The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
ORLANDO SCOTT, UNPUBLISHED
October 13, 2022
Plaintiff,
and
NORTHLAND RADIOLOGY, INC.,
Intervening Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 358882
Wayne Circuit Court
MICHIGAN AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LC No. 19-007963-NI
PLACEMENT FACILITY, MICHIGAN
ASSIGNED CLAIMS PLAN, FARMERS
INSURANCE EXCHANGE, and SEDALE
BRYANT,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
KYLE JARRETT and QUIN DAMICO-
FIAMUSSEN,
Defendants.
Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and CAVANAGH and REDFORD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Intervening plaintiff, Northland Radiology, Inc. (Northland), appeals as of right the trial
court’s order granting summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) for defendants, Michigan
Auto Insurance Placement Facility (MAIPF), Michigan Assigned Claims Plan (MACP), Farmers
Insurance Exchange (Farmers), and Sedale Bryant on Northland’s claim for personal protection
-1-
insurance (PIP) benefits for services it provided for plaintiff, Orlando Scott, related to injuries he
allegedly suffered in a motor vehicle accident in 2018.
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reverse and remand the case to the trial court.
Upon remand the MAIPF, MACP, and Farmers shall be given leave to amend their affirmative
defenses to state their MCL 500.3173a(2) affirmative defenses with particularity and for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Following a motor vehicle accident in which Orlando Scott was injured as a passenger,
Scott submitted to the MAIPF an application for PIP benefits from the MACP. The MAIPF
investigated his claim and after conducting Scott’s examination under oath (EUO), denied the
claim on the ground that Scott made material misrepresentations in his application for benefits and
during his EUO. Scott sued alleging that the MAIPF and MACP failed to assign his claims to an
insurer in violation of statutory duties and demanded a judgment for unspecified damages, interest,
and attorney fees. Scott also requested a declaratory judgment against the MAIPF and MACP.
Northland intervened as Scott’s assignee to recover from the MAIPF and MACP for radiological
and other medical services it provided Scott related to his motor vehicle accident. The MAIPF
and MACP answered plaintiff’s complaint with general denials of the allegations and filed 58
generic affirmative defenses asserting among other things that Scott misrepresented a material fact,
or committed an unspecified fraudulent insurance act in violation of several statutes, all of which
they asserted barred Scott’s claims or made him ineligible to recover any benefits. The MAIPF
and MACP also answered Northland’s complaint with general denials of the allegations and filed
58 generic affirmative defenses including several that asserted that the claimant had committed
unspecified fraud which permitted them to deny benefits or otherwise barred Scott’s claims for
benefits.
The MAIPF and MACP moved for summary disposition on the ground that the MAIPF
properly denied Scott’s claim because he made material misrepresentations in his application for
benefits and at his EUO by failing to disclose relevant and material preexisting conditions and by
denying that he had ever previously filed a claim for PIP benefits. The MAIPF and MACP argued
that Scott lacked eligibility for payment of benefits because he completed and signed an
application for benefits that contained “a fraudulent insurance act” in contravention of MCL
500.1373a(2)1 by indicating in his application that he did not have preexisting conditions related
to the injuries for which he had been treated and that he never filed a claim for PIP benefits, when
in fact, he had such preexisting conditions and he previously filed a claim with the MAIPF in 2013.
The MAIPF and MACP argued that the commission of a fraudulent insurance act in relation to an
insurer’s investigation of a claim precludes recovery of no-fault benefits.
Scott opposed the MAIPF and MACP’s motion. Northland also opposed the MAIPF and
MACP’s summary disposition motion by arguing that they failed to plead their fraud affirmative
defense with particularity and thereby waived that defense to Scott’s claim. Northland argued that
1
The Legislature amended MCL 500.1373a(2), effective June 11, 2019, relocated at MCL
500.3173a(4). The previous version of the statute applies in this case.
-2-
the MAIPF and MACP could not prove that Scott lied and contended that the MAIPF and MACP
had to prove that Scott intentionally made a false statement to establish fraud and stated that a
mere misstatement of fact could not result in the denial of PIP benefits. Northland argued that
Scott correctly answered questions asked in the application form he completed and that his
statements may have been inconsistent but not fraudulent, but he had no motivation to lie to the
insurer when he had already truthfully reported to his doctor his condition. Northland requested
that the trial court deny the MAIPF and MACP’s motion.
Defendant, Farmers Insurance Exchange (Farmers) filed a reply brief to Scott’s opposition
to the MAIPF and MACP’s motion. A stipulated order indicates that Scott’s claim was assigned
to Farmers on August 7, 2020. Farmers also moved for summary disposition on the ground that
Scott submitted his current claim for PIP benefits with false information concerning facts material
to his claim and relied on Scott’s EUO testimony and 2013 application. Farmers asserted that
Scott committed a fraudulent insurance act in violation of MCL 500.4503(a). Farmers contended
that proof of fraud in an assigned claims lawsuit did not require proof of intent to defraud but only
that the claimant knowingly made the false and material statement. Farmers argued that Scott
knowingly made false statements which rendered him ineligible to receive PIP benefits. Scott
opposed Farmers’ motion.
The trial court conducted a hearing and rendered its opinion from the bench. The court
ruled that defendants satisfied the requirements set forth in Candler v Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co,
321 Mich App 772, 779-782, 786; 910 NW2d 666 (2017), because they established that Scott (1)
presented both oral and written statements, (2) in support of his claim for no-fault benefits, (3)
submitted his claim for benefits to the MAIPF, (4) knew that the statement contained false
information when he answered negatively the question whether he ever applied for PIP benefits,
and (5) his statements were made during the investigation. The trial court, therefore, granted
summary disposition to defendants under MCR 2.116(C)(10) and entered an order granting
Farmers’ motion which it later amended to grant the MAIPF and MACP’s motion. The order
dismissed Scott’s claim against the MAIPF and MACP and dismissed Northland’s related claim
with prejudice.
Northland moved for reconsideration of the trial court’s summary disposition decision. In
its supporting brief, Northland argued that MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a) required defendants to state an
affirmative defense based on fraud with particularity. Northland asserted that defendants waived
the fraud defense by failing to state the circumstances of fraud with particularity because they
merely made general statements in their affirmative defenses that Scott’s claims may be barred by
MCL 500.3173a. Therefore, Northland requested that the court reconsider its decision and reverse
its ruling. In its order denying Northland’s reconsideration motion, the trial court recited and
analyzed the applicable law and explained that Northland merely attempted to reargue the identical
issues on which the court previously ruled and failed to meet its burden of establishing that the
court committed an error requiring correction.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a circuit court’s summary disposition decision. Dalley v Dykema
Gossett PLLC, 287 Mich App 296, 304; 788 NW2d 679 (2010). A motion under MCR
2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of claims and the moving party bears the burden of
-3-
establishing with admissible evidence its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Lear Corp v
Dep’t of Treasury, 299 Mich App 533, 536; 831 NW2d 255 (2013). If the nonmoving party fails
to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact, the trial court must enter judgment
for the moving party. Id. at 537. “A genuine issue of material fact exists when, viewing the record
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, reasonable minds could differ on an issue.” Id.
A trial court’s grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is proper when the evidence,
“viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show[s] that there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and the moving party is therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 5; 890 NW2d 344 (2016). Further, “[t]his Court
reviews de novo questions of law involving statutory interpretation.” Mich Muni Liability & Prop
Pool v Muskegon Co Bd of Co Rd Comm’rs, 235 Mich App 183, 189; 597 NW2d 187 (1999). This
Court reviews “de novo the sufficiency of any assertions of affirmative defenses.” Glasker-Davis
v Auvenshine, 333 Mich App 222, 229; 964 NW2d 809 (2020).
III. ANALYSIS
Northland argues that the trial court erred by not ruling that the MAIPF and MACP waived
their fraud affirmative defense by not pleading it with particularity and by holding that the MAIPF
did not need to plead specific facts to support its defense of fraud under MCL 500.3173a(2). The
MAIPF and MACP counter that MCL 500.3173a(2) provides a statutory defense that substantively
differs from common-law fraud and does not need to be pleaded with particularity. Resolution of
this issue requires us to interpret the statute.
In In re Harper, 302 Mich App 349, 354-355; 839 NW2d 44 (2013), this Court summarized
the proper process for statutory interpretation:
The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to discern the intent of the Legislature
by first examining the plain language of the statute. A statutory provision must be
read in the context of the entire act, and every word or phrase of a statute should be
accorded its plain and ordinary meaning. When the language is clear and
unambiguous, no further judicial construction is required or permitted, and the
statute must be enforced as written. Only when the statutory language is ambiguous
may a court consider evidence outside the words of the statute to determine the
Legislature’s intent. However, an ambiguity of statutory language does not exist
merely because a reviewing court questions whether the Legislature intended the
consequences of the language under review. An ambiguity can be found only
where the language of a statute, as used in its particular context, has more than one
common and accepted meaning. [Quotation marks, alteration, and citations
omitted.]
“[T]he primary function of a pleading in Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the
claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposite party to take a responsive position.” Stanke v
State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 200 Mich App 307, 317; 503 NW2d 758 (1993). Affirmative
defenses are not “pleadings” under the court rules. MCR 2.110(A); McCracken v Detroit, 291
Mich App 522, 526; 806 NW2d 337 (2011). Although MCR 2.111(F)(3) requires a party to state
affirmative defenses in the first responsive pleading, affirmative defenses are not pleadings
requiring a response. Id. at 527-530. A party generally must raise an affirmative defense in his or
-4-
her first responsive pleading or it is waived. Meridian Mut Ins Co v Mason-Dixon Lines, Inc (On
Remand), 242 Mich App 645, 647; 620 NW2d 310 (2000). A party, however, may amend
affirmative defenses under the same process as pleadings. MCR 2.111(F)(3), citing MCR 2.118.
MCR 2.111(F)(3) provides:
Affirmative defenses must be stated in a party’s responsive pleading, either
as originally filed or as amended in accordance with MCR 2.118. Under a separate
and distinct heading, a party must state the facts constituting
(a) an affirmative defense, such as contributory negligence; the existence
of an agreement to arbitrate; assumption of risk; payment; release; satisfaction;
discharge; license; fraud; duress; estoppel; statute of frauds; statute of limitations;
immunity granted by law; want or failure of consideration; or that an instrument or
transaction is void, voidable, or cannot be recovered on by reason of statute or
nondelivery;
(b) a defense that by reason of other affirmative matter seeks to avoid the
legal effect of or defeat the claim of the opposing party, in whole or in part;
(c) a ground of defense that, if not raised in the pleading, would be likely
to take the adverse party by surprise.
The party asserting an affirmative defense bears the burden of production and proof respecting its
affirmative defense. Williamstown Twp v Sandalwood Ranch, LLC, 325 Mich App 541, 552; 927
NW2d 262 (2018).
Under MCL 500.3171(2), the Legislature authorized the MAIPF to establish the MACP.
The Legislature, however, did not authorize the MAIPF to establish eligibility criteria for claimants
to recover benefits under the MACP. The Legislature specified the eligibility criteria for benefits
under the MACP in MCL 500.3172(1):
A person entitled to claim because of accidental bodily injury arising out of
the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle
in this state may claim personal protection insurance benefits through the assigned
claims plan if any of the following apply:
(a) No personal protection insurance is applicable to the injury.
(b) No personal protection insurance applicable to the injury can be
identified.
(c) No personal protection insurance applicable to the injury can be
ascertained because of a dispute between 2 or more automobile insurers concerning
their obligation to provide coverage or the equitable distribution of the loss.
-5-
(d) The only identifiable personal protection insurance applicable to the
injury is, because of financial inability of 1 or more insurers to fulfill their
obligations, inadequate to provide benefits up to the maximum prescribed.
The phrase “a person entitled to claim” refers to a person who is entitled to claim PIP
benefits under the no-fault act. Allstate Ins Co v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 321 Mich App 543,
558-559; 909 NW2d 495 (2017). In W A Foote Mem Hosp v Mich Assigned Claims Plan, 321
Mich App 159, 170; 909 NW2d 38 (2017) (citations omitted), this Court stated that a person may
claim against the MACP and recover PIP benefits if one of following conditions are true: “(1) no
[PIP] is applicable to the injury, (2) no [PIP] applicable to the injury can be identified, (3) the
applicable insurance cannot be ascertained due to a dispute among insurers, or (4) the only
applicable insurance is inadequate due to financial inability.”
The Legislature also disqualified some persons from coverage under the MACP. See MCL
500.3173 (stating that a person who falls within a limitation or exclusion under MCL 500.3105
through MCL 500.3116 is disqualified from receiving benefits under the MACP as well). The
Legislature authorized the MAIPF under MCL 500.3173a to review claims for PIP benefits under
the MACP, and determine a claimant’s eligibility for benefits. The version of MCL 500.3173a
before its 2019 amendment governs this case because the case commenced before the effective
date of the amendment, and provided as follows:
(1) The Michigan automobile insurance placement facility shall make an
initial determination of a claimant’s eligibility for benefits under the assigned
claims plan and shall deny an obviously ineligible claim. The claimant shall be
notified promptly in writing of the denial and the reasons for the denial.
(2) A person who presents or causes to be presented an oral or written
statement, including computer-generated information, as part of or in support of a
claim to the Michigan automobile insurance placement facility for payment or
another benefit knowing that the statement contains false information concerning
a fact or thing material to the claim commits a fraudulent insurance act under
section 4503 that is subject to the penalties imposed under section 4511. A claim
that contains or is supported by a fraudulent insurance act as described in this
subsection is ineligible for payment of personal protection insurance benefits under
the assigned claims plan. (emphasis added).
MCL 500.4503 provides in relevant part:
A fraudulent insurance act includes, but is not limited to, acts or omissions
committed by any person who knowingly, and with an intent to injure, defraud, or
deceive:
(c) Presents or causes to be presented to or by any insurer, any oral or
written statement including computer-generated information as part of, or in
support of, a claim for payment or other benefit pursuant to an insurance policy,
knowing that the statement contains false information concerning any fact or thing
material to the claim.
-6-
The plain language of MCL 500.3173a indicates that the Legislature directed under Subpart
(1) that the MAIPF review and make determinations regarding the eligibility of applicants for PIP
benefits under the MACP, and Subpart (2) specifies that a claimant who commits a fraudulent
insurance act as defined under the no-fault act lacks eligibility. MCL 500.4503(c) specifies that a
“fraudulent insurance act” includes presenting any oral or written statement as part of a claim for
benefits that “contains false information concerning any fact or thing material to the claim.” When
read together, it is clear that the Legislature intended under MCL 500.3173a(2) and MCL
500.4503(c), that the MAIPF must find a claimant ineligible and deny any claim if the claimant
has submitted false information in relation to the claim. In Candler, this Court explained the test
for determining when a person commits a fraudulent insurance act under the statute. MCL
500.3173a is not designated by the Legislature as an affirmative defense to a claim for PIP benefits
under the MACP. Rather, the statutory provision directs the MAIPF to make claimant eligibility
determinations and bars a claimant from receiving PIP benefits if the claim is supported by a
fraudulent insurance act.
Northland essentially argues that invocation of MCL 500.3173a(2) in defense of a claim
for PIP benefits is equivalent to raising fraud as an affirmative defense. Northland contends that
MCR 2.111(F)(3) in conjunction with MCR 2.112(B)(1) required the MAIPF and MACP to state
with particularity a fraud defense based on MCL 500.3173a(2).
Fraud is a cause of action requiring pleading and proof of the following elements: (1) the
defendant made a material representation; (2) the representation was false; (3) the defendant knew,
or should have known, that the representation was false when making it; (4) the defendant made
the representation with the intent that the plaintiff act upon it; (5) the plaintiff acted on the
representation and reasonably relied on defendant’s false representations; and (6) the plaintiff
incurred damages as a result. Roberts v Saffell, 280 Mich App 397, 403; 760 NW2d 715 (2008);
Foreman v Foreman, 266 Mich App 132, 141-142; 701 NW2d 167 (2005). Fraud is a traditional
defense to a contract and “this avoidance defense is typically used when a contract is obtained as
a result of fraud or misrepresentation[.]” Stein v Home-Owners Ins Co, 303 Mich App 382, 388;
843 NW2d 780 (2013) (quotation marks omitted). Fraud also serves as an affirmative defense to
a claim for insurance in cases where an insurance policy contract contains provisions that void the
policy if the insured engaged in fraudulent conduct. Id. at 384, 387; see also Glasker-Davis, 333
Mich App at 225.
In Glasker-Davis, the plaintiff made a claim to her no-fault insurer for first-party benefits
for attendant care services. The insurer refused to pay for the services. The plaintiff sued her
insurer which moved for summary disposition on the ground that the plaintiff’s insurance policy
was void because she made material misrepresentations related to her claim. Glasker-Davis, 333
Mich App at 224-226. This Court analyzed pleading requirements, and although it acknowledged
that affirmative defenses are not “pleadings” under the court rules, it concluded that affirmative
defenses “are highly analogous to pleadings” because they similarly provide notice to the opposing
party of the nature of a defense. Id. at 229-230. In relation to the affirmative defense of fraud
posed by the no-fault insurer, this Court explained:
A defense premised on an alleged violation of an antifraud provision in an
insurance policy constitutes an affirmative fraud defense. “In allegations of fraud
or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be stated with
-7-
particularity.” MCR 2.112(B)(1). Thus, it is insufficient simply to state that a
plaintiff’s conduct was fraudulent. [Id. at 232 (citations omitted).]
Analysis of the no-fault act’s use of the term “fraudulent insurance act” reveals substantive
distinctions from common-law fraud and a fraud affirmative defense based on contract law. The
term “fraudulent insurance act” is purely statutory. In contrast to the pleading and proof
requirements to establish common-law fraud, proof that a person committed a “fraudulent
insurance act” under MCL 500.3173a(2) requires establishing: (1) the person presented or causes
to be presented an oral or written statement, (2) the statement is part of or in support of a claim for
no-fault benefits, (3) the claim for benefits was submitted to the MAIPF, (4) the person knew that
the statement contained false information, and (5) the statement concerned a fact or thing material
to the claim. Candler, 321 Mich App at 779-780. The elements of fraud and a “fraudulent
insurance act” differ substantively. Fraud requires proof of falsity, intent, reasonable reliance, and
damages. Proof of a “fraudulent insurance act” requires none of those elements. Id.2
Recently, in Loiola by Fried v Citizens Ins Co of America (On Remand), unpublished per
curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals issued December 2, 2021 (Docket No. 348670), a case in
which a panel of this Court determined that the trial court erred in a number of ways and remanded
for a new trial, the plaintiff sought leave to appeal to our Supreme Court which, in lieu of granting
leave, “vacated the portion of this Court’s opinion that dealt with the trial court’s refusal to instruct
the jury on fraudulent insurance acts, and remanded ‘for reconsideration in light of Glasker-
Davis[’].” Unpub op at 1-2. On remand, the panel held that, “in light of Glasker-Davis’s holding
that fraud raised as an affirmative defense must be pleaded with particularity, Citizens was required
to plead fraud with particularity as an affirmative defense.” Id. at 2.3
On remand, the Loiola panel noted that in a footnote in its previous opinion it had reasoned
as follows:
On appeal, Loiola argues that Citizens failed to plead fraud in their
[answer], and that even if they pleaded that defense, they failed to plead it with
2
We conclude that the trial court properly interpreted MCL 500.3173a(2) and the Candler test.
Judgment as a matter of law may be entered where a claimant gave false information in support of
a claim during the MAIPF’s investigation that was material to the claim for PIP benefits.
Fraudulent insurance acts include prevarications made during the investigation of a claim which
render a claimant ineligible for receiving PIP benefits under the MACP.
3
In its earlier opinion, the panel stated that the plaintiff had been injured in a hit-and-run accident
and his claim had been assigned to Citizens under the MACP. Citizens paid benefits for three
years but began investigating the plaintiff’s continued claims for benefits and later stopped paying
for certain services. The plaintiff’s guardian filed suit seeking payment of no-fault benefits.
Citizens defended in part on the ground that the plaintiff was disqualified under MCL 500.3173a(2)
from receiving PIP benefits because he made or caused to be made false statements in support of
his claim under the MACP. See Loiola by Fried v Citizens Ins Co of America, unpublished per
curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals issued August 6, 2020 (Docket No. 348670).
-8-
particularity. Loiola raised these arguments below, but the trial court declined to
address them.
First addressing whether Citizens pleaded fraud in their answer, they clearly
did. Citizens’ answer stated, “Under MCL 500.3173a(2) and the Michigan
Assigned Claims Plan, Plaintiffs [sic] is ineligible for any benefits through the
Michigan Assigned Claims Plan if Plaintiff has made or caused to be made false
statements during the course of their claim for Plaintiff’s benefits regarding the
alleged accident,” and, “Should it be determined that Plaintiff’s claim is supported
by fraudulent information, the entire claim is ineligible for benefits.”
Turning to Loiola’s claim that Citizens’ failed to plead fraud with
particularity, he relies on MCR 2.112(B)(1), which states, “In allegations of fraud
or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be stated with
particularity.” Yet Loiola has failed to cite any precedent indicating that the
pleading requirement set forth by MCR 2.112(B)(1) is applicable to affirmative
defenses in the first instance. Generally, that rule “applies only to the original
pleadings opening a case,” Williams v Williams, 214 Mich App 391, 395; 542
NW2d 892 (1995) (emphasis added), and affirmative defenses do not qualify as
“pleadings” under our court rules, MCR 2.110(A); McCracken v City of Detroit,
291 Mich App 522, 527; 806 NW2d 337 (2011). [Id. at 17-18 n 9.] [Unpub op at
4.]
Analyzing the matter in light of Glasker-Davis as directed by our Supreme Court, the
Loiola panel stated that MCL 500.3173a(2) “serves as a defense to payment of PIP benefits” and
“applies equally to false statements made to the [MAIPF] and to false statements made to a
defendant-insurer that has been assigned the claim under the MACP.” Unpub op at 6, citing
Candler, 321 Mich App at 781. The panel noted that, in Glasker-Davis, “this Court explained that
‘affirmative defenses are highly analogous to pleadings’ and ‘serve essentially the same functional
purpose’ ” and “concluded that a ‘defense premised on an alleged violation of an antifraud
provision in an insurance policy constitutes an affirmative fraud defense,’ and that such a defense
must be pleaded with particularity.” Unpub op at 6, quoting Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 230,
232.
The Loiola panel again reviewed Citizens’ affirmative defenses and deemed the following
two relevant to fraud:
14. Under MCL 500.3173a(2) and the Michigan Assigned Claims Plan,
Plaintiffs is [sic] ineligible for any benefits through the Michigan Assigned Claims
Plan if Plaintiff has made or caused to be made false statements during the course
of their claim for Plaintiff’s benefits regarding the alleged accident.
15. Should it be determined that Plaintiff’s claim is supported by fraudulent
information, the entire claim is ineligible for benefits.
The Loiola panel stated:
-9-
Although Citizens raised the issue of fraud under MCL 500.3173a(2) as a
possible affirmative defense, it did so without any specificity with regard to
Loiola’s purportedly false statements or the circumstances constituting fraud. See
MCR 2.112(B)(1). That is, Citizens provided no information about what statements
Loiola made, when the statements were made, or how the statements were incorrect
or false. See Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 232-233. Given the failure to set
forth facts and circumstances constituting fraud as an affirmative defense, Citizens’
general references to fraud and MCL 500.3173a(2) were insufficient to plead fraud
as an affirmative defense with particularity. See id. at 233. See also MCR
2.112(B)(1). [Unpub op at 7.]
The panel next considered whether Citizens could amend its affirmative defenses or should
be barred from raising MCL 500.3173a as an affirmative defense. The panel found that the
plaintiff had received notice that fraud was an issue, and at hearings before trial, Citizens stated its
specific assertions of fraud. The panel concluded that, pursuant to Glasker-Davis, Citizens had to
plead fraud as an affirmative defense with particularity but its general references to fraud lacked
the particularity required to plead fraud under MCR 2.112(B)(1). Despite its failure, the panel
ruled that, on remand to the trial court, the court should allow Citizens to move to amend its
affirmative defenses and the plaintiff be given opportunity to respond. Unpub op at 8.
This case is similar to Loiola in several respects. Like the plaintiff in Loiola, Scott suffered
injury from a motor vehicle accident and had no PIP insurance available to him, so he submitted a
claim to the MAIPF seeking PIP benefits under the MACP. In Scott’s case, however, the MAIPF
did not assign Scott’s claim; and after investigating, denied it by letter dated March 11, 2019. The
denial letter notified Scott that he had been denied pursuant to MCL 500.3173a(2). Scott sued,
and the MAIPF and MACP filed an answer; and under a separate heading, stated a plethora of
affirmative defenses4 including the following which, under Loiola, would be deemed fraud
affirmative defenses:
31. Plaintiff's claim is in some respect fraudulent, thereby extinguishing their [sic]
rights to benefits.
32. Plaintiff/Claimant committed a fraudulent insurance act pursuant to MCL
500.4503, thus precluding them [sic] from benefits from the assigned claims insurer
and/or the Michigan Assigned Claims Plan and/ or the Michigan Automobile
Insurance Placement Facility pursuant to MCL 500.3173a.
33. Plaintiff and/or the underlying claimant has wilfully misrepresented a material
fact by making a material misrepresentation that was knowingly false, or made
recklessly without any knowledge of its truth, with the intention that the Defendant
would rely and act on said representation, thereby entitling Defendant to deny
4
Many of the affirmative defenses stated boilerplate language and some were obviously
inapplicable.
-10-
benefits for which the Plaintiff and/or claimant seeks. Bahri v IDS Prop Cas Ins
Co, 308 Mich App 420; 864 NW2d 609 (2014).
34. Plaintiff’s claims are barred by the wrongful conduct rule and/or are the result
of a fraud perpetrated upon Defendant by Plaintiff and/or the underlying claimant.
35. Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant are the result of fraudulent insurance acts
in violation of MCL 500.4503, MCL 500.3148(2), MCL 500.3173a(2),
MCL 750.410, MCL 750.429 and MRCP 7.3.
* * *
43. That Plaintiff/Claimant is obviously ineligible·for·benefits·from·the
Michigan·Automobile Insurance Placement Facility and/or Michigan Assigned
Claims Plan and/or any assigned insurer.
* * *
46. That Plaintiff is not entitled to benefits due to a material misrepresentation in
the application process.
* * *
52. Plaintiff's claim is barred by MCL 500.3173 and/or MCL 500.3173(a).
The record indicates that, in response to Northland’s intervening complaint, the MAIPF and
MACP stated these same affirmative defenses.
Under the Loiola analysis applying Glasker-Davis, these affirmative defenses that
referenced MCL 500.3173a and fraudulent insurance acts are deemed fraud affirmative defenses.
Analysis of these affirmative defenses reveals that none of the MAIPF and MACP’s affirmative
defenses that referenced MCL 500.3173a stated with particularity what statements Scott made,
when the statements were made, or how the statements were false. Applying Glasker-Davis in the
same manner as in Loiola, we conclude that the MAIPF and MACP’s affirmative defenses were
insufficient to plead fraud as an affirmative defense because they were not pleaded with
particularity as required under Glasker-Davis. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s ruling and
grant of summary disposition to defendants.
Nevertheless, under both Loiola and Glasker-Davis, failure to plead an MCL 500.3173a(2)
affirmative defense with particularity does not mean that the MAIPF, MACP, and Farmers forever
waived the defense. Like the insurers in Loiola and Glasker-Davis, the MAIPF, MACP, and
Farmers who later was assigned the claim, on remand may be given an opportunity to amend their
affirmative defenses based on MCL 500.3173a(2) to state the defenses with particularity because
affirmative defenses may be amended under MCR 2.118(C)(1) to conform to the evidence even
-11-
after entry of judgment. Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 230-231; Loiola, unpub op at 8; see also
VHS of Mich, Inc v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 337 Mich App 360, 374; 976 NW2d 109 (2021).5
The record in this case indicates that neither Scott nor Northland would be prejudiced by
permitting the MAIPF, MACP, and Farmers to amend their affirmative defenses that invoke MCL
500.3173a(2) to state them with the now requisite particularity pleading requirement. Scott and
Northland had notice of the defense under MCL 500.3173a(2) because in its denial letter, the
MAIPF informed Scott that his claim had been denied because he supported it with a fraudulent
insurance act. The MAIPF, MACP, and Farmers also articulated the grounds for the defense under
MCL 500.3173a(2), and supported their respective motions for summary disposition with the
evidence that established Scott’s commission of fraudulent insurance acts.
We reverse and remand the case to the trial court so that the MAIPF, MACP, and Farmers
may amend their affirmative defenses to state their MCL 500.3173a(2) affirmative defenses with
particularity and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ James Robert Redford
5
This Court has also ruled that “a party’s failure to set forth a valid statement of an affirmative
defense in its first responsive pleading does not necessarily result in waiver of the defense” because
a party can move to amend affirmative defenses any time, and under MCR 2.118(A)(2) leave to
amend must be freely granted when justice so requires. Southeast Mich Surgical Hosp, LLC v
Allstate Ins Co, 316 Mich App 657, 663; 892 NW2d 434 (2016) (citations omitted), lv den in part
and remanded in part on other grounds 503 Mich 1004 (2019).
-12-