The opinion
Case: 12-10131 Document: 00512175419 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/14/2013
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
March 14, 2013
No. 12-10131 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
JAMES CLIFFORD SPENCE, also known as James Spence,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
WALLACE NELSON, Chaplain III, Region VI, also known as Wallace Nelson,
III; NFN SHABAZZ, Chaplain; BILL PIERCE, Director of Chaplaincy; TERESA
CAMACHO, Mailroom Supervisor, also known as FNU Camacho,
Defendants-Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 1:10-CV-95
Before DAVIS, GRAVES, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
James Clifford Spence, Texas prisoner # 712697, appeals the district
court’s dismissal of his civil rights complaint against Wallace Nelson, Chaplain
III, Region VI; Chaplain Shabazz; Bill Pierce, Director of Chaplaincy; and Teresa
Camacho, French M. Robertson Unit Mailroom Supervisor. He alleged that the
defendants instituted an unpublished mailroom policy prohibiting inmates from
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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No. 12-10131
receiving packages from Iran and the Middle East. Spence, a Shia Muslim,
argued that the policy substantially burdened the practice of his religion in
violation of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000
(RLUIPA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc. He also argued that the policy violated his First
Amendment right to free speech and deprived him of his Fourteenth Amendment
right to due process of law. Spence sought injunctive and declaratory relief, as
well as compensatory, nominal, and punitive damages. The district court
granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, denied Spence’s cross
motion for summary judgment, and dismissed the complaint with prejudice.
Spence does not contend that the district court erred in dismissing (1) his
claims for injunctive relief under the RLUIPA and 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (2) his
RLUIPA claims against the defendants in their individual capacities; and (3) his
claims for monetary damages under § 1983 and the RLUIPA against the
defendants in their official capacities. Further, aside from noting that there is
a circuit split on the issue of whether 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) applies to prisoners’
First Amendment claims, Spence does not contend that the district court erred
in dismissing his § 1983 claims for compensatory damages against the
defendants in their individual capacities. These issues are therefore abandoned.
See Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 224-25 (5th Cir. 1993).
Spence contends that the district court abused its discretion when it
denied him leave to amend his complaint. Although Spence filed an amended
complaint more than 21 days after the defendants’ answer, he did not obtain the
defendants’ written consent or request leave to do so, either in a formal motion
or within the body of the amended complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).
Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to consider
Spence’s amended complaint. See U.S. ex rel. Mathews v. HealthSouth Corp.,
332 F.3d 293, 296 (5th Cir. 2003) (“[F]ailing to request leave from the court when
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leave is required makes a pleading more than technically deficient. The failure
to obtain leave results in an amended complaint having no legal effect.”).
He also contends that the district court abused its discretion when it
denied his motion for the appointment of counsel. However, Spence failed to
demonstrate the extraordinary circumstances necessary to justify the
appointment of counsel. See Ulmer v. Chancellor, 691 F.2d 209, 212 (5th Cir.
1982). Therefore, the district court’s denial of his motion for the appointment of
counsel was not an abuse of discretion. See Cupit v. Jones, 835 F.2d 82, 86 (5th
Cir. 1987).
Further, Spence contends that the district court abused its discretion when
it denied his motion for leave to engage in discovery. He notes that we have held
that limited discovery may be allowed prior to ruling on a qualified immunity
claim and argues that his recovery from triple bypass surgery delayed his ability
to engage in discovery. He also argues that he should have been allowed to
conduct discovery regarding the “culture of rule-making” and lack of
accountability within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ).
Because he was not granted leave to file his amended complaint, Spence
cannot show that discovery regarding issues and defendants raised in that
complaint would have created a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat
the defendants’ summary judgment motion. See Beattie v. Madison Cnty. Sch.
Dist., 254 F.3d 595, 606 (5th Cir. 2001). Further, Spence cannot show how
evidence of unauthorized rule making by other prison officials on issues
unrelated to the mailroom’s processing of inmate mail would have defeated the
defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See id. Finally, “because qualified
immunity turns only upon the objective reasonableness of the defendant’s acts,
a particular defendant’s subjective state of mind has no bearing on whether that
defendant is entitled to qualified immunity.” Thompson v. Upshur Cnty., Texas,
245 F.3d 447, 457 (5th Cir. 2001). Therefore, Spence has failed to show that the
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district court abused its discretion when it denied his motion for leave to engage
in discovery. See Beattie, 254 F.3d at 606.
As to the merits of his § 1983 and RLUIPA claims, Spence contends that
the district court erred in dismissing his claims for declaratory relief. He argues
that the defendants’ voluntary cessation of the challenged policy did not render
his claims for declaratory relief moot and that he was entitled to a declaratory
judgment stating that the policy violated the RLUIPA and his First Amendment
right to free speech.
The summary judgment evidence demonstrates that the mailroom policy
prohibiting inmates from receiving packages from Iran is no longer in effect, and
Spence has presented no evidence that the defendants’ voluntary cessation of
that policy was a sham or mere litigation posturing. See Sossamon v. Lone Star
State of Texas, 560 F.3d 316, 325 (5th Cir. 2009), aff’d, 131 S. Ct. 1651 (2011).
Spence does not argue that the TDCJ’s current policy violates the First
Amendment or RLUIPA, the current policy can only be amended by the Texas
Board of Criminal Justice, and Spence's assertion that the alleged violation is
likely to recur is too speculative to avoid mooting the case. Therefore, the
defendants’ voluntary cessation of the challenged policy rendered Spence’s claim
for declaratory relief moot, and the district court did not err in granting the
defendants’ motion for summary judgment on this issue. See Sossamon, 560
F.3d at 325.
Spence also contends that the district court erred in dismissing his § 1983
claims for nominal and punitive damages against the defendants in their
individual capacities. He argues that genuine issues of material fact exist as to
whether the mailroom policy prohibiting inmates from receiving packages from
Iran violated his First Amendment right to free speech and deprived him of his
Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law. Spence also argues that
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genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether the defendants were entitled
to qualified immunity.
We have recognized that the precise contours of a prisoner’s First
Amendment right to free speech are obscure. Brewer v. Wilkinson, 3 F.3d 816,
821 (5th Cir. 1993). Nevertheless, it is well-established that “prisoners and their
correspondents enjoy the protections of the First Amendment except to the
extent that prison regulations curtailing those protections are ‘reasonably
related to legitimate penological interests.’” Prison Legal News v. Livingston,
683 F.3d 201, 213 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89
(1987)); see also Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 413 (1989) (holding that
regulations affecting the sending of publications to inmates are valid if they are
reasonably related to legitimate penological interests). The Supreme Court has
also held that a prisoner’s right to correspond, grounded in the First
Amendment, “is plainly a ‘liberty’ interest within the meaning of the Fourteenth
Amendment even though qualified of necessity by the circumstance of
imprisonment.” Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 418 (1974), overruled on
other grounds by Thornburgh, 490 U.S. at 413-14. Thus, “the decision to censor
or withhold delivery of [inmate mail] must be accompanied by minimum
procedural safeguards.” Id. at 417. Although Spence bears the burden of
showing that the challenged policy, as applied, is not reasonably related to
legitimate penological interests, the defendants “must do more . . . than merely
show a formalistic logical connection between [the challenged policy] and a
penological objective.” Prison Legal News, 683 F.3d at 215 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted).
The summary judgment evidence states in the passive voice that Mail
System Coordinators Panel Program Supervisor Jennifer Smith created the
challenged policy after a series of meetings and conversations with various TDCJ
employees, including defendants Pierce and Shabazz, during which she “was
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advised that there were security problems with packages received from Iran.”
Although prison officials have a legitimate and often overriding penological
interest in the security of inmates and guards, Brewer, 3 F.3d at 825, we cannot
say that, on the existing record, no genuine issue of material fact exists as to
whether the challenged policy was applied neutrally and whether it was
rationally related to security interests, see Thornburgh, 490 U.S. at 414. For
example, Smith swore in an affidavit that she had been advised of “security
problems” with packages from Iran, but the record is devoid of evidence
regarding the nature of those problems or why an absolute ban on all packages
from Iran was required to adequately address the non-specific and unattributed
security concerns – particularly given that Spence alleged that he received
hundreds of books from Iran and the Middle East without incident. In addition,
although the policy, on its face, banned all packages from Iran regardless of
content, Spence alleged that officials used the policy to deny packages from Iran
and other Middle Eastern countries in a way that may have disproportionately
affected Muslim inmates. Because we find that there is a genuine issue of
material fact as to the issues discussed above, we also find that there is a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants were entitled to
qualified immunity. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009).
Therefore, the district court erred when it dismissed Spence’s § 1983 claims for
nominal and punitive damages against the defendants in their individual
capacities. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on these claims and remand the case to the district court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. In light of the foregoing, we need not
consider Spence’s contention that the defendants’ voluntary cessation of the
challenged policy rendered him a prevailing party for purposes of 42 U.S.C. §
1988.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
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