The opinion
No. 05-026
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2007 MT 29
____________________________________
TERRY L. STEIGER and TAMMY STEIGER,
husband and wife,
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
MARY R. BROWN,
Defendant and Respondent.
____________________________________
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Nineteenth Judicial District,
In and for the County of Lincoln, Cause No. DV 2004-01,
The Honorable Michael C. Prezeau, Presiding Judge.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellants:
Scott B. Spencer, Attorney at Law, Libby, Montana
For Respondent:
J. Tiffin Hall, Attorney at Law, Missoula, Montana
____________________________________
Submitted on Briefs: January 11, 2006
Decided: February 7, 2007
Filed:
_____________________________________________
Clerk
Justice John Warner delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Terry L. Steiger and Tammy Steiger (Steigers) appeal the Order of the Nineteenth
Judicial District Court, Lincoln County, holding that Mary R. Brown (Brown) had a
prescriptive easement to use and maintain portions of a driveway and a garage which
encroaches on their property, and denying them attorney fees and certain costs. We
affirm.
¶2 We restate and address the issues on appeal as follows:
¶3 1. Did the District Court err by holding that Brown’s predecessors in interest had
established a prescriptive easement to access and maintain the garage that encroaches
onto Steigers’ property?
¶4 2. Did the District Court err by not awarding attorney fees and certain costs to
Steigers?
BACKGROUND
¶5 The current dispute involves adjacent lots, numbers 11 and 12, of the Herykaha
Placer Tracts subdivision in Troy, Montana. In 1958, Brown’s stepfather purchased lot
12. At that time there was a garage on lot 12 near the boundary of lot 11. In 1970,
Brown acquired an interest in this property that she shared with her stepfather. In the
early 1970s, Brown’s stepfather tore down the garage near the boundary of lot 11 and
replaced it with another in the same location. In 1977, the second garage burned down
and Brown’s stepfather replaced it by building a third garage on the foundation laid in
1970. Brown inherited her stepfather’s interest in 2002 and now owns lot 12.
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¶6 In 2000, the City of Troy removed one of the boundary marking pins between lots
11 and 12 while excavating to expand its sewer system.
¶7 Steigers purchased lot 11 in 2001. Prior to purchasing lot 11, they commissioned
an appraisal on the property. The appraisal report warned that the Brown’s garage on lot
12 might encroach on lot 11. In 2002, at the City of Troy’s expense, the Steigers hired
Davis Surveying, Inc. (DSI) to survey the boundary between lots 11 and 12. According
to the DSI survey, Brown’s garage encroached approximately five feet onto Steigers’
property.
¶8 After the Steigers told them of the encroachment problem, Brown and her husband
hired Kootenai Surveyors, Inc. (KSI) to perform a second survey. According to the KSI
survey, the garage did not encroach on Steigers’ property. The two surveys differed on
the location of the boundary between lots 11 and 12 by twelve and one-half feet. Brown
subsequently erected a fence along the KSI survey line.
¶9 On January 7, 2004, the Steigers filed a Complaint against Brown, alleging
encroachment and trespass by Brown and requesting a boundary line determination. In
her Amended Answer, in which she characterized Steigers’ complaint as a petition for
declaratory judgment, Brown claimed that she had acquired any land that the garage was
on by adverse possession or that she had a prescriptive easement to use the garage and
driveway.
¶10 At a bench trial on July 27, 2004, the District Court found that the DSI survey
accurately established the boundary line between lots 11 and 12. It also found that the
survey marker in the driveway, which was disrupted by the City of Troy’s excavation,
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had put the Steigers’ predecessor in interest on notice of the encroachment of the garage
and a portion of the driveway. The District Court also found that the fence Brown had
erected encroached on the Steigers’ land.
¶11 The District Court specifically found as a matter of fact that:
For a period exceeding five years, Browns’ predecessors in interest used the
disputed strip of land in an open, notorious, exclusive, adverse, continuous
and uninterrupted manner for the purposes of maintaining their garage and
accessing lot 12.
¶12 Based on this finding of fact the District Court concluded that Brown’s
predecessors in interest had acquired a prescriptive easement to access and maintain the
garage in its current location. However, Brown had no right to erect the fence along the
KSI survey line.
¶13 The District Court also held that the Steigers could not recover attorney fees
because their suit was not truly a declaratory judgment action. However, the District
Court did award Steigers their costs pursuant to § 25-10-101, MCA.
¶14 Steigers also sought to recover $5,716.25 in costs incurred for surveys. Brown
objected to the award of any survey costs to Steigers. Brown argued that since DSI
completed the survey over a year before Steigers filed suit it was done neither during the
course of litigation nor in anticipation of filing suit. Brown also argued that surveying
costs were not allowable litigation expenses under § 25-10-201, MCA. The District
Court awarded the Steigers only those surveying costs they incurred after the filing of the
Complaint, which amounted to $90.
¶15 The Steigers filed a Motion to Amend Judgment, seeking to convert the judgment
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into a declaratory judgment and thereby recover their attorney fees. The District Court
denied the Steigers’ motion, noting that this case does not involve the interpretation of a
deed, will, written contract, statute, ordinance, franchise, or other writing. This appeal
followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶16 We affirm the factual findings of a district court sitting without a jury unless those
findings are clearly erroneous. M. R. Civ. P. 52(a); Ray v. Nansel, 2002 MT 191, ¶ 19,
311 Mont. 135, ¶ 19, 53 P.3d 870, ¶ 19. A district court’s findings are clearly erroneous
if they are not supported by substantial evidence, if the district court has misapprehended
the effect of the evidence, or if a review of the record leaves this Court with the definite
and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Ray, ¶ 19 (citing Guthrie v.
Hardy, 2001 MT 122, ¶ 24, 305 Mont. 367, ¶ 24, 28 P.3d 467, ¶ 24). We view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party when determining whether
substantial credible evidence supports the district court’s findings. Ray, ¶ 19 (citing
Guthrie, ¶ 24). We review a district court’s conclusions of law to determine whether the
trial court's interpretation was correct. Ray, ¶ 20 (citing Guthrie, ¶ 24).
DISCUSSION
ISSUE ONE
¶17 Did the District Court err by holding that Brown’s predecessors in interest had
established a prescriptive easement to access and maintain the garage that encroaches
onto Steigers’ property?
¶18 The Steigers argue that Brown failed to provide any evidence supporting the claim
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of a prescriptive easement other than information that the garage and driveway were in
their current location for more than five years. The Steigers reason that Brown failed to
prove the elements of easement by prescription because the encroachment only became
known upon completion of their survey in 2002.
¶19 A party seeking to establish a prescriptive easement must show open, notorious,
exclusive, adverse, continuous and uninterrupted use of the easement for the full statutory
period by clear and convincing evidence. Bonnie M. Combs-DeMaio Liv. Trust v.
Colony, 2005 MT 71, ¶ 13, 326 Mont. 334, ¶ 13, 109 P.3d 252, ¶ 13 (citing Brimstone
Mining, Inc. v. Glaus, 2003 MT 236, ¶ 21, 317 Mont. 236, ¶ 21, 77 P.3d 175, ¶ 21). In
Montana, the statutory period is five years. Section 70-19-401, MCA.
¶20 If a claimant establishes by clear and convincing evidence the elements of open,
notorious, exclusive, continuous, and uninterrupted use of an easement, a presumption
arises that the use is adverse to the servient estate and the burden then shifts to the owner
to show the use was permissive. Combs-DeMaio, ¶ 13 (citing Brimstone Mining, ¶ 21).
Adverse use is exercised under a claim of right--not as a license revocable at the pleasure
of the servient estate. Combs-DeMaio, ¶ 14 (citing Public Lands Access Assn. v. Boone
& Crockett Club Found., 259 Mont. 279, 283, 856 P.2d 525, 527 (1993)). Such a claim
must be known to, and acquiesced in, by the owners of the land. Combs-DeMaio, ¶ 14
(citing Lemont Land Corp. v. Rogers, 269 Mont. 180, 185, 887 P.2d 724, 727 (1994)).
¶21 The open and notorious use element cannot be satisfied when the owner of the
property was deceived as to the location of the alleged easement. Gelderloos v. Duke,
2004 MT 94, ¶¶ 31-32, 321 Mont. 1, ¶¶ 31-32, 88 P.3d 814, ¶¶ 31-32. Open and
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notorious use is a distinct and positive assertion of a right, hostile to the rights of the
owner and brought to the attention of the owner. Combs-DeMaio, ¶ 14 (citing Lemont,
269 Mont. at 183, 887 P.2d at 726-27). However, open and notorious use raises a
presumption of actual knowledge of the hostile claim to the owner of the servient estate if
it is of such character as to be obvious because the owner could not then be deceived.
Combs-DeMaio, ¶ 14 (citing Mildenberger v. Galbraith, 249 Mont. 161, 167, 815 P.2d
130, 134-35 (1991)).
¶22 The Steigers’ argument centers on the assertion that the statutory period could
only begin to run after they completed their survey because before that time no one knew
about the encroachment of Brown’s driveway and garage on their lot. This Court has
indeed held that the circumstances of the possession must be sufficient to put a prudent
person upon inquiry. Zavarelli v. Might, 230 Mont. 288, 292, 749 P.2d 524, 527 (1988).
¶23 The record in this case leaves no doubt that the driveway and garage were in their
current location since 1958. The continuous and open use of the garage and driveway
since that time is not contested. The record establishes that there was a pin, which
marked the boundary between lots 11 and 12, before the City of Troy removed it. Mr.
Steiger acknowledged that he immediately became aware of the encroachment from the
appraisal he received when he purchased the property. He admitted that the previous
owners of the property must also have known of the encroachment. The Steigers
presented no evidence that either they or their predecessors in interest were ever deceived
regarding the existence of the encroachment. We conclude that substantial evidence in
the record supports the District Court’s finding that Steiger’s predecessors in title knew
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of the encroachment.
¶24 The District Court did not err in holding that Brown established a prescriptive
easement.
ISSUE TWO
¶25 Did the District Court err by not awarding attorney fees and certain costs to
Steigers?
¶26 Steigers argue that the present case was one for declaratory judgment, therefore
they are entitled to both attorney fees and full survey costs pursuant to §§ 27-8-311 and
313, MCA, of Montana’s version of the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act. In support
of this argument, they cite American Jurisprudence to the effect that a declaratory
judgment action is an appropriate means to determine boundary line disputes. 1 However,
in their complaint Steigers alleged trespass and prayed for an order that removed the
garage in question and awarded damages. It was Brown who alleged in her amended
answer that this action was for a declaratory judgment.
¶27 Declaratory judgments are provided for in § 27-8-202, MCA, which states:
Any person interested under a deed, will, written contract, or other writings
constituting a contract or whose rights, status, or other legal relations are
affected by a statute, municipal ordinance, contract, or franchise may have
determined any question of construction or validity arising under the
instrument, statute, ordinance, contract, or franchise and obtain a
declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.
¶28 The present case involves the determination of a boundary line, premised not upon
the interpretation or construction of respective deeds but upon competing surveys. Since
1
Steigers cite to 22 Am. Jur. 2d Declaratory Judgments § 178. However, the language to which
they refer appears in 22A Am. Jur. 2d Declaratory Judgments § 154 (2003).
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the controversy in this case did not involve the construction of a deed or another
instrument, statute, ordinance, contract or franchise, it is not a declaratory judgment
action.
¶29 In Montana, litigants generally are not entitled to an award of attorney fees absent
a specific contractual or statutory provision. Big Spring v. Jore, 2005 MT 64, ¶ 37, 326
Mont. 256, ¶ 37, 109 P.3d 219, ¶ 37. As this case is not a declaratory judgment action
and the Steigers have provided no other basis for the award of attorney fees, we conclude
the District Court properly denied the Steigers attorney fees.
¶30 The Steigers also argue that as the party prevailing on the main issue, they should
have been awarded their full survey costs and the surveyor’s court appearance costs.
They assert that the District Court erred in relying on § 25-10-201, MCA, in assessing
costs and that they should be allowed their equitable costs pursuant to § 27-8-311, MCA.
However, as stated above, § 27-8-311, MCA, is part of the Uniform Declaratory
Judgments Act, and only applies to declaratory judgment actions. With no other
justification or statutory support for the award of the costs claimed on appeal, we decline
to disturb the District Court’s award of costs.
¶31 Affirmed.
/S/ JOHN WARNER
We Concur:
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ JIM RICE
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
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