Hercules LED, L.L.C. v. Drabiski

[Cite as Hercules LED, L.L.C. v. Drabiski, 2022-Ohio-4359.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

MAHONING COUNTY

HERCULES LED, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JAMES DRABISKI,

Defendant-Appellant.

OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

Case No. 21 MA 0030

Civil Appeal from the

Court of Common Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio

Case No. 2018 CV 2162

BEFORE:

Carol Ann Robb, Cheryl L. Waite, David A. D’Apolito, Judges.

JUDGMENT:

Affirmed.

Atty. Jeffrey A. Kurz, 42 N. Phelps Street, Youngstown, Ohio 44503 for Plaintiff-Appellee

and

Atty. Rhys Brendan Cartwright-Jones, 42 N. Phelps Street, Youngstown, Ohio 44503 for

Defendant-Appellant.

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Dated: December 1, 2022

Robb, J.

{¶1} Appellant, James Drabiski, appeals the trial court’s February 22, 2021

decision finding him in breach of his settlement agreement with Appellee, Hercules LED,

LLC, and awarding Appellee $30,000 in damages. Appellant argues on appeal the trial

court erred by interpreting the parties’ agreement too broadly and Appellee should be

precluded from enforcing the agreement because Appellee had “unclean hands” based

on its failure to comply with the agreement. For the following reasons, Appellant’s

arguments lack merit, and we affirm the trial court’s decision.

Statement of the Case

{¶2} Appellee, Hercules LED, LLC, filed suit against Appellant in August of 2018

claiming Appellant, its former employee, was in violation of the noncompete agreement

he signed while working for Appellee. Appellee identified four causes of action: breach

of contract; tortious interference with business relationships; unjust enrichment; and

declaratory relief and sought a temporary restraining order and permanent injunction

prohibiting Appellant from violating the parties’ agreement. A copy of the agreement,

executed in December of 2015, titled “Non-Compete and Confidentiality Agreement” is

attached to the complaint. It generally provides Appellant would not work for a competitor

within a 100-mile radius of Appellee’s business for a period of two years following his

departure from his employment and Appellant would not contact, solicit, or interfere with

Appellee’s clients and customers during that time. (August 16, 2018 Complaint.)

{¶3} After the exchange of discovery, the case was set for a bench trial on

October 11, 2018. On the date of trial, the parties entered a settlement agreement. The

case remained pending, and two months later, Appellee filed a motion to enforce the

settlement agreement. In its motion, Appellee alleged Appellant violated the parties’

agreement and sought liquidated damages as a result. A copy of the settlement

agreement is attached to the motion. (December 11, 2018 Motion.)

{¶4} Appellee’s motion also claimed the settlement agreement was to be

elaborated upon, but this never occurred. Appellee alleged two violations. It claimed

Appellant violated the contract based on his sales efforts involving Liberty Township in

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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November of 2018 and his efforts to sell LED lighting to the Austintown U-Haul in

December of 2018. The full extent of their agreement was attached to the motion and

states:

SUMMARY OF NEGOTIATIONS

1. Jim’s principal place of business is in Erie, PA.

2. Jim will not contact the existing customer base, which will be disclosed

within 15 days.

3. Jim, of course, may sell whatever non-LED product to whomever,

wherever.

4. Jim will not sell LED to any entity w/in a 40-mi radi[u]s of Hercules,

Boardman, OH, H.Q. for 12 months commencing July 3, 2018, save for

currently existing clientele of an entity for whom Jim works.

5. This does not constrain any other Winkle sales people in their presently

existing territory.

6. Liquidated damages in the event of breach in the amount of $15k.

7. $5,000.00 w/in 30 days as a “penalty.”

8. Court costs to be paid by Defendant.

(December 11, 2018 Motion, Ex. A.)

{¶5} The motion to enforce was heard at an April 30, 2019 bench trial before a

magistrate. The trial testimony confirms the following. Appellant, James R. Drabiski,

testified first on cross-examination. He acknowledged working for his new employer,

Winkle Electric, since July of 2018. He agreed he signed the 2015 non-compete

agreement with Hercules and left his employment with Hercules the same month he

started at Winkle. Winkle is about seven miles away from Hercules. While with Hercules,

he was trained in its sales technique and routine and was also taught their sales system.

(Tr. p. 16-18.) Drabiski confirmed he signed the settlement agreement at issue in the

motion to enforce.

{¶6} Drabiski agreed he had a laptop while at Hercules which contained his sales

presentation. He took his laptop with him when he left his employment with Hercules.

When asked if he sells lighting, Drabiski said: “I don’t sell lighting. I just assist my * * *

colleagues at work.” (Tr. 25.)

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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{¶7} Regarding one of the two alleged breaches, Liberty Township, Drabiski

agreed he was present in Liberty Township in November of 2018. He denied knowing

Liberty Township was a client of Hercules LED, but he did agree the township was within

a 40-mile radius of Hercules’ Boardman, Ohio address. Drabiski said he went there “to

answer some warranty questions” because his boss was out of town. He denied knowing

he was sent there to submit a proposal to the township for LED lighting. (Tr. 26-28.)

{¶8} Regarding the other breach involving U-Haul, Drabiski acknowledged there

was a new location in Austintown and it was within 40 miles of Hercules’ Boardman, Ohio

address. Drabiski recalls going there, but denied knowing the date of his visit. (Tr. 28.)

When asked about the purpose of his visit to U-Haul, the following exchange occurred:

A. I was there on a ride-along with another sales rep who had asked me a

question he had about a light, and he asked me to ride past and let him

know what the proposal of a ration on a certain parking lot would be.

Q. Okay. So you were there with another salesman from Winkle Electric.

A. Yes.

Q. And at the time, the purpose of you and that salesman being there was

to complete a sale to the U-Haul location on Mahoning Avenue; is that

correct?

A. Not on my case, no. I don’t know what he was doing there.

Q. You have no idea why you would be riding with a salesman from Winkle

Electric going to a sales call * * *?

A. Well, he had prior – he was priorly involved with U-Haul. He asked me

to ride along to support. * * * I don’t want to say why he was there for sure

because that would be putting words in his mouth.

(Tr. 29-30.)

{¶9} When presented with the sales and energy saving proposal prepared on

behalf of U-Haul by Winkle, Drabiski said he was not involved with the energy saving

calculations that went into this proposal or the lighting inventory to be used. But Drabiski

acknowledged he was with his Winkle co-worker the day he presented the Winkle

proposal to U-Haul. Drabiski also testified he spoke with a U-Haul representative over

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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the phone, but he referred the man from U-Haul to another Winkle salesman. The

following exchange occurred:

Q. * * * when you sell, would you agree that that’s just not saying, give me

money, right?

A. No.

Q. It’s part of a process, right?

A. Yes.

Q. And part of that process is providing proposals, correct?

A. Yes.

Q. And part of that process is doing an energy savings calculation, correct?

A. Correct.

Q. Part of that process is doing an inventory of making – of the place that

you were going to sell a bid to, right?

A. That’s correct.

Q. Part of the selling process is providing a bid, right?

A. That’s correct.

Q. And part of that process is walking in and saying, this is what we can

save you, right?

A. That’s correct.

Q. And then, also part of that process is getting the actual contract signed,

right?

A. That’s correct.

(Tr. 34-36.)

{¶10} Thereafter, upon questioning by his counsel, Drabiski agreed he did not “on

his own” “initiate and complete a sales process” on behalf of Winkle. But Drabiski likewise

agreed he “might have been there as tangential or tertiary support for a couple of parts of

the sales process * * *.” He did not earn a commission from U-Haul or Liberty Township

and denied knowing either was an existing client of Hercules. Drabiski testified he did not

receive an “existing customer list” from Hercules after entering into the settlement

agreement. (Tr. 36-38.)

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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{¶11} Thereafter, Robert Maloney of U-Haul testified he has been with the

Austintown, Ohio location since it opened and confirmed it did not have an existing or

prior business relationship with Winkle Electric. Maloney called Winkle seeking a quote

to update its outdoor lighting, and in response, Drabiski and Mike Gagne came out to

view the property. Their visit resulted in Winkle submitting a bid to update U-Haul’s

lighting. He recalls Drabiski counting the lights and explaining the paperwork to him.

Drabiski went over the proposal with him and informed him of the benefits of signing the

Winkle sales contract. Maloney agreed Drabiski attempted to sell him LED lighting.

Maloney said the post-visit emails and calls regarding the Winkle proposal were

performed by Gagne, Drabiski’s co-worker. (Tr. 57-60.)

{¶12} Jerry Brown, a Hercules employee and salesman, testified he has worked

for Hercules for about three years and he had previously worked with Appellant during

his time at Hercules. Brown was trained in Hercules’ sales technique and confirmed the

Hercules customer list is a file saved on a salesperson’s laptop. Before Drabiski left his

employment with Hercules, Brown recalls working on a sales proposal in an effort to sell

LED lighting to Liberty Township. Drabiski may have helped Brown with the bid. And

after Drabiski left his employment with Hercules, Brown saw him at a Liberty Township

board meeting at which Drabiski was representing his new employer, and during the

meeting, the township reviewed the companies’ competing lighting proposals. (Tr. 63-

68.)

{¶13} After the bench trial, the magistrate found in favor of Appellant and

concluded he was not in violation of the settlement agreement and overruled Appellee’s

motion to enforce. The magistrate concluded in part that although Appellant attempted

to complete two sales in violation of the agreement, because he did not actually complete

the transaction and his efforts did not culminate in a sale, he was not in violation of the

agreement since “[i]t does not prohibit him from attempting to sell said lighting.”

(Emphasis sic.) (August 12, 2019 Magistrate’s Decision.)

{¶14} Appellee filed numerous objections to the magistrate’s decision, which

Appellant opposed. (August 20, 2019 Objections to the Magistrate’s Decision; September

9, 2019 Opposition to Objections.) The trial court subsequently granted Appellee’s

objections. The court found Appellant had twice violated the parties’ settlement

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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agreement by engaging in the selling process during the restricted time and within the

geographic parameters detailed in their agreement, and pursuant to the agreement, the

court awarded Appellee $30,000 in damages. (February 22, 2021 Judgment Entry.)

{¶15} Appellant appealed and raises one assignment of error.

Law & Argument

{¶16} Appellant’s sole assigned error asserts:

“The trial court erred in overruling the magistrate’s decision and in directing that

James Drabiski breached a settlement agreement that affected a covenant not to

compete.”

{¶17} Appellant’s assignment of error consists of two arguments. First, he argues

the trial court interpreted the agreement too broadly. Second, he contends the court erred

by enforcing the settlement agreement against Appellant when Appellee breached it by

not providing its client list. Appellant does not challenge the damages award or whether

the alleged violations occurred during the restricted time or within the geographic

parameters detailed in the agreement, and as such, we do not analyze these aspects of

the court’s decision. App.R. 12(A)(1)(b) (court of appeals shall determine the appeal on

the merits on the assignments of error).

{¶18} To prove a breach of contract claim, “the plaintiff must prove the existence

of a contract, the plaintiff’s performance under the contract, the defendant’s breach, and

damages.” Mentor Exempted Village School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Lake Cty. Educational

Serv. Ctr. Governing Bd., 2016-Ohio-7649, 74 N.E.3d 706, ¶ 83 (11th Dist.).

{¶19} Appellate courts generally review a trial court’s judgment from objections to

a magistrate’s decision for an abuse of discretion; however, the applicable standard

depends on the nature of the underlying matter. Harrison v. Lewis, 9th Dist. Summit No.

28114, 2017-Ohio-275, ¶ 40. If the issue on review concerns a matter of law, then we

review the matter de novo. Lucas v. Ford Motor Co., 2018-Ohio-3765, 109 N.E.3d 1287,

¶ 16 (9th Dist.); Stephan Business Ents., Inc. v. Lamar Outdoor Advertising Co., 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-070373, 2008-Ohio-954, ¶ 12-13. Because a settlement agreement is a

contract, it presents an issue of law reviewed de novo, and the referral of the matter to

a magistrate does “not circumvent an appellate court’s de novo review.” Lamar, supra,

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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citing Long v. Noah's Lost Ark, Inc., 158 Ohio App.3d 206, 2004-Ohio-4155, 814 N.E.2d

555, ¶ 17-18 (7th Dist.).

{¶20} Yet, where the question at issue is factual or evidentiary, we will not overturn

the trial court's finding if there was sufficient evidence to support it. Chirchiglia v. Ohio

Bur. of Workers' Comp., 138 Ohio App.3d 676, 679, 742 N.E.2d 180 (7th Dist. 2000). To

the extent an issue hinges on credibility, we defer to the trial court’s judgment because

issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence

are primarily for the factfinder. Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 81, 461

N.E.2d 1273 (1984).

{¶21} As stated, Appellant first contends the trial court erred by interpreting the

word “sell” too broadly. Instead, he urges us to find Ohio law governing non-compete

agreements dictates a narrow construction in furtherance of professional mobility and he

did not violate the agreement because he did not technically complete a sale. For the

following reasons, this argument lacks merit.

{¶22} Although restrictive covenants are not generally favored under the law, the

Ohio Supreme Court has “‘long recognized the validity of agreements that restrict

competition by an ex-employee if they contain reasonable geographical and temporal

restrictions. * * * Such an agreement does not violate public policy, ‘being reasonably

necessary for the protection of the employer's business’ if they are ‘not unreasonably

restrictive upon the rights of the employee.’” Lake Land Emp. Group of Akron, LLC v.

Columber, 101 Ohio St.3d 242, 2004-Ohio-786, 804 N.E.2d 27, ¶ 9, quoting Briggs v.

Butler, 140 Ohio St. 499, 507-508, 45 N.E.2d 757 (1942).

{¶23} In interpreting the terms of a covenant not to compete, Ohio courts apply

the same rules of construction used in construing any contract. Berk Ents., Inc. v. Polivka,

11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2012-T-0073, 2013-Ohio-4961, ¶ 35, citing Case v. Case, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2001-04-075, 2001 WL 1302128 (Oct. 29, 2001). “The intent of the

parties to a contract is presumed to reside in the language they chose to employ in the

contract, and common words will be given their ordinary meaning unless manifest

absurdity results or some other meaning is clearly evidenced from the face or overall

content of the instrument.” Berk, citing Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin Cty.

Convention Facilities Auth., 78 Ohio St.3d 353, 361, 678 N.E.2d 519 (1997).

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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“The purpose of contract construction is to effectuate the intent of the

parties,” and that intent “is presumed to reside in the language they chose

to employ in the agreement.” Kelly v. Med. Life Ins. Co. (1987), 31 Ohio

St.3d 130, 132, 31 OBR 289, 509 N.E.2d 411. Courts resort to extrinsic

evidence of the parties' intent “only where the language is unclear or

ambiguous, or where the circumstances surrounding the agreement invest

the language of the contract with a special meaning.” Id. The fact that the

parties fail to specifically define a term within the contract does not make

the term ambiguous. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros.

Farm (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 107, 108, 652 N.E.2d 684. Instead, common,

undefined words appearing in a written instrument “will be given their

ordinary meaning unless manifest absurdity results, or some other meaning

is clearly evidenced from the face or overall contents of the

instrument.” Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co. (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d

241, 7 O.O.3d 403, 374 N.E.2d 146, paragraph two of the syllabus.

State ex rel. Petro v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 104 Ohio St.3d 559, 2004-Ohio-7102,

820 N.E.2d 910, ¶ 23-24.

{¶24} The settlement agreement provides in part: “4. Jim will not sell LED to any

entity w/in a 40-mi radi[u]s of Hercules, Boardman, OH, H.Q. for 12 months commencing

July 3, 2018, save for currently existing clientele of an entity for whom Jim works.”

(December 11, 2018 Motion, Ex. A.)

{¶25} Black’s Law Dictionary defines “sell” as “[t]o transfer (property) by sale.”

Sell, (11th ed. 2019). Whereas the Merriam-Webster Dictionary provides multiple

definitions for the word and defines “sell” in part:

7a: to cause or promote the sale of

// using television advertising to sell cereal

b: to make or attempt to make sales to

c: to influence or induce to make a purchase * * *.

(Emphasis sic.) https://www.meriam-webster.com/dictionary/sell (accessed July 14,

2022).

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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{¶26} Upon examining the settlement agreement as a whole, the intent of the

parties was to prohibit Appellant from engaging in any sales activities or conduct

attendant to selling LED, including but not limited to contacting customers, soliciting sales

of LED for co-workers, communicating sales presentations, and the like. We come to this

conclusion when reviewing the contract as a whole, including the initial statement that

Appellant’s principal place of business with his new employer is Erie, Pennsylvania; the

references to Appellant agreeing not to contact existing Hercules’ customers; and the

contract’s statement indicating it is not intended to prohibit Appellant’s co-workers and

employer from engaging in sales activities within the agreed upon 40-mile radius.

{¶27} The narrow interpretation of “sell” and the result which Appellant advances

is not a reasonable construction of the parties’ agreement and is not evidenced from the

overall content of the agreement. The agreement explicitly states Appellant’s Winkle co-

workers could still sell LED within that area, but Appellant agreed not sell in the 40-mile

radius. This acknowledgment coupled with the ordinary and usual meaning of the word

“sell” shows the parties agreed Appellant would not promote the sale of LED on behalf of

his new employer; would not attempt to make sales of LED; and would not influence or

induce others to purchase LED within the prohibited area. The narrow reading Appellant

urges us to adopt will lead to an absurd result, i.e., it allows Appellant to participate in all

the sales activity, including promoting his new employer’s LED over that of his prior

employer’s LED, and only precluding Appellant from completing the final transaction

during which contracts are signed, money is handed over, and goods and services are

delivered.

{¶28} Upon employing the common meaning of the word “sell” to include the entire

sales process, we conclude Appellant violated the agreement twice during the one-year

period under the settlement agreement with Appellee when he participated in the sales

process and attempted to sell LED lights to Liberty Township and U-Haul on behalf of his

new employer. His efforts to promote and sell LED contrary to the settlement agreement

is the violation; whether his efforts were ultimately successful and his name was on a bill

of sale or sales contract as the salesmen earning a commission is of no consequence.

{¶29} Unlike the instant case, the Eleventh District Court of Appeals in Berk v.

Polivka found the noncompete clause at issue before it was not violated. Instead, Polivka

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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was essentially taking preparatory steps to compete with his then-employer once his one-

year non-compete clause expired. Polivka was not competing with Berk during the

prohibited period but was getting ready to do so by setting up his own business without

actually engaging in the prohibited competitive conduct. Id. at ¶ 46.

{¶30} Unlike Berk, however, the evidence here shows Appellant actively

participated in sales efforts including explaining proposals, counting lights, and

communicating sales benefits during the prohibited period. Whether or not U-Haul or

Liberty Township eventually purchased the LED lighting from Winkle or his co-worker is

not determinative.

{¶31} Because Appellant violated the parties’ settlement agreement by engaging

in sales activities and attempting to sell LED, he violated the agreement. Thus, the first

argument under Appellant’s first assigned error lacks merit and is overruled.

{¶32} As for Appellant’s second argument, he claims the trial court erred by

enforcing the settlement agreement against him because Appellee had “unclean hands”

and breached the agreement by not providing its client list to Appellant as required under

the parties’ settlement agreement.

{¶33} As argued, Appellee was required, per line two of the parties’ agreement,

to provide its client list within 15 days. Consistent with this argument, during opening

statements, Appellant’s counsel argued Appellee should not be able to enforce the

agreement against him because Appellee had “unclean hands” based on its failure to

provide him with this list.

{¶34} However, Appellee argued Appellant already had Hercules’ client list on his

laptop, which he used during his employment with Hercules and Appellant kept this laptop

when he left his employment with Hercules.

{¶35} Brown testified Hercules’ salespeople stored these lists on their laptops.

(Tr. 65.) Appellant confirmed he retained his laptop upon leaving his employment from

Hercules, even though he also testified Hercules never provided him with its “existing”

client list. Thus, there was evidence tending to show Appellant was in possession of the

client list after his departure from his employment.

{¶36} Regardless, and despite the fact the parties’ settlement agreement required

the disclosure of Hercules’ client list within 15 days, the agreement does not make

Case No. 21 MA 0030

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Appellant’s compliance with his obligations under line number four contingent upon

Hercules’ disclosure of the list, set forth in line two. To the contrary, per item number

four, the agreement prohibits Appellant from “sell[ing] LED to any entity w/in a 40-mi

radi[u]s of Hercules, Boardman, OH, H.Q. for 12 months commencing July 3, 2018, save

for currently existing clientele of an entity for whom Jim works.” (December 11, 2018

Motion to Enforce, Ex. A.) This promise is independent of and in addition to Appellant’s

agreement not to contact Hercules’ customers set forth on its customer list, as detailed in

item number two.

{¶37} Further, Appellant’s alleged lack of knowledge as to who was or was not an

existing Hercules’ customer is irrelevant for this reason. Consequently, Appellant’s

second argument lacks merit. The trial court correctly enforced the terms of the

settlement agreement and found Appellant in violation.

Conclusion

{¶38} For the following reasons, both arguments under Appellant’s sole

assignment of error lack merit. The trial court was correct in its interpretation of the

parties’ settlement agreement, and Appellee’s apparent failure to provide its client list per

the agreement did not affect Appellant’s independent obligations not to compete as

detailed in their settlement agreement. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

Waite, J., concurs.

D’Apolito, J., concurs.

Case No. 21 MA 0030

[Cite as Hercules LED, L.L.C. v. Drabiski, 2022-Ohio-4359.]

For the reasons stated in the Opinion rendered herein, the assignment of error is

overruled and it is the final judgment and order of this Court that the judgment of the Court

of Common Pleas of Mahoning County County, Ohio, is affirmed. Costs to be taxed

against the Appellant.

A certified copy of this opinion and judgment entry shall constitute the mandate in

this case pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. It is ordered that a

certified copy be sent by the clerk to the trial court to carry this judgment into execution.

NOTICE TO COUNSEL

This document constitutes a final judgment entry.