for our review:

1. The evidence was insufficient to establish [Appellant]’s guilt on

all [c]ounts charged in this case[.]

____________________________________________

2 Appellant’s Section 2702(a)(4) violation merged for sentencing purposes

with his Section 2702(a)(1) violation.

3 Appellant mistakenly indicated in his notice of appeal that he was appealing

from the order denying his post-sentence motion on January 7, 2022.

However, in “a criminal action, appeal properly lies from the judgment of

sentence made final by the denial of post-sentence motions.”

Commonwealth v. Shamberger, 788 A.2d 408, 410 (Pa. Super. 2001) (en

banc). We have corrected the caption accordingly.

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2. The verdict with respect to all [c]ounts was against the weight

of evidence as it relied on circumstantial evidence alone.

3. The [trial c]ourt erred when it allowed [Chief Easter] to testify

to the statements made by the alleged victim over [d]efense

[c]ounsel’s hearsay objection on the basis that the statement was

an excited utterance.

4. The [trial c]ourt erred when it allowed the Commonwealth to

play a video of the incident without proper authentication as to

the authenticity and accuracy of the images being depicted in said

video.

5. The [trial c]ourt erred when it allowed the Commonwealth to

introduce evidence of the amount of money that the victim owed

in medical bills to establish whether the injury qualified as

“[s]erious bodily injury[.”]

6. The [trial c]ourt erred when it denied [Appellant]’s post[-]

sentence motion without a hearing in which it was argued that

[Appellant]’s [p]rior [r]ecord [s]core was improperly calculated as

the two prior convictions used to substantiate this score were out

of state convictions and the evidence of these convictions was

never properly entered into evidence or authenticated; thus,

resulting [in] him receiving an illegal sentence in this case.

7. The [trial c]ourt erred when it denied [Appellant]’s motion in

limine requesting that the Commonwealth’s two officers be

prohibited from testifying regarding whether the victim’s wound

was a “ stab” wound caused by a knife or some other object when

they were not qualified as experts to present such testimony.

Appellant’s Brief at 16-17.

I.

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In Appellant’s first claim, he asserts that there was insufficient evidence

to support the offenses for which he was convicted.4, 5 Specifically, Appellant

asserts that “the Commonwealth failed to show that Appellant ever possessed

a weapon[,]” as “no witness ever saw a weapon in Appellant’s possession.”

Appellant’s Brief at 42.

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4 Appellant’s statement of this issue mirrors the statement of the same issue

in his Rule 1925(b) statement. As such, it appears fatally vague on its face,

as it fails to identify which elements of which offenses lacked sufficient

evidence. See Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981 A.2d 274, 281 (Pa. Super.

2009) (holding that Gibbs waived his sufficiency challenge where he “not only

failed to specify which elements he was challenging in his 1925[(b)]

statement,” but “also failed to specify which convictions he was challenging”).

However, we overlook this deficiency and decline to find waiver in the narrow

circumstances of this case, as the only fact contested at Appellant’s trial

concerned his possession and use of a knife or similar weapon to commit the

assault on the victim. Moreover, in the argument section of his brief, Appellant

specifies which elements of which offenses that the Commonwealth ostensibly

failed to prove with sufficient evidence. As such, Appellant’s failure to provide

more specificity regarding the nature of his sufficiency claim did not impede

the trial court’s review of his claim, nor does it hinder our own review for the

same reason. Nevertheless, we chastise appellate counsel for risking waiver

of this issue by failing to adhere to basic appellate rules. See Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b)(4)(ii) (“The Statement shall concisely identify each error that the

appellant intends to assert with sufficient detail to identify the issue to be

raised for the judge.”) (emphasis added); and see Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii)

(“Issues not included in the Statement and/or not raised in accordance with

the provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”).

5 Despite claiming in his statement of the issues that he was challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence with respect to all the charges for which he was

convicted, Appellant effectively abandons any such claim with respect to his

conviction for recklessly endangering another person. See Appellant’s Brief

at 40 (“The evidence was insufficient to establish Appellant’s guilt on count 1,

2[,] and 4 of the information.”) (emphasis and capitalization omitted).

Appellant further provides no argument supporting a challenging to the

sufficiency of the evidence for that offense.

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For sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims, our standard of review is whether,

viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most

favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to

enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh

the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In

addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by

the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of

innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be

resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and

inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be

drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth

may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial

evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record

must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be

considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing upon the

credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,

is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Edwards, 229 A.3d 298, 305–06 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(cleaned up), aff’d, 256 A.3d 1130 (Pa. 2021).

Appellant contends that the Commonwealth’s ostensible failure to prove

his possession of a knife (or similar weapon) was a fatal defect with respect

to his conviction at Count 4, possessing instruments of crime, as his

possession of a weapon is the sine qua non of that offense. See Appellant’s

Brief at 42. He also argues that “the evidence … falls short with respect to

both” counts of aggravated assault, because “these offenses require the

Commonwealth to demonstrate that Appellant had the means to cause such

an injury and that he had the requisite intent to commit this injury.” Id.

Appellant further maintains that

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[t]he Commonwealth attempt[ed] to carry their burden on this

element by showing that Appellant punched the victim in the area

where the injury occurred. However, the video does not show that

he possessed a knife at the time he made contact with the victim.

Further, no object matching the description of a knife was found

at the scene nor in Appellant’s possession. Thus, the

Commonwealth merely surmises that [he] had a knife at the time

that he made contact with the victim, but there is no actual

evidence to support this conclusion.

Id. at 42-43.

The trial court deemed Appellant’s first claim meritless, reasoning as

follows:

[Appellant] contends that the Commonwealth’s evidence was

insufficient to support the jury’s verdict on Aggravated Assault

(both Counts 1 and 2) and Possessing Instruments of Crime

(Count 4). To sustain a conviction under Count 1, the

Commonwealth [had to] prove that [Appellant] “attempted to

cause serious bodily injury to another, or caused such injury

intentionally, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances

manifesting extreme indifference to the value of is human life.” 18

Pa.C.S.[] § 2702(a)(1). For Count 2, the Commonwealth was

required to prove that [Appellant] “attempted to cause or

intentionally or knowingly caused bodily injury to another with a

deadly weapon.” 18 Pa.C.S.[] § 2702(a)(4). Count 4 required

proof that [Appellant] possessed any instrument of crime with

intent to employ it criminally. 18 Pa.C.S.[] § 907(a).

[Appellant]’s argument focuses on his claim that there was

insufficient proof that he possessed a weapon at the time of this

incident.

The evidence provided by the medical and law enforcement

witnesses, as well as the physical evidence and Sales’ reports to

the police, emergency workers, and Heist provided overwhelming

circumstantial evidence that [Appellant] possessed and used a

knife during his assault on Sales and that Sales sustained serious

bodily injuries as a result. On the surveillance video, [Appellant]

could be seen holding his hand in his pocket, then looking as if he

was holding something in his hand, making a stabbing motion into

Sales’ back where his wound appeared, and then placing his

balled[-]up hand back into his pocket. Blood appeared on Sales’

back only after [Appellant] had made this stabbing-motion. Sales

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called Joleesha Heist shortly after the incident and told her he had

just been stabbed. He repeatedly reported that he had been

stabbed to the police and emergency workers who were attending

to him when he was found on Martin Drive. Chief Easter and

Sergeant Koons testified that the wound was clean and thin and

was consistent with a stab wound inflicted with a knife or edged-

weapon. The shirt found by Sergeant Uhrich at the scene showed

a clean linear slit which was consistent with a knife cut in the area

of Sales’ wound. Both physicians who treated Sales at HMC

opined, with a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that the

wound had been caused by stabbing with a knife or similar object.

There was no evidence of any other object at the scene that could

have caused Sales’ injuries. Sergeant Uhrich explained that

perpetrators usually take their weapons with them after an attack.

On the video, [Appellant] could be seen keeping his hand in his

pocket, removing it and making the stabbing motion, then

replacing his hand after reaching for something after the attack.

Despite the fact that no witness actually testified that they saw

[Appellant] with a knife, we believe this evidence was sufficient to

sustain the jury’s finding [that Appellant] possessed a weapon

[and] used it to stab Sales[.]

PSMO at 18-20.

We agree with the trial court’s thorough analysis. There was ample

circumstantial evidence in this case supporting the inference that Appellant

attacked Sales with a knife (or a similar weapon6). Appellant’s first claim is

meritless.

II.

____________________________________________

6 Appellant also argues that “there was evidence presented from the

Commonwealth’s witnesses suggesting that [Sales’] injury could have been

inflicted by a sharp object other than a knife.” Appellant’s Brief at 43. This is

a distinction without a difference in the factual circumstances of this case.

With respect to the offenses for which Appellant was convicted, it matters not

whether Appellant specifically used a knife or another sharp object in inflicting

the wound on Sales, where there was overwhelming circumstantial evidence

that Appellant wielded that object when he attacked Sales.

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Next, Appellant claims that the jury’s verdict was against the weight of

the evidence with respect to Counts 1, 2, and 4, echoing many of the same

arguments he presented in his sufficiency claim. He notes that neither Sales

nor Nunemaker testified to having observed a weapon, despite being the only

eyewitnesses to the attack, and that the police never recovered a weapon

“that could have been used to cause this injury.” Appellant’s Brief at 46. He

argues that “it is just as likely that the victim was injured in some other way

other than what the Commonwealth alleges[,]” speculating that, because “it

was clear that the victim fell a couple of times during this assault[,]” Sales

“could have landed on a sharp object that would have injured him in this way.”

Id. He contends that the location of the assault – a gas station – was a place

where such objects were “likely to be lying around.” Id. at 47.

The following principles are applicable to a challenge to the weight

of the evidence:

“A motion for a new trial based on a claim that the verdict

is against the weight of the evidence is addressed to the

discretion of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Widmer,

… 744 A.2d 745, 751–52 ([Pa.] 2000); Commonwealth v.

Brown, … 648 A.2d 1177, 1189 ([Pa.] 1994). A new trial

should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the

testimony or because the judge on the same facts would

have arrived at a different conclusion. Widmer, … 744 A.2d

at 752. Rather, “the role of the trial judge is to determine

that ‘notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so

clearly of greater weight that to ignore them or to give them

equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.’” Id. []

(citation omitted). It has often been stated that “a new trial

should be awarded when the jury’s verdict is so contrary to

the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice and the

award of a new trial is imperative so that right may be given

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another opportunity to prevail.” Brown, … 648 A.2d at

1189.

Commonwealth v. Clay, … 64 A.3d 1049, 1054–55 ([Pa.] 2013).

In other words, “[a] weight of the evidence claim concedes that

the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict, but seeks a new

trial on the ground that the evidence was so one-sided or so

weighted in favor of acquittal that a guilty verdict shocks one’s

sense of justice.” Commonwealth v. Lyons, … 79 A.3d 1053,

1067 ([Pa.] 2013).

This Court’s standard of review in evaluating a trial court’s

ruling on a weight of the evidence claim is different than the

standard of review applied by the trial court:

Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the

exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question

of whether the verdict is against the weight of the

evidence. Brown, 648 A.2d at 1189. Because the

trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see

the evidence presented, an appellate court will give

the gravest consideration to the findings and reasons

advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial

court’s determination that the verdict is against the

weight of the evidence. Commonwealth v.

Farquharson, … 354 A.2d 545 (Pa. 1976). One of

the least assailable reasons for granting or denying a

new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the

verdict was or was not against the weight of the

evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the

interest of justice.

Widmer, … 744 A.2d at 753[].

This does not mean that the exercise of discretion by the

trial court in granting or denying a motion for a new trial

based on a challenge to the weight of the evidence is

unfettered. In describing the limits of a trial court’s

discretion, we have explained:

The term “discretion” imports the exercise of

judgment, wisdom and skill so as to reach a

dispassionate conclusion within the framework of the

law, and is not exercised for the purpose of giving

effect to the will of the judge. Discretion must be

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exercised on the foundation of reason, as opposed to

prejudice, personal motivations, caprice or arbitrary

actions. Discretion is abused where the course

pursued represents not merely an error of judgment,

but where the judgment is manifestly unreasonable or

where the law is not applied or where the record

shows that the action is a result of partiality,

prejudice, bias or ill-will.

Widmer, … 744 A.2d at 753 (quoting Coker v. S.M.

Flickinger Co., … 625 A.2d 1181, 1184–85 ([Pa.] 1993)).

Clay, 64 A.3d at 1055.

Further, our Supreme Court has clarified that[,]

[t]o determine whether a trial court’s decision constituted a

palpable abuse of discretion, an appellate court must

“examine the record and assess the weight of the evidence;

not however, as the trial judge, to determine whether the

preponderance of the evidence opposes the verdict, but

rather to determine whether the court below in so finding

plainly exceeded the limits of judicial discretion and invaded

the exclusive domain of the jury.” Where the record

adequately supports the trial court, the trial court has acted

within the limits of its judicial discretion.

Id. at 1056 (quoting Brown, 648 A.2d at 1190 (citation omitted))

[].

Commonwealth v. Landis, 277 A.3d 1172, 1183–84 (Pa. Super. 2022),

reargument denied (Aug. 1, 2022).

The trial court determined that the verdict was not against the weight

of the evidence, indicating instead that the jury had “ample evidence that

[Appellant] was in possession of a weapon and that he used that weapon to

cause Sales’ injuries.” PSMO at 22. The court further stated that the “jury

obviously found the Commonwealth’s witnesses to be credible and we find no

conflicting evidence of such great weight which would overshadow that

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finding.” Id. We ascertain no abuse of discretion by the trial court in its

rejection of Appellant’s weight-of-the-evidence claim. Appellant merely

speculates as to alternative possible causes of Sales’ wound, theories which

the jury was free to reject in light of the other evidence in this case that clearly

supports the inference that Sales’ wound was caused by Appellant’s use of a

weapon. Thus, Appellant’s second claim lacks merit.

III.

Next, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in overruling his hearsay

objection during Chief Easter’s testimony. Specifically, Chief Easter testified

that, when he first encountered Sales and saw that he was bleeding, he asked

Sales what had happened to him. N.T., 5/26/21, at 8. Defense counsel

objected on hearsay grounds. Id. The Commonwealth argued that Sales’

statement to Chief Easter was admissible under the excited utterance

exception to the hearsay rule. Id. The trial court overruled the objection on

that basis, and Chief Easter then testified that Sales told him “that he was

gassing up at the Mobil[] station at 12th and Cumberland when an individual

approached him and stabbed him.” Id. Chief Easter then “asked him if he

knew this person, and he said he never saw him in his life.” Id.

“The admissibility of evidence is solely within the discretion of the trial

court and will be reversed only if the trial court has abused its discretion.”

Commonwealth v. Cunningham, 805 A.2d 566, 572 (Pa. Super. 2002).

“Hearsay is defined as ‘a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth

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of the matter asserted.’” Id (quoting Pa.R.E. 801(c)). Hearsay testimony is

inadmissible in this Commonwealth, except as provided in the Pennsylvania

Rules of Evidence or “by other rules prescribed by the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court, or by statute.” Pa.R.E. 802.

Pennsylvania’s evidentiary rules provide an exception to the rule against

hearsay for excited utterances, which are statements “relating to a startling

event or condition, made while the declarant was under the stress of

excitement that it caused.” Pa.R.E. 803(2). Under Rule Rule 803(2), “[w]hen

the declarant is unidentified, the proponent” of the exception “shall show by

independent corroborating evidence that the declarant actually perceived the

event or condition.” Id. The Comment to Rule 803(2) provides further

guidance for the application of the exception as follows:

This rule differs from F.R.E. 803(2) insofar as it requires

independent corroborating evidence when the declarant is

unidentified. See Commonwealth v. Upshur, 764 A.2d 69 (Pa.

Super. 2000).

This exception has a more narrow base than the exception for a

present sense impression, because it requires an event or

condition that is startling. However, it is broader in scope because

an excited utterance (1) need not describe or explain the startling

event or condition; it need only relate to it, and (2) need not be

made contemporaneously with, or immediately after, the startling

event. It is sufficient if the stress of excitement created by the

startling event or condition persists as a substantial factor in

provoking the utterance.

There is no set time interval following a startling event or condition

after which an utterance relating to it will be ineligible for

exception to the hearsay rule as an excited utterance. In

Commonwealth v. Gore, 396 A.2d 1302, 1305 (Pa. Super.

1978), the [C]ourt explained:

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The declaration need not be strictly contemporaneous with

the existing cause, nor is there a definite and fixed time

limit. … Rather, each case must be judged on its own facts,

and a lapse of time of several hours has not negated the

characterization of a statement as an “excited utterance.” …

The crucial question, regardless of the time lapse, is

whether, at the time the statement is made, the nervous

excitement continues to dominate while the reflective

processes remain in abeyance.

Pa.R.E. 803(2) (comment).

The trial court admitted Sales’ statement to Chief Easter under the

excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay because:

Sales made the statement to Chief Easter within a very short time

after he had experienced a startling event — an unprovoked attack

and stabbing. It is apparent that he was still under the stress of

that excitement when the statements were made as he was l[]ying

on the grass bleeding from his injuries. Sales’ demeanor, as well

as his scrapes, wounds, and bloody appearance indicated that he

had just been involved in this startling event and that his

statements were a spontaneous, rather than a reflective, reaction

to being attacked and stabbed.

Trial Court’s Rule 1925(a) Opinion (“TCO”), 3/23/22, at 5.

In arguing that the excited utterance exception did not apply to Sales’

statement to Chief Easter, Appellant first contends that

Sales[’] own testimony was that he does not remember what

happened to him at the time of the incident. He repeatedly stated

this during his testimony. He would simply refer all questions to

the video of the incident. Thus, by his own admission, he did not

have any recollection of the incident and there is no evidence to

suggest that he witnessed the incident.

Appellant’s Brief at 50.

Here, Appellant confusingly appears to be claiming that Sales did not

witness the attack in which he was the victim, due to Sales’ memory issues

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about the incident at the time of trial. This claim is simply belied by the record,

which included video evidence which indisputably showed Sales’ being

assaulted by Appellant. Nevertheless, even if Appellant is more narrowly

contending that Sales did not witness the specific ‘stabbing’ act, his argument

is still meritless. “[I]ndependent corroborating evidence that the declarant

actually perceived the event or condition” giving rise to the excited utterance

exception to the rule against hearsay is only required when “the declarant is

unidentified….” Rule 803(2). Here, the declarant, Sales, is clearly “identified”

within the meaning of the rule. Thus, the Commonwealth was not required to

show independent evidence that Sales had witnessed his own stabbing beyond

the information provided within the contested statement. Nevertheless, the

video evidence clearly corroborated that Sales had the opportunity to witness

the alleged stabbing.

Appellant cites to Commonwealth v. Pronkoskie, 383 A.2d 858 (Pa.

1978), but we find that case distinguishable. In Pronkoskie, the defendant

was accused of murdering his wife. The Commonwealth sought to admit

hearsay statements made by the couple’s three-year-old daughter, Tina,

which included, inter alia, the statement: “Daddy shot mommy.” Id. at 859.

The Pronkoskie Court ultimately deemed her statements inadmissible under

the excited utterance exception, because:

While the Commonwealth has established Tina’s presence in the

trailer at the time of the shooting, there is nothing to indicate that

Tina actually saw what occurred. Indeed, her responses during

the competency examination contain repeated indications that she

did not actually see the shooting. While generally[,] the

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proponent of the evidence need only establish that a declarant

was in a position to view an incident, … the present record raises

serious enough doubts concerning Tina’s presence at the event

that a verdict based upon her statements would border upon

speculation or conjecture.

Id. at 861–62 (footnotes omitted).

Appellant ostensibly attempts to analogize Sales’ memory issues at trial

to Tina’s statements at her competency hearing indicating that she had not

witnessed the shooting. In Pronkoskie, however, Tina was not the victim of

the shooting, and there was no evidence that she had actually witnessed it.

Moreover, the “more incriminatory utterances by Tina were those made …

remote in time[,]” that is, much longer than an hour after the shooting and,

due to her young age, the Court found it “not unlikely that Tina’s imagination

might have distorted her perception of the incident.” Id. at 863. Additionally,

the ostensibly excited nature of Tina’s “utterance [was] belied by the calm and

unemotional manner in which [it was] made.” Id.

Here, by contrast, the video evidence clearly established that Sales was

in a position to witness the assault of which he was the victim. The video

timestamp on the gas station security cameras indicated that it was

approximately 12:15 p.m. when the assault began. See N.T., 5/26/21, at 33.

Sales then drove away from the gas station but was found soon thereafter by

Chief Easter in the front lawn of a home in North Lebanon Township, still

bleeding from his wound. While Chief Easter did not testify as to the exact

time when he found Sales, we can glean from the record that it was no later

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than 12:40 p.m.7 When Chief Easter came upon Sales, Sales was still bleeding

from his wound, and lying in the grass, having exited his car. Id. at 7.

Appellant claims that Sales was “clearly quite deliberative and thoughtful at

the time[,]” but, that conclusion is not supported by the record. Although

Chief Easter did not describe Sales’ demeanor, Sergeant Koons testified that

Sales was “moaning” in obvious pain while being questioned by Chief Easter,

and that he appeared to be “slipping in and out” of consciousness toward the

end of their interaction. Id. at 137. Based on these facts, we ascertain no

abuse of discretion by the trial court in its determination that Sales’ statement

was made soon after the startling event (the assault), and that he was still

under the excitement of that event because he was lying in the grass, bleeding

from his injuries and moaning in pain, and eventually he was slipping in and

out of consciousness while Chief Easter spoke with him. See TCO at 5. Thus,

we conclude that Appellant’s third claim is also meritless.

IV.

Next, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by admitting the

security videos from the Mobil gas station over his objection. He asserts that

the video evidence was not properly authenticated because “the

Commonwealth did not have anyone associated with the Mobil[] gas station

____________________________________________

7 Sergeant Uhrich responded to the gas station at 12:40 p.m., after learning

from North Lebanon Township police that a stabbing had occurred there. That

information was obtained from Sales. See N.T., 5/26/21, at 20-21. Thus, at

most, 25 minutes had elapsed from the time of the stabbing until Sales made

the statement to Chief Easter.

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or anyone who was familiar with the video system available to testify about

the operability or the authenticity of the video itself.” Appellant’s Brief at 52.

He also claims that “no eyewitnesses testified regarding the accuracy of the

video and what it depicted.” Id. at 52-53.

Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 901, authentication is

required prior to admission of evidence. The proponent of the

evidence must introduce sufficient evidence that the matter is

what it purports to be. See Pa.R.E. 901(a). Testimony of a

witness with personal knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed

to be can be sufficient. See Pa.R.E. 901(b)(1). Evidence that

cannot be authenticated by a knowledgeable person, pursuant to

subsection (b)(1), may be authenticated by other parts of

subsection (b), including circumstantial evidence pursuant to

subsection (b)(4).6 See Pa.R.E. 901(b)(4).

6 Pursuant to Rule 901(b)(4), evidence may be

authenticated by “Distinctive Characteristics and the Like.

The appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or

other distinctive characteristics of the item, taken together

with all the circumstances.” Pa.R.E. 901(b)(4).

Commonwealth v. Mangel, 181 A.3d 1154, 1158–59 (Pa. Super. 2018).

Here, the trial court determined that the following testimony

authenticated the video evidence:

At trial, Sergeant Keith Uhrich of the Lebanon City Police

Department testified that he personally viewed and retrieved the

video from the Mobil[ gas s]tation shortly after the report of the

attacked was received by Lebanon City Police. Sergeant Uhrich

confirmed the accuracy of the timestamp, as the video indicated

that it was created and copied on the date of this incident, July

16, 2020. He confirmed that the video was an accurate depiction

of the Mobil[ gas s]tation on that date. He was also able to confirm

that Sales appeared in the video. []N.T.[,] 5/26/21[,] at 35.

During the trial, Sergeant Duane Koons of the North Lebanon

Police Department testified that he also responded to the dispatch

to the location where Sales was reported to be l[]ying on the

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ground after he fled the Mobil[ gas s]tation. [Id.] at 133[.] At

that time, Sales told him he had been stabbed at the Mobil[ gas

s]tation and that the incident had been recorded on the [s]tation’s

video cameras. [Id.] at 134-135[.] In addition, Sales would

testify at the trial that it was him in the video. [Id.] at 101, 104[.]

[Appellant] also placed himself at the Mobil[ gas s]tation during

his interview with Sergeant Uhrich. [Id.] at 72[.]

TCO at 6-7.

The trial court determined that Appellant’s authentication objection at

trial — that “Sergeant Uhrich was not present at the time of the incident and

could not testify that the video depicted any of his personal observations[,]”

and that “the Commonwealth had not presented any witness who could verify

that the camera system was working properly on that date and the accuracy

of the timestamp” — were matters that “went to the weight, rather than the

admissibility, of this evidence[.]” Id. at 7.

The Commonwealth further argues:

First, the footage was authenticated by a witness with knowledge-

- the victim, Jarrod Sales. See Pa.R.E. 901(b)(1). While Sales,

who had been threatened not to testify, was reluctant to do so, he

nonetheless identified himself on the video and agreed that the

video showed what happened that day. []N.T.[, 5/26/21], at

100-02.

Second, the testimony of Sgt. Uhrich overwhelmingly supported

the premise that the video footage was “what it was claimed to

be” under Pa.R.E. 901(b)(4) and (9). Sgt. Uhrich went to the

crime scene shortly after the attack on July 16, 2020[,] to

investigate the assault. As part of his investigation, he personally

retrieved and viewed all recorded camera angles depicting the

incident from the Mobil [gas station]’s surveillance cameras.

[]N.T.[, 5/26/21], at 26-27[]. Sgt. Uhrich’s personal observations

of the physical crime scene at that time were accurately depicted

by and consistent with the video footage. [Id.] at 28[]. The date

stamp displayed on the footage showed the correct date, July 16,

2020. [Id.] at 27[]. The timestamp displayed on the footage

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displayed the correct time. [Id.] at 27[]. That same date, he

made the copies of the footage ultimately shown to the jury,

copies he had since reviewed more than 50 times. [Id.] at 36[].

Moreover, Sgt. Uhrich was able to authenticate the footage by

circumstantial evidence as specifically permitted by subsection

(b)(4): “[t]he appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns,

or other distinctive characteristics of the item, taken together with

all the circumstances.” He was able to identify people and objects

in the video content that confirmed the connection of the footage

with the assault at issue. Sgt. Uhrich was able to identify the

victim at various times during the video, including a close-up of

Sales’[] face when he fled inside the Mobil [gas station] for safety.

[]N.T.[, 5/26/21] at 27-28, 35[]. Sgt. Uhrich was able to identify

the car of Ashley Nunemacher, [in] which [Appellant] both arrived

to and fled from the scene. [Id.] at 31-32[]. Sgt. Uhrich was

able to identify the victim’s vehicle and the distinct characteristics

of the crime scene itself on the day of the incident, including a

missing gas pump where part of the assault occurred. [Id.] at

28, 31[]. He was able to reconcile the trail of blood and bloody

shirt of the victim as he saw them on the video with what he

discovered during his physical search and investigation of the

crime scene. [Id.] at 40-41, 50, 55-56[]. Thus, distinct contents

and overall substance of the footage further established that the

video evidence was what it was claimed to be: video evidence of

the assault perpetrated by … Appellant.

Commonwealth’s Brief at 57-59.

We agree with the Commonwealth’s thorough analysis. There was

ample circumstantial evidence presented to verify the authenticity of the

security video evidence presented at Appellant’s trial. The video was retrieved

by police soon after the incident, it showed an accurate timestamp, the victim

identified himself from the video footage,8 and Sgt. Uhrich provided a

substantial amount of testimony supporting the conclusion that the video

____________________________________________

8 Thus, Appellant’s contention that no eyewitnesses were offered to

authenticate the video is simply belied by the record.

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accurately depicted the location of the assault that had occurred immediately

prior to when the police secured the video, by comparing his personal

observations of the scene to what was depicted in the video. Moreover, we

also agree with the Commonwealth that there is no absolute requirement

under Rule 901 that accuracy of the video be established “by the business

representative or building owner where the cameras are installed.”

Commonwealth’s Brief at 60.9 Accordingly, we ascertain no abuse of

discretion by the trial court in its overruling Appellant’s objection to the

authentication of the video evidence.

V.

Next, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in permitting the

Commonwealth to introduce Sales’ medical bills as evidence of the seriousness

of his injury. Appellant claims that the medical bills were not relevant to prove

serious bodily injury,10 and that the admission of that evidence misled the jury

____________________________________________

9 Appellant cites to two, non-precedential decisions by this Court, both of

which involved challenges to the authenticity of a video that were ultimately

rejected. See Appellant’s Brief at 53-55. However, only unpublished

memorandum decisions filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for their

persuasive value. See Superior Court I.O.P. 65.37(B). Thus, we decline to

address Appellant’s analysis of those cases in relation to this matter, as both

of those memorandums were filed before the requisite date.

10 To prove Appellant committed aggravated assault under subsection (a)(1),

the Commonwealth was required to demonstrate that he attempted “to cause

serious bodily injury to another, or cause[d] such injury intentionally,

knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference

to the value of human life….” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1).

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to the extent that it was “clearly prejudicial and deprived Appellant of a fair

trial in this case.” Appellant’s Brief at 60.

We note that: “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make

a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b)

the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401.

Furthermore, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise

provided by law. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.” Pa.R.E.

402. The trial court “may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is

outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,

confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or

needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.

As explained by the trial court,

Sales testified that his injuries required surgery to his stomach,

that he was in the hospital for seven days following this incident,

and that he had unpaid medical bills of approximately $30,000.

[]N.T.[,] 5/26/21[,] at 107-[]08[.] The amount of the medical

expenses and the bills he incurred for the treatment of his injuries

is reflective of the extent and degree of medical care and attention

which were necessary and which were provided to him as the

result of the injuries inflicted during the attack. This evidence was

relevant and probative as to whether he sustained “serious bodily

injury” for purposes of the offense of aggravated assault charged

in Count 1 of the information.

TCO at 8.

We agree with the trial court. Sales’ $30,000 medical bill was

circumstantial evidence that tended to make it more likely that he had suffered

serious bodily injury than had he incurred lesser expenses, or no cost at all,

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for the treatment of his wound. Appellant’s bald argument that such evidence

is not at all relevant to establish serious bodily injury is unsupported by any

caselaw, and simply contrary to common sense. Furthermore, to the extent

that Appellant is merely arguing that the jury was misled or confused by the

cost of his medical expenses despite its relevance,11 the record belies that

assertion, as Sales also testified that his injury required surgery and a seven-

day stay in the hospital. In light of that other evidence establishing the extent

of his injuries, we disagree that that jury was misled or confused by the cost

of his medical care. Appellant did not incur such significant medical expenses

despite otherwise minimal medical intervention to treat his stab wound.

Rather, the cost of his medical care was proportionate and/or reflective of the

seriousness and extent of his treatment, given that the wound required

surgery and a week-long stay in the hospital. Accordingly, we conclude that

Appellant’s fifth claim lacks merit.

VI.

In his penultimate claim, Appellant asserts that his Prior Record Score

(“PRS”) was incorrectly calculated as a repeat felon (“RFEL”), based on his

out-of-state convictions from New York. There is no dispute in this appeal as

to whether Appellant was properly classified as an RFEL if his New York

____________________________________________

11 See Rule 403.

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convictions are treated separately for purposes of calculating his PRS.12

However, Appellant argues that, because his sentences for his New York

convictions were ordered to run concurrently, only the most serious of those

offenses should have been used to calculate his PRS.

We address Appellant’s sentencing claim under the following standards:

Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the

sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal

absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse

of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,

the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the

sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its

judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or

arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

Commonwealth v. Hoch, 936 A.2d 515, 517–18 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation

omitted). However,

[c]hallenges to the discretionary aspects of sentencing do not

entitle an appellant to review as of right. Commonwealth v.

Sierra, 752 A.2d 910, 912 (Pa. Super. 2000). An appellant

challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence must invoke

this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:

[W]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether

[the] appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see

Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly

preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and

modify sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether [the]

appellant’s brief has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and

(4) whether there is a substantial question that the sentence

____________________________________________

12 The Commonwealth opines that Appellant’s PRS may have been

understated. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 74-75. However, the

Commonwealth did not file an appeal to contest the discretionary aspects of

Appellant’s sentence. Thus, for purposes of this appeal, we consider only

whether Appellant’s PRS assignment was too high based on his out-of-state

convictions.

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appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing

Code, 42 Pa.C.S.[] § 9781(b).

Commonwealth v. Evans, 901 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa. Super. 2006)

… (internal citations omitted). Objections to the discretionary

aspects of a sentence are generally waived if they are not raised

at the sentencing hearing or in a motion to modify the sentence

imposed. Commonwealth v. Mann, 820 A.2d 788, 794 (Pa.

Super. 2003)….

The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must

be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Commonwealth v. Paul,

925 A.2d 825, 828 (Pa. Super. 2007). A substantial question

exists “only when the appellant advances a colorable argument

that the sentencing judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent

with a specific provision of the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary

to the fundamental norms which underlie the sentencing process.”

Sierra, supra at 912-13.

As to what constitutes a substantial question, this Court does not

accept bald assertions of sentencing errors. Commonwealth v.

Malovich, 903 A.2d 1247, 1252 (Pa. Super. 2006). An appellant

must articulate the reasons the sentencing court’s actions violated

the sentencing code. Id.

Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010).

Here, there is no dispute that Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.

Furthermore, Appellant provides a Rule 2119(f) statement in his brief.

Appellant’s Brief at 61-63. Additionally, a “claim that the sentencing court

misapplied the Sentencing Guidelines” with respect to the calculation of a PRS

“presents a substantial question.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 758 A.2d

1214, 1216 (Pa. Super. 2000). However, the Commonwealth disputes

whether Appellant properly preserved his claim for our review.

The Commonwealth acknowledges that, in his post-sentence motion,

Appellant “challenged the methodology by which his [PRS]—and therefore

[his] RFEL classification—was calculated.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 65.

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However, the Commonwealth maintains that “Appellant did not in any way …

challenge the authenticity of his New York convictions or the accuracy of the

sentences received on those convictions.” Id. Nevertheless, in his Rule

1925(b) statement, Appellant presented his claim as follows:

The [trial c]ourt erred when it denied [Appellant]’s post sentence

motion without a hearing in which it was argued that [Appellant]’s

[PRS] was improperly calculated as the two prior convictions used

to substantiate this score were out[-]of[-]state convictions and

the evidence of these convictions was never properly entered into

evidence or authenticated; thus, resulting [in] him receiving an

illegal sentence in this case.

Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) Concise Statement, 2/28/22, at 1 ¶ 6.

After reviewing the record, we agree with the Commonwealth that

Appellant failed to preserve a claim that that his out-of-state convictions were

not properly entered into evidence or authenticated. Nevertheless, any such

claim was effectively abandoned in Appellant’s brief, as he presents no

argument therein regarding the admission or authenticity of his out-of-state

convictions. To the contrary, Appellant argues in his brief under the

assumption that the record accurately represents the relevant facts regarding

those New York convictions. See Appellant’s Brief at 66 (concluding that, “if

we are to assume the accuracy of the New York sentencing documents, then

it is clear that Appellant’s New York convictions were served concurrently. As

a result, the [t]rial [c]ourt erred when it sentenced him as if he was an RFEL”).

As to Appellant’s claim that his PRS was improperly calculated, we deem that

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issue adequately preserved in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement. 13 Thus,

with regard to that narrow issue, we conclude that Appellant has satisfied the

requirements to invoke our jurisdiction to review his discretionary-aspects-of-

sentencing claim. Thus, we turn to address that claim on its merits.

As background, it is now undisputed that, at the time of sentencing in

this case, Appellant had two prior, out-of-state convictions in New York. First,

Appellant pled guilty in New York to 2nd degree Burglary on September 12,

2006, and was sentenced for that offense on February 7, 2007, to 5 years’

imprisonment. Second, he pled guilty in New York to 1st Degree Manslaughter

on September 28, 2008, and was sentenced for that offense on November 7,

2008, to 14 years’ imprisonment, to be served concurrently to his February 7,

2007 sentence for burglary.

____________________________________________

13 The Commonwealth narrowly interprets Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement

as having abandoned the improper-calculation argument based upon the

concurrent nature of the out-of-state sentences, due to Appellant’s inclusion

of the additional language challenging the authentication of those out-of-state

convictions. Although Appellant could have been clearer, we believe that his

statement of the issue in the Rule 1925(b) statement was an attempt to

preserve both claims, particularly since Appellant challenged the court’s denial

of his post-sentence motion (wherein the Commonwealth claims that no

authentication claim had been raised). While the trial court did not directly

address the improper-calculation claim in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, that was

not surprising because it had already addressed that specific claim in its

opinion denying Appellant’s post-sentence motion. See PSMO at 22-25. The

trial court further stated that it only intended to address claims in its Rule

1925(a) opinion that it had not previously addressed in the post-sentence

motion opinion, see TCO at 2, and the court made no comment as to whether

it believed Appellant had abandoned the improper-calculation claim. In these

circumstances, we conclude that Appellant did not abandon his improper-

calculation claim in his Rule 1925(b) statement.

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Appellant argues that because his sentences were set to run

concurrently, Pennsylvania’s Sentencing Guidelines14 dictate, or are at least

ambiguous, as to whether his New York “convictions should be aggregated,

which would make Appellant an[] RFEL, or if they should be combined, which

would reduce his PRS to a 4.” Appellant’s Brief at 64. Appellant points to

Section 303.5 of the Sentencing Guidelines, which provides as follows:

(a) If there is a single offense in the prior judicial proceeding, that

offense shall be counted in the calculation of the Prior Record

Score.

(b) If there are multiple offenses in the prior judicial proceeding:

(1) The most serious offense of the judicial proceeding shall

be counted in the calculation of the Prior Record Score.

(2) Any offense for which a sentence of supervision or

confinement is imposed consecutive to a sentence for

another offense in the judicial proceeding shall be counted

in the calculation of the Prior Record Score.

204 Pa. Code § 303.5.

Appellant maintains that, although “Section 303.5 specifically states

that any sentence that is run consecutively shall be counted in the calculation

of the [PRS,] … it is silent with respect to cases that are run concurrently.”

Appellant’s Brief at 65. Appellant then turns to a prior version of Section 303.5

to argue as follows:

Prior to 2005, the guidelines specifically required that sentences

must be “totally concurrent” in order to not be counted towards a

defendant’s [PRS]. In 2005[,] this language was removed to read

as it does in the current version of [Section] 303.5. Given the

removal of this language, it is clear that the requirement for “total

____________________________________________

14 See 204 Pa. Code § 301.1 et seq.

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concurrency” was dropped from the legislation. Instead, the

current law only counts sentences that are run consecutively to

one another in the determination of a defendant’s prior record

score.

Id. at 66.

The trial court disagreed, reasoning instead that, because Appellant’s

“sentences were imposed at two separate sentencing proceedings, both

offenses were properly utilized in the calculation of his PRS[,]” despite the fact

that the second sentence had been ordered to run currently to the first. PSMO

at 24.

The Commonwealth agrees with the trial court, arguing that Appellant’s

stated analysis is not accurate, as demonstrated by a review of

the actual language of [Section] 303.5, read in conjunction with

other sections— particularly the definitions section— promulgated

by the Sentencing Commission. Section 303.5 states:

[](a) If there is a single offense in the prior judicial

proceeding, that offense shall be counted in the calculation

of the Prior Record Score.

(b) If there are multiple offenses in the prior judicial

proceeding:

(1) The most serious offense of the judicial proceeding

shall be counted in the calculation of the Prior Record

Score.

[204 Pa. Code § 303.5] (emphasis added).

The term “judicial proceeding” is defined by the Sentencing

Commission in § 303.2. That section states, in pertinent part:

(b) Judicial proceeding. A judicial proceeding is a proceeding

in which all offenses for which the offender has been

convicted are pending before the court for sentencing at

the same time. A judicial proceeding may include multiple

offenses and transactions.

204 Pa. Code § 303.2. (emphasis added).

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… Appellant’s erroneous interpretation of [Section] 303.5 confuses

concurrent sentences or confinement with concurrent sentencing

proceedings. Those legal terms of art are not the same. As

[Section] 303.2 makes clear, … Appellant in the instant case had

two separate judicial proceedings, not one. He was convicted and

sentenced on the [b]urglary charge at one judicial proceeding

more than 21 months before his [m]anslaughter conviction was

pending before the New York court for sentencing in a separate

judicial proceeding. To have been considered part of one judicial

proceeding under the [g]uidelines, both offenses would have had

to have been pending “before the court for sentencing at the same

time.” [204 Pa. Code § 303.2(b).] The fact that the judge who

ultimately sentenced … Appellant on the [m]anslaughter charge

permitted the [m]anslaughter sentence to be served concurrently

with the previously-sentenced [b]urglary charge is irrelevant

under the [g]uidelines.

Therefore, the points assigned to … Appellant’s two New York

convictions were properly aggregated to determine his [PRS].

Commonwealth’s Brief at 71-73.

We agree with the Commonwealth’s analysis. Appellant’s argument

simply ignores that his sentences for his two New York convictions, although

ultimately set to run concurrently, stemmed from entirely separate judicial

proceedings. Because Appellant’s burglary and manslaughter convictions

from New York arose from separate judicial proceedings, Section 303.5(b)(1)

did not apply and, therefore, the trial court was not required to only count the

more serious of those offenses towards its calculation of Appellant’s PRS in

this case. As such, we conclude that Appellant’s sixth claim is meritless.

VII.

Finally, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion

in limine, in which he sought to exclude testimony from Chief Easter and

Sergeant Koons indicating their belief that Sales’ wound was consistent with

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his having been stabbed by a knife or similar weapon. Appellant contends

that, because neither witness was qualified as a medical or forensics expert,

and because they did not witness the stabbing, the court abused its discretion

by permitting the officers to testify as to the cause of Sales’ wound.

Pa.R.E. 701 provides that:

If a witness is not testifying as an expert, testimony in the form

of an opinion is limited to one that is:

(a) rationally based on the witness’s perception;

(b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony

or to determining a fact in issue; and

(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.

Pa.R.E. 701.

Rule 702 provides that:

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,

experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an

opinion or otherwise if:

(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge is beyond that possessed by the average

layperson;

(b) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the

evidence or to determine a fact in issue; and

(c) the expert’s methodology is generally accepted in the

relevant field.

Pa.R.E. 702.

Here, the trial court determined that the witnesses’ testimony was

admissible because both officers had the requisite training and experience to

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identify that Sales’ wound was consistent with a stab wound caused by a knife

or similar, edged weapon:

[Appellant] next assigns error to our denial of his [m]otion in

limine in which he asked us to preclude the testimony of Chief

Easter and Sergeant Koons to the effect that Sales had sustained

a “stab” wound caused by a knife or some other edged object.

[Appellant] argues that the officers were not qualified as experts

to present such testimony. However, neither officer offered that

Sales’ wound was definitely caused by [a] stabbing with a knife or

some type of edged weapon, but only testified that the wound

appeared to be consistent with having been caused in that

manner.

Chief Easter testified that he had extensive training and

experience in identifying types of wounds through his long-term

position as a law enforcement officer and from his service in the

military. []N.T.[,] 5/26/21, at 9-10[.] He explained that he had

observed numerous stab wounds during his service in Vietnam.

[Id.] at 17[.] He had also taught a course on edged weapons to

police cadets. [Id.] at 5-6[.] He described the appearance of

wounds inflicted with an edged weapon, such as a knife, and

explained the difference between wounds inflicted with a knife and

a puncture wound. [Id.] at 6[.] He testified that Sales’ injuries

were consistent with a stab wound. [Id.] at 14[.] We believe

that Chief Easter demonstrated that he had the requisite

knowledge from his training and experience to render this

testimony and we see no error in its admission.

Sergeant Koons testified that he saw Sales’ wound when he

responded to the report of Sales l[]ying on the ground in Northern

Lebanon after the Incident. [Id.] at 135[.] Sergeant Koons

explained that the wound was clean, like a slice, and was bleeding

quickly. [Id.] Sergeant Koons confirmed that he had 32 years of

experience in law enforcement and that, during that time, he had

dealt with many stab victims and had observed many stab

wounds. [Id.] at 136-[]37[.] He testified that Sales’ wound was

consistent with a stab wound and with having been inflicted with

an edged weapon. [Id.] at 136[.] We believe that Sergeant Koons

also demonstrated that he possessed the requisite training and

experience to offer this statement.

TCO at 9-10.

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Appellant argues that Chief Easter and Sergeant Koons were not

properly qualified as experts because the Commonwealth ostensibly failed to

establish that they had medical training, or “specialized training or experience

in recognizing stab wounds.” Appellant’s Brief at 68, 69. Appellant contends

that this case is controlled by Commonwealth v. Harper, 230 A.3d 1231

(Pa. Super. 2020).

In Harper, police responded to a report of a shooting, but “there was

no shooting in progress and no one present was involved in the shooting.” Id.

at 1234. “However, the police recovered three .40-caliber Smith & Wesson

casings and nine 9-millimeter casings from the scene.” Id.

Around the same time, Harper presented at a hospital with a gunshot wound

to the knee. Id. While at the hospital, Harper was visited by Officer Moffatt.

At trial, Officer Moffatt testified that “he believed, based on his experience and

his observation of ‘the angle and location’ of the wound, that [Harper] had ‘a

self-inflicted gunshot wound.’” Id. Harper’s trial counsel failed to object to

this testimony. Based on that testimony, as well as incriminating statements

made by Harper to Officer Moffatt, Harper was convicted of firearms offenses.

Id.

In the appeal from the denial of his Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA)15

petition, Harper successfully demonstrated that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to seek suppression of his inculpatory statements to

____________________________________________

15 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.

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Officer Moffatt, and for failing to object to those statements at trial pursuant

to the corpus delicti rule. Id. at 1236-41. In his third claim for relief, Harper

also asserted that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to Officer

Moffatt’s opinion that Harper’s gunshot wound was self-inflicted, arguing that

Officer Moffatt could have testified, as a lay witness, about his

observation that [Harper] had a wound in his knee. However,

[Harper] claims, an opinion that [he] sustained a self-inflicted

gunshot wound would encompass not only a medical diagnosis,

but also forensic science. [Harper] emphasizes no foundation was

laid for this testimony and Officer Moffatt was not qualified as an

expert.

Id. at 1241.

This Court agreed, finding arguable merit to Harper’s ineffectiveness

claim because,

the pertinent portion of Officer Moffatt’s testimony was beyond

the scope of lay testimony permitted by Rule of Evidence 701(c).

An opinion that a gunshot wound was self-inflicted would require

specialized expert medical and forensic training. See Pa.R.E.

702(c). Aside from a vague reference to his “experience” and “the

angle and location” of [Harper]’s wound, as well as his

uncorroborated opinion that the wound was “[f]rom the top of the

knee down towards the foot,” Officer Moffatt offered no medical

or forensic observations of the wound, nor any medical or forensic

theories supporting his opinion.

Id. at 1242.

Appellant argues that Harper “is similar to the present matter[,] as

[Chief] Easter [and Sergeant Koons] also had no specialized training or

experience in recognizing stab wounds.” Appellant’s Brief at 69. We disagree.

In Harper, Harper acknowledged that Officer Moffatt could have

testified as a lay witness that Harper had a wound to his knee. The specific

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testimony that the Harper Court found had exceeded the bounds of Rule

701(c), which governs the opinion testimony of lay witnesses, was that the

wound had been self-inflicted. As noted by the Harper Court, that testimony

required some medical or forensic expertise, and the Commonwealth failed to

lay a foundation establishing that Officer Moffatt had any such expertise.

Here, by contrast, the trial court found that both Chief Easter and

Sergeant Koons had the requisite training and experience to testify to their

opinions that Sales’ wound was consistent with having been caused by a knife

or similar edged weapon. While they did not purport to be medical experts,

both witnesses testified that they had extensive experience observing wounds

caused by knives due to their careers in law enforcement and the military.

Thus, their testimony was admitted under Rule 702 due to their special

training and experience, and not as the opinion testimony of lay witnesses

under Rule 701. As such, Harper is distinguishable.

Appellant argues that the officers had no specialized training or

experience in recognizing stab wounds, but the record simply belies that

contention. Both witnesses testified that they had experience recognizing

stab wounds, laying a foundation that established specialized training that was

simply absent from the record in Harper, where no foundation was laid to

support Officer Moffatt’s opinion testimony. Moreover, we do not believe that

the mere observation that a wound is consistent with having been caused by

an edged weapon requires the same level of medical or forensic expertise as

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is required to determine whether a gunshot wound was self-inflicted. Thus,

we would also find that Harper is distinguishable for that reason, as well.

Accordingly, we conclude that Appellant has failed to meet his burden

of demonstrating that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

officers’ testimony that Sales’ wound was consistent with a stabbing caused

by a knife or similar weapon. Nor do we ascertain any abuse of discretion in

the court’s determining that the officers’ specialized training was sufficient to

qualify them to offer those opinions. Thus, we conclude that the contested

opinion testimony was permissible under Rule 702 due to the officers’

extensive experience observing stab wounds.

In any event, we agree with the Commonwealth that, even if the officers’

testimony was not admissible, Appellant was not prejudiced by the admission

of those opinions because they were merely cumulative of the uncontested

medical opinions of two physicians. As the Commonwealth argues:

[E]ven if it were improper for the officers to offer the challenged

observations, their testimony on this issue was cumulative of

similar, expert opinion testimony offered by two expert witnesses

at trial: Drs. Moore and Fitzgerald. Both physicians, whose expert

qualifications were not challenged by Appellant at trial or on

appeal, testified, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that

[Sales’] wound was the result of a stabbing. Dr. Fitzgerald’s

expert opinion was even more specific: she opined that the victim

had been stabbed with a knife. Thus, even if the officers’

testimony regarding the nature of the victim’s wound was

admitted in error, that error was harmless, and so Appellant is not

entitled to a new trial. See Commonwealth v. West, [834 A.2d

625, 634 (Pa. Super. 2003)] (“Not all errors at trial, however,

entitle an appellant to a new trial, and [t]he harmless error

doctrine, as adopted in Pennsylvania, reflects the reality that the

accused is entitled a fair trial, not a perfect trial….”);

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Commonwealth v. Watson, [945 A.2d 174, 177 (Pa. Super

2008)] (holding that harmless error exists when “the erroneously

admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other untainted

evidence which was substantially similar to the erroneously

admitted evidence”); Commonwealth v. Smalls, 980 A.2d 549,

562 (Pa. 2009) ([stating that the] admission of improper

testimony can be deemed harmless error, if the testimony is

merely cumulative of other properly admitted evidence).

Commonwealth’s Brief at 80-81.

Because the disputed testimony by Chief Easton and Sergeant Koons

was cumulative of the unchallenged expert testimony by Drs. Moore and

Fitzgerald, see N.T., 5/26/21, at 184-85 (Dr. Moore’s testifying, to a

reasonable degree of medical certainty, that Sales was stabbed); id. at 199

(Dr. Fitzgerald’s testifying, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that

Sales was stabbed), we agree with the Commonwealth that, even if the

officers’ opinion testimony was inadmissible under Rule 702, that error was

harmless. Accordingly, Appellant is not entitled to relief on this claim.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/21/2022

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