State v. Ladson

[Cite as State v. Ladson, 2022-Ohio-3670.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :

No. 111211

v. :

JAMES LADSON, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 13, 2022

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

Case No. CR-21-656142-A

Appearances:

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting

Attorney, and Kristin M. Karkutt and Alicia Harrison,

Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee.

Joseph V. Pagano and Marcus Sidoti, for appellant.

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.:

Defendant-appellant James Ladson (“Ladson”) appeals from his

conviction for murder and other crimes following a jury trial. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural History

On January 27, 2021, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted

Ladson on one count of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A), one count of

murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), one count of voluntary manslaughter in

violation of R.C. 2903.03(A), one count of felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(1), one count of felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), and one count of having weapons while under disability in

violation of R.C. 2923.13(A). With the exception of the having weapons while under

disability charge, each count carried one- and three-year firearm specifications.

Before trial began, the state dismissed the voluntary manslaughter

charge. Ladson waived his right to a jury trial on the having weapons while under

disability charge, and the case proceeded to a jury trial on the remaining counts on

November 29, 2021.

These charges arose from a July 25, 2020 incident in which Allante

Riggins (“Riggins”) was shot and killed in the parking lot of Eagle Fresh Mart on

Kinsman Road and East 75th Street in Cleveland, Ohio. That day, Riggins was

helping his sister Arisia move out of her home, located around the corner from

Eagle Fresh Mart. Shortly after 8 p.m. that evening, Riggins went to Eagle Fresh

Mart. Riggins, who had recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia, began having

what appeared to be a schizophrenic episode in the parking lot. Security footage

from Eagle Fresh Mart shows Riggins pacing in the parking lot and appearing

agitated. Around 8:15 p.m., security footage showed a dark blue Infiniti sedan pull

into the parking lot. A man exited the vehicle from the rear passenger door. Several

minutes later, the driver, subsequently identified as Ladson, exited the vehicle.

Ladson did not enter the store and instead stood on the edge of the parking lot near

his vehicle, appearing to have a conversation with several other men in the parking

lot. Around 8:30 p.m., Ladson crossed the parking lot to speak to the driver of a

Jeep parked in front of the store. Ladson stood inside the open driver door of the

Jeep and appeared to engage in a transaction with the driver of the Jeep, who was

sitting in the driver’s seat of the Jeep. Ladson then returned to his car. Ladson

appeared to get back into the driver’s seat of the Infiniti while the passenger

remained standing outside the car.

Several minutes later, Riggins reappeared at the edge of the parking

lot, near where the Infiniti was parked. Riggins walked past the Infiniti and entered

the store. Shortly thereafter, Riggins exited the store and walked the length of the

parking lot back towards the Infiniti. Riggins appeared to exchange words with the

passenger of the Infiniti, who then got back into the car. Riggins remained near the

Infiniti and appeared to be shouting at the vehicle. Security footage showed Riggins

begin to walk out of the parking lot and away from the rear of the Infiniti, but he

turned around to approach the vehicle again, appearing to lunge at the vehicle in

an agitated manner. This continued for several minutes, with Riggins pacing

around the vehicle. At approximately 8:39 p.m., Ladson and the front passenger of

the Infiniti exited the vehicle and confronted Riggins. The passenger walked

around the rear end of the vehicle with his right arm raised toward Riggins.

Meanwhile, Riggins approached Ladson on the driver’s side of the vehicle and

Ladson raised his right arm and appeared to shoot Riggins in the face. Riggins

collapsed, and Ladson and the passenger got back into the Infiniti and sped out of

the parking lot. The parking lot, which had been relatively full until this point,

quickly began to empty.

Soon after the shooting, Arisia heard that her brother had been shot

outside the store. Security footage shows Arisia and her boyfriend pull into the

parking lot near where Riggins was shot. Shortly thereafter, Cleveland police

arrived at the scene.

At trial, the state called Riggins’s sisters, Arisia and Adora Riggins,

who both testified as to their brother’s mental health and the events of July 25,

2020, before Riggins went to Eagle Fresh Mart. The state also called one of the

responding officers, Cleveland police officer Brooklyn Barnes (“Barnes”), who

testified that upon arriving to the scene, she observed Riggins face-down in the

parking lot. Barnes testified that she turned Riggins over and observed a gunshot

wound to his head. Barnes began administering first aid and CPR while her partner

attempted to control the other people on the scene. Several minutes later, EMS

arrived and began giving Riggins medical attention.

The state also called Cleveland police detectives Zara Hudson

(“Hudson”) and Richard Tusing (“Tusing”), who testified as to their respective

involvement with the investigation in this case. Hudson was initially assigned to

the case, and he responded to the scene on July 25, 2020. Hudson canvassed the

scene for evidence and ultimately made contact with the store clerk and viewed and

downloaded the security footage showing the parking lot before, during, and after

the incident. Hudson prepared an initial report in this case, but the case was

ultimately turned over to Tusing once it became clear that Riggins had died.

Tusing testified that when the case was assigned to him, Ladson had

been identified as a person of interest in the case. He went on to testify that upon

being assigned to the case through his role in the homicide unit, he reviewed the

file, including the security video, and subsequently obtained information on Ladson

and the Infiniti from the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. Tusing determined that a 2008

Infiniti M35 was registered to Ladson at the time of the shooting. Tusing reviewed

body camera footage from a traffic stop of Ladson unrelated to this incident.

Ultimately, Tusing was able to identify Ladson as the driver of the Infiniti who had

shot Riggins.

The state also called various expert witnesses to testify about the

limited physical evidence in this case. Dr. Dan Galita (“Dr. Galita”), a forensic

pathologist and medical examiner at the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s

Office, testified that he completed an autopsy of Riggins. Dr. Galita testified that

the cause of Riggins’s death was a gunshot wound to the left cheek with skeletal,

visceral, and soft tissue injuries, and the manner of death was homicide. The state

also presented evidence that the nature of Riggins’s injuries, including stippling on

his face, meant that the shooter fired at Riggins in close range.

Following the state’s case, Ladson made a Crim.R. 29 motion for

acquittal, which the trial court denied. Ladson called one witness on his behalf.

Cheri Klouda (“Klouda”) testified that she and her husband owned and operated

Klouda Automotive, a business located on Carnegie Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio that

did repairs and bodywork to vehicles. Klouda testified that she is in charge of the

paperwork and recordkeeping for the business. Klouda testified that her husband

did various work on a 2008 Infiniti G35 for Ladson. Defense counsel introduced

the receipt for this work showing that Ladson brought his vehicle to Klouda

Automotive on July 18, 2020, and retrieved his vehicle on August 1, 2020, after

paying in full for the services. Klouda testified that she remembered the vehicle

being on the business’s lift at that time because they had difficulty sourcing some of

the parts needed for the work.

Defense counsel then renewed its Crim.R. 29 motion, and the court

denied this motion. Defense counsel also requested that the court instruct the jury

on voluntary manslaughter, and the court denied the request.

On December 3, 2021, the jury returned its verdict. The jury found

Ladson not guilty of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A). The jury found Ladson

guilty of murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B), both counts of felonious assault,

and the corresponding firearm specifications. The court found Ladson guilty of

having weapons while under disability.

On January 10, 2022, the court held a sentencing hearing. Defense

counsel and the assistant prosecuting attorney addressed the court. Riggins’s sister

Arisia also addressed the court. The court sentenced Ladson to life in prison with

the possibility of parole after 15 years, consecutive to a three-year term for the

firearm specification. The court also sentenced Ladson to 36 months on the having

weapons while under disability charge, to be served concurrently.

Ladson appeals, presenting five assignments of error for our review:

I. The trial court erred by admitting the video and photographic

evidence over appellant’s objection and in violation of Evid.R. 803(6)

and Evid.R. 901(C).

II. The trial court erred by denying appellant’s request for an

instruction on voluntary manslaughter.

III. The trial court erred when it denied appellant’s motion for acquittal

under Crim.R. 29 because the state failed to present sufficient evidence

to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the elements necessary to

support the convictions.

IV. Appellant’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

V. The admission of the lead detective’s narration and video footage

and his opinions that the images show defendant-appellant engaging

in the offenses charged in the indictment, violated the rules of evidence,

invaded the province of the jury, and deprived him of his right to due

process and a fundamentally fair jury trial under the Fifth, Sixth, and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Legal Analysis

I. Video and Photographic Evidence

In Ladson’s first assignment of error, he argues that the trial court

erred by admitting video and photographic evidence over defense counsel’s

objection and in violation of Evid.R. 803(6) and 901.

The decision whether to admit or exclude evidence is subject to

review under an abuse of discretion standard, and reviewing courts will not disturb

evidentiary rulings absent a clear showing that the trial court abused its discretion

and materially prejudiced a party. State v. Barnes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104045,

2017-Ohio-383, ¶ 17, citing State v. Lyles, 42 Ohio St.3d 98, 99, 537 N.E.2d 221

(1989). The term abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d

217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983); Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-

3304, 187 N.E.3d 463.

With respect to video evidence, Ladson objected to the admission of

state’s exhibit Nos. 61, 62, and 63. Exhibit No. 61 is store surveillance footage from

approximately 8:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m., exhibit No. 62 is a continuation of store

surveillance footage beginning at approximately 8:30 p.m., and exhibit No. 63 is a

zoomed in excerpt of the surveillance footage in exhibit No. 62 showing the

shooting. Ladson objected to the admission of this footage, arguing that no one

from the store testified as to how the videos were prepared or whether they were

authentic. With respect to photographic evidence, Ladson objected to state’s

exhibit Nos. 69-77, which were screenshots of a man standing near a vehicle that

Adora Riggins provided to law enforcement. Adora testified that she had a personal

relationship with one of the store employees, and he provided them to her after the

incident. Ladson objected to the admission of these photos, arguing that no

evidence was presented showing whether the photographs were authentic or

accurate.

In this appeal, Ladson argues that the videos and photos constitute

hearsay because they were introduced to prove that a person in the video committed

an offense consistent with Tusing’s own interpretation and narration of what the

videos and photos showed.

Evid.R. 901 provides, in relevant part:

(A) General provision. The requirement of authentication or

identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by

evidence sufficient to support that the matter in question is what its

proponent claims.

(B) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of

limitation, the following are examples of authentication or

identification conforming with the requirements of this rule:

(1) Testimony of witness with knowledge. Testimony that a matter is

what it is claimed to be.

“‘The authentication requirement of Evid.R. 901(A) is a low threshold that does not

require conclusive proof of authenticity, but only sufficient foundation evidence for

the trier of fact to conclude that the evidence is what its proponent claims it to be.’”

State v. Heard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110722, 2022-Ohio-2266, ¶ 31, quoting State

v. Toudle, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98609, 2013-Ohio-1548, ¶ 21, citing Yasinow v.

Yasinow, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86467, 2006-Ohio-1355, ¶ 81.

Here, while Ladson correctly points out that none of the testifying

witnesses observed the shooting itself, we disagree that the evidence was not

properly authenticated. Video and photographic evidence may be admissible under

one of two theories: the “pictorial testimony” theory or the “silent witness” theory.

Midland Steel Prods. Co. v. Internatl. Union, United Auto., Aero. & Agricultural

Implement Workers, Local 486, 61 Ohio St.3d 121, 129, 573 N.E.2d 98 (1991).

Under the silent witness theory, the evidence is a “‘silent witness’ which speaks for

itself, and is substantive evidence of what it portrays independent of a sponsoring

witness,” and the evidence may be admitted “upon a sufficient showing of the

reliability of the process or system that produced the evidence.” Id.

In this case, the detective who responded to the scene testified that

he personally obtained the surveillance footage from the business. He also testified

that the footage itself accurately reflected the scene of the shooting. This testimony

is sufficient to have properly authenticated the video evidence. State v. Freeze, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2011-11-209, 2012-Ohio-5840, ¶ 68.

With respect to the screenshots provided to law enforcement by

Riggins’s sister Adora, we find that they also satisfy the low threshold for

authentication. Adora testified that she received the messages containing the

screenshots from a store employee. This is sufficient to authenticate the photos.

State v. Primous, 2020-Ohio-912, 152 N.E.3d 1002, ¶ 22 (8th Dist.).

Because the video and photo evidence in question was properly

authenticated pursuant to Evid.R. 901, we cannot conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion in admitting this evidence over defense objection. Therefore,

Ladson’s first assignment of error is overruled.

II. Jury Instruction

In Ladson’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court

erred by denying his request for a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter.

Specifically, he argues that the grand jury concluded there was probable cause to

charge Ladson with voluntary manslaughter and that the evidence presented at trial

supported an instruction on voluntary manslaughter.

A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a requested jury instruction

is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Williams, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 90845, 2009-Ohio-2026, ¶ 50. Specifically, a defendant charged

with murder is entitled to an instruction on voluntary manslaughter when the

evidence presented at trial would reasonably support both an acquittal on the

charged crime of murder and a conviction for voluntary manslaughter. State v.

Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 632, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992), citing State v. Tyler, 50

Ohio St.3d 24, 37, 553 N.E.2d 576 (1990).

Voluntary manslaughter as laid out in R.C. 2903.03(A) provides:

No person, while under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden

fit of rage, either of which is brought on by serious provocation

occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the

person into using deadly force, shall knowingly cause the death of

another or the unlawful termination of another’s pregnancy.

Ladson argues that the evidence in this case shows that Riggins “was engaged in a

schizophrenic episode, he was highly agitated, appeared to be yelling, and lunging

towards the driver of the suspect video.” Ladson argues that Riggins’s behavior

provoked both the passenger and driver

We agree that the evidence reflects that Riggins was behaving in an

agitated manner and appeared at various points to be shouting and lunging at the

Infiniti. Further, based on the testimony of Riggins’s sisters regarding his

schizophrenia diagnosis and lack of compliance with his medication, it is likely that

he was experiencing a schizophrenic episode.

We disagree with Ladson that this constitutes sufficient evidence to

warrant a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter. We agree with the trial

court’s statement that Riggins’s behavior constituted insufficient provocation for

purposes of R.C. 2903.03(A). Further, Ladson argues that “mutual combat”

situations like the incident in this case are “classic voluntary manslaughter

situations” according to the Ohio Supreme Court. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d at 635, 590

N.E.2d 272. Ladson does not attempt to define mutual combat or otherwise explain

his assertion that this situation was one of mutual combat. Our review of the record

shows that while Riggins was clearly agitated, Riggins and Ladson were not

engaged in mutual combat. Indeed, until moments before Riggins was killed,

Ladson was in the driver’s seat of his vehicle with the door closed and nothing was

preventing him from driving away. Instead, Ladson elected to exit the vehicle and

approach Riggins, immediately shooting him in the face at close range.

In light of this evidence, we cannot say that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying Ladson’s request to issue a jury instruction on voluntary

manslaughter. Therefore, Ladson’s second assignment of error is overruled.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his third assignment of error, Ladson argues that the trial court

erred when it denied his motion for acquittal under Crim.R. 29 because the state

failed to present sufficient evidence to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the

elements necessary to support the convictions. Specifically, Ladson asserts that the

state failed to establish the identity of the individual depicted shooting Riggins in

surveillance footage. Ladson further points to the absence of certain evidence, such

as eyewitness testimony, cell phone data placing Ladson at the scene, any

explanation as to how Ladson became a person of interest in the case, any DNA

evidence, or any physical or forensic evidence tying Ladson to the scene or the

incident.

Crim.R. 29(A) provides that a court “shall order the entry of the

judgment of acquittal of one or more offenses * * * if the evidence is insufficient to

sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses.” “Because a Crim.R. 29 motion

questions the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[w]e apply the same standard of review

to Crim.R. 29 motions as we use in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.’”

Fairview Park v. Peah, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110128, 2021-Ohio-2685, ¶ 37,

quoting State v. Tenace, 109 Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386,

¶ 37.

A sufficiency challenge requires a court to determine whether the

state has met its burden of production at trial and to consider not the credibility of

the evidence but whether, if credible, the evidence presented would sustain a

conviction. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable

to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259,

273, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct.

2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).

With respect to whether the state presented sufficient evidence as to

Ladson’s identity, we note that the state presented the video and photo evidence

discussed at length above, as well as body camera footage showing Ladson being

pulled over for a traffic stop in a car with the same features as the car in the video

and vehicle registration evidence showing that Ladson owned a blue 2008 Infiniti

at the time of this incident. Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the

state, it is more than sufficient for the jury to have concluded that Ladson was the

driver of the car and the individual who shot Riggins.

With respect to Ladson’s extensive list of evidence that was not

presented, we note that “‘[p]roof of guilt may be made by circumstantial evidence,

real evidence, and direct evidence, or any combination of the three, and all three

have equal probative value.’” Brook Park v. Gannon, 2019-Ohio-2224, 137 N.E.3d

701, ¶ 24 (8th Dist.), quoting State v. Zadar, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94698, 2011-

Ohio-1060, ¶ 18, citing State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988).

Therefore, the fact that the state may not have presented certain kinds of evidence

has no bearing on whether it presented sufficient evidence of Ladson’s guilt.

For these reasons, Ladson’s third assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Manifest Weight

In his fourth assignment of error, Ladson argues that his convictions

are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, he argues that the

evidence against him was poor and unreliable, reiterating the various forms of

evidence that he argues should have been presented at trial and arguing that the

state’s case was based on a minimal investigation. In addition to reiterating his

issues with the photo and video evidence discussed above, Ladson points out that

he presented evidence that his 2008 Infiniti was not in his possession on the date

of the incident, that the initial police reports in the case identified the Infiniti’s

passenger as the shooter rather than the driver, that the police never recovered

Ladson’s vehicle, and that no eyewitnesses testified despite the parking lot being

crowded at the time of the shooting.

Unlike a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a manifest

weight challenge attacks the quality of the evidence and questions whether the state

met its burden of persuasion at trial. State v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99819,

2014-Ohio-387, ¶ 25, citing State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-

Ohio-3598, ¶ 13. When reviewing a manifest weight challenge, a court reviews the

entire record, weighing all evidence and reasonable inferences and considering the

credibility of the witnesses, to determine whether the trier of fact clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541.

“Issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be

given are primarily for the trier of fact.” State v. Matthews, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 97916, 2012-Ohio-5174, ¶ 34, citing State v. Thomas, 70 Ohio St.2d 79, 80, 434

N.E.2d 1356 (1982), and State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967),

paragraph one of the syllabus. Further, the trier of fact is free to believe all, part, or

none of the testimony of each witness. Id., citing State v. Caldwell, 79 Ohio App.3d

667, 607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist.1992). Reversal on manifest weight grounds is

reserved for the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the

conviction.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175,

485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

Following a thorough review of the record, we cannot conclude that

this is the exceptional case in which the trier of fact lost its way. The entire incident

was captured on video, and the state presented various evidence showing that

Ladson was the individual depicted in the video. With respect to the evidence that

Ladson’s vehicle was not in his possession on the date of the incident, the record

reflects that the vehicle allegedly at Klouda Automotive was a 2008 Infiniti G35,

while the BMV records presented at trial reflect that he owned a 2008 Infiniti M35.

Further, the state presented evidence at trial that Ladson sold his vehicle after this

incident and police were unable to locate the vehicle. Any claimed deficiencies in

the state’s investigation of this case, including discrepancies between the original

police report and other evidence, are not such that the jury clearly lost its way in

finding Ladson guilty of murder and felonious assault. For example, the statement

in the police report that the Infiniti passenger shot Riggins is clearly undermined

by not only witness testimony and the surveillance footage, but also Dr. Galita’s

testimony about the trajectory of the bullet. Finally, while the state’s case likely

would have been bolstered by eyewitness testimony, the lack of eyewitness

testimony does not undermine Ladson’s convictions, let alone require a conclusion

that his convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because this

case was not a manifest miscarriage of justice, Ladson’s fourth assignment of error

is overruled.

V. Tusing’s Testimony

In his fifth and final assignment of error, Ladson argues that the

admission of Tusing’s narration of the video footage and his opinions that the

images show Ladson engaging in the offenses charged in the indictment violated

the rules of evidence, invaded the province of the jury, and deprived him of his right

to due process and a fundamentally fair trial guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth, and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Specifically, Ladson

argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it overruled defense objections

to Tusing’s testimony that the person in the video seen shooting Riggins was Ladson

because the suspect’s identity was the primary issue to be determined by the jury.

Ladson cites Evid.R. 602 in support of his assertion that Tusing

should not have testified about Ladson’s identity because he had no personal

knowledge of the matter. Ladson also argues that because Tusing was not qualified

as an expert witness, his testimony was limited under Evid.R. 701 to opinions or

inferences rationally based on his perception and helpful to a clear understanding

of a witness’s testimony or determination of a fact in issue.

Evid.R. 602 provides that a “witness may not testify to a matter

unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has

personal knowledge of the matter.” The rule further states that “[e]vidence to prove

personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness’ own testimony.”

Evid.R. 602.

While Tusing did not personally obtain the surveillance footage, he

was the lead investigator assigned to the case and therefore had adequate personal

knowledge to testify as to the contents of the footage. State v. Groce, 2019-Ohio-

1007, 133 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 46 (10th Dist.). Therefore, his testimony did not violate

Evid.R. 602.

Evid.R. 701 provides that lay witness testimony “in the form of

opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are

(1) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear

understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.”

Under Evid.R. 701, “if testimony is based on an officer’s training and experience,

related to the officer’s personal observations during an investigation, and helpful to

determine facts in issue, the testimony is properly admitted as lay testimony.” State

v. Harris, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108624, 2020-Ohio-4461, ¶ 53, citing State v.

Maust, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103812, 2016-Ohio-3171, ¶ 18. Further, impressions

or conclusions are admissible if they assist the jury’s understanding or delineate a

fact in issue. State v. Marshall, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100736, 2015-Ohio-2511,

¶ 25, citing State v. Miller, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2009-CA-0113, 2010-Ohio-3488,

¶ 50.

Here, Tusing’s testimony was based on his perception, his role in the

investigation of this case, and his extensive review of the surveillance footage and

subsequent investigation and identification of Ladson such that it was helpful to a

clear understanding of his testimony and determination of facts in issue. Therefore,

the testimony did not violate Evid.R. 701. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

in permitting Tusing to testify as to the contents of the surveillance footage.

Ladson’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR