In Re Scarlett F.

09/16/2022

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs July 1, 2022

IN RE SCARLETT F.

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Madison County

No. 78535 James F. Butler, Chancellor

No. W2021-01292-COA-R3-PT

A mother appeals the trial court’s decision to terminate her parental rights based on the

grounds of (1) substantial noncompliance with the permanency plans, (2) persistence of

conditions, (3) severe child abuse, and (4) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to

personally assume custody or financial responsibility of the child. She further challenges

the trial court’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination of her parental

rights was in the best interest of the child. We vacate the substantial noncompliance ground

and reverse the persistence of conditions and failure to manifest an ability and willingness

to assume custody or financial responsibility grounds. Concluding that the record does not

contain clear and convincing proof that termination is in the best interest of the child, we

reverse the trial court’s order terminating the mother’s parental rights.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated in

Part, Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Remanded

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOHN W. MCCLARTY

and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

Bob C. Hooper, Brownsville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tara F.

Lanis L. Karnes and Jennifer Coats Covellis, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellees, Kevin

A. and Renae A.

John Andrew Anderson, Lexington, Tennessee, guardian ad litem.

OPINION

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This case involves the termination of Tara F.’s (“Mother”) parental rights to her

daughter, Scarlett F. (born in 2017). Mother has a lengthy history of substance abuse that

began as early as age seventeen. Over a twenty-year period, she entered numerous drug

detox and/or rehabilitation facilities but usually failed to remain sober longer than a year.

Her struggles with substance abuse resulted in the Tennessee Department of Children’s

Services (“DCS” or “the Department”) removing her two older children, Brian (born in

2005) and Caleb (born in 2011), from her custody; both children were adopted by relatives

before Scarlett’s birth.

While still pregnant with Scarlett, Mother lived at a rehabilitation facility called

Renewal House and was prescribed buprenorphine to treat her addiction to opioids.

Because this prescription was used as part of Mother’s treatment program, the child was

born addicted to buprenorphine and had to stay in the hospital for thirty days to “wean off

it slowly.” Once the child was released from the hospital, Mother returned to Renewal

House, and she was permitted to keep the child with her there while continuing substance

abuse treatment. Mother remained at Renewal House until the child was fourteen months

old. Then, near the end of April 2018, someone found a pack of cigarettes and a crack pipe

in the child’s stroller. Mother claimed that the paraphernalia was not hers, and she claimed

that her drug screens from before and after the incident proved that the paraphernalia was

not hers because she tested negative for illegal substances. Nevertheless, the facility asked

her to leave.

Upon leaving Renewal House, Mother moved into her grandmother’s home and

began using drugs again within approximately six weeks. The Department became

involved on July 3, 2018, after receiving a report that the child was exposed to drugs.

Mother admitted to DCS that she used heroin on a daily basis, and she submitted to a drug

screen that returned positive for cocaine, morphine, and buprenorphine. During this

investigation, DCS’s investigator noticed that the child had a significant diaper rash and

took her to the hospital where the child was treated with a medicated ointment. The

Madison County juvenile court entered a protective custody order removing the child from

Mother’s custody and placing her in the temporary legal custody of DCS on July 10, 2018.

The court then strongly admonished Mother “to immediately enter a facility to detox.”

After initially refusing to enter the detox facility, Mother eventually acquiesced only to

leave the facility within twenty-four hours against medical advice.

Approximately a month after the removal, a hair follicle drug screen was performed

on the child, and it returned positive for cocaine and benzoylecgonine. The child’s positive

drug screen prompted DCS to file a petition for dependency and neglect that the juvenile

court heard on October 2, 2018. In an order entered on November 15, 2018, the juvenile

-2-

court adjudicated the child dependent and neglected and found that, by exposing the child

to drugs, Mother committed severe child abuse as defined by Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102.

The court then ordered that the child remain in DCS custody. The Department placed the

child in the home of Kevin A. and Renae A. (collectively, “Foster Parents”), where she has

stayed continuously throughout these proceedings.

After the child was removed from Mother’s custody, DCS developed an initial

permanency plan on July 25, 2018, which the juvenile court ratified on August 7, 2018. At

first, Mother made no progress towards completing the requirements1 of this plan because

shortly after its creation Mother was arrested for stealing guns and other valuables from

her grandmother as well as for writing bad checks on an account belonging to her

grandmother. She remained in jail for the next four months, but she was released in January

2019 when the charges against her were dropped due to her grandmother’s death.

Immediately upon release from jail, Mother entered a one-year inpatient substance abuse

treatment program at Hope Recovery Center/Women of Hope (“Women of Hope”). While

Mother was in the one-year program at Women of Hope, DCS created two more

permanency plans that were each ratified by the juvenile court. In the ratification orders

for those permanency plans, the court found that Mother had made limited progress

towards satisfying the plans’ requirements because she still needed to complete the

inpatient treatment program.

On November 20, 2019, less than two months before Mother was scheduled to

graduate from Women of Hope, Foster Parents filed in the Madison County chancery court

a petition seeking to terminate Mother’s parental rights and to adopt the child. Prior to the

filing of the termination petition, Mother regularly attended four hours of supervised

visitation per month that had been permitted by the juvenile court. After filing an answer

and completing the year-long program at Women of Hope in January 2020, Mother filed a

motion requesting an increase in visitation. The chancery court denied the motion and, sua

sponte, suspended all visitation stating that it was the court’s general policy to suspend all

visitation upon the filing of a termination petition.

The trial for Foster Parents’ termination petition began on August 24, 2020.

However, due to no fault of Mother, the chancery court continued subsequent days of

proof,2 and the trial did not conclude until June 1, 2021. Because the trial was not

completed in the time frame initially expected by the court, Mother filed a motion in

October 2020 requesting that the court reconsider the suspension of Mother’s visitation

1

The specific requirements for this permanency plan and each subsequent permanency plan will be

addressed later in this opinion.

2

Originally, the second day of trial was scheduled for September 29, 2020, but it had to be rescheduled

for November 6 and 13, 2020, due to Foster Parents and one of their attorneys possibly being exposed to

COVID-19. The court rescheduled the matter for January 5 and 6, 2021, because one of Foster Parents’

attorneys underwent surgery. Finally, the court postponed the January 2021 trial dates due to the Supreme

Court’s COVID-19 order suspending in-person court proceedings.

-3-

rights. The court denied the motion. Therefore, when the trial concluded, Mother had not

been allowed to visit with the child in over a year.

Once the trial concluded, the chancery court entered an order terminating Mother’s

parental rights. The court determined that Foster Parents proved by clear and convincing

evidence the following grounds for termination: (1) substantial noncompliance with the

requirements of the permanency plans, (2) persistence of conditions, (3) severe child abuse,

and (4) failure to demonstrate an ability and willingness to assume custody or financial

responsibility. The court further determined that there was clear and convincing evidence

that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the child.

Mother appealed and presents the following issues for our review: (1) whether the

chancery court erred in not dismissing Foster Parents’ termination petition based on the

equitable doctrine of unclean hands, (2) whether the chancery court abused its discretion

in suspending Mother’s visitation rights while the termination petition was pending, (3)

whether the chancery court erred in finding by clear and convincing evidence that Mother

substantially failed to comply with the requirements of the permanency plans, and (4)

whether the chancery court erred in determining that termination of her parental rights was

in the best interest of the child.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under both the federal and state constitutions, a parent has a fundamental right to

the care, custody, and control of his or her own child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651

(1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 249-50 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Troxel v. Granville,

530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996)

(citing Nale v. Robertson, 871 S.W.2d 674, 678 (Tenn. 1994)). Although this right is

fundamental, it is not absolute and may be terminated in certain situations. In re Angela

E., 303 S.W.3d at 250. Our legislature has identified “‘those situations in which the state’s

interest in the welfare of a child justifies interference with a parent’s constitutional rights

by setting forth grounds on which termination proceedings can be brought.’” In re Jacobe

M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting In re W.B., IV., Nos. M2004-

00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Apr. 29, 2005)).

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113 provides the grounds and procedures

for terminating parental rights. First, a petitioner seeking to terminate parental rights must

prove that at least one ground for termination exists. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1);

In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 251. Second, a petitioner must prove that terminating

parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re

Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

-4-

The termination of a parent’s rights is one of the most serious decisions courts make

because “[t]erminating parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent to the role

of a complete stranger,” In re W.B., IV, 2005 WL 1021618, at *6, “and of ‘severing forever

all legal rights and obligations of the parent or guardian.’” Id. (quoting Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-1-113(l)(1)). Consequently, a parent has a constitutional right to fundamentally fair

procedures during termination proceedings. In re Hannah C., No. M2016-02052-COA-

R3-PT, 2018 WL 558522, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 24, 2018) (citing In re Carrington H.,

483 S.W.3d 507, 522 (Tenn. 2016)).

Tennessee law ensures fundamental fairness in termination proceedings by

requiring a heightened standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1); In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522. Before a parent’s rights

may be terminated, a petitioner must prove both the grounds and the child’s best interest

by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Valentine, 79

S.W.3d at 546. “Clear and convincing evidence ‘establishes that the truth of the facts

asserted is highly probable, and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the

correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” In re Serenity B., No. M2013-

02685-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2168553, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2014) (quoting In

re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

We review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of

correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. TENN. R. APP. P. 13(d); In re

Serenity B., 2014 WL 2168553, at *2. In light of the heightened standard of proof, we

must then make our own determination “as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial

court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing

evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.” In re Carrington H., 483

S.W.3d at 524 (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596-97 (Tenn. 2010)).

ANALYSIS

I. Equitable doctrine of unclean hands.

Mother first contends that the chancery court should have dismissed Foster Parents’

termination petition pursuant to the equitable maxim of unclean hands, which provides that

“‘he who comes into a court of equity, asking its interposition in his behalf, must come

with clean hands.’” In re Mattie L., 618 S.W.3d 335, 344 (Tenn. 2021) (quoting C.F.

Simmons Med. Co. v. Mansfield Drug Co., 23 S.W. 165, 168 (Tenn. 1893)). The maxim

“protects the integrity of the court, ensuring that any claimant whose requested ‘relief

grows out of or depends upon or is inseparably connected with his own prior fraud . . . will

be repelled at the threshold of the court.’” Id. (quoting Fuller v. Cmty. Nat’l Bank, No.

E2018-02023-COA-R3-CV, --- S.W.3d ----, ----, 2020 WL 1485696, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Mar. 27, 2020)).

-5-

In becoming a foster home, Foster Parents entered into a contract with DCS whereby

they agreed not to “petition to adopt, obtain guardianship, or file for custody of [a]

child/youth in the care of DCS, unless [DCS] concurs with the plan and gives written

approval.” There is no dispute that DCS neither concurred in Foster Parents’ plan nor gave

approval to their petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights.3 Thus, Mother asserts, the

Foster Parents’ petition is “inseparably connected” to a prior fraud and the maxim of

unclean hands should bar them from bringing this action.

Mother’s argument fails to take into account two important considerations that

govern the applicability of the doctrine of unclean hands. First, our Supreme Court has

held that “[t]he doctrine applies only to parties who seek an equitable remedy from a court.”

In re Mattie L., 618 S.W.3d at 344-45. Foster Parents did not request equitable relief from

the chancery court. Rather, they petitioned the court for statutory relief pursuant to Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-1-113. Second, the maxim “is limited to ‘misconduct connected with the

particular matter in litigation; and does not extend to any misconduct, however gross,

which is unconnected therewith, and with which [the opposing party] is not concerned.’”

Id. at 345 (quoting Chappell v. Dawson, 308 S.W.2d 420, 421 (Tenn. 1957)); see also

Henry R. Gibson & William H. Inman, Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 18 (7th ed. 1988). In

other words, the doctrine of unclean hands traditionally

applies to facts involving only two parties, plaintiff and defendant, and one

transaction involving both parties. . . . General impropriety and misconduct

that is not directed at the other party or that is tangential to the transaction at

issue is insufficient to give rise to a defense under the doctrine of unclean

hands.

27A AM. JUR. 2D Equity § 25 (2022) (footnotes omitted).

The misconduct Mother complains of concerns whether Foster Parents breached a

contract they entered into with DCS—a third party. If Foster Parents breached the contract

with DCS, their misconduct (the breach) would have been directed at DCS not Mother.

Therefore, at best, Foster Parents’ misconduct was collateral or tangential to the issue of

whether Mother’s parental rights should be terminated. Based on the foregoing, we

conclude that the doctrine of unclean hands does not bar Foster Parents’ termination

petition.

3

On the first day of trial, an attorney for DCS appeared and stated that he was there to “inform the court

that the Department of Children’s Services is taking a neutral position on this TPR, and [DCS is] not going

to actively participate.”

-6-

II. Suspension of Mother’s visitation.

Mother next asserts that the chancery court abused its discretion in suspending her

visitation rights. After Mother entered the Women of Hope treatment program in 2019,

the juvenile court ordered that she be allowed supervised visitation with the child for four

hours per month. She consistently attended the scheduled visits until the middle of 2020.

The individuals supervising the visits did not report any inappropriate behavior by Mother

during any of the visits, and neither DCS nor Foster Parents requested the visits cease due

to any concerns. Nonetheless, on July 6, 2020, the chancery court ordered that all visitation

between Mother and the child cease pending resolution of Foster Parents’ termination

petition because it was “the Court’s policy”4 to suspend visitation once a termination

petition is filed.

Because decisions regarding custody and visitation are fact-specific and require

consideration of several factors, trial court’s have broad discretion to make such decisions.

Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d 685, 693 (Tenn. 2013). Therefore, appellate courts

decline to reverse a trial court’s custody or visitation decision absent an abuse of discretion.

Id. A court abuses is discretion when it “appl[ies] an incorrect legal standard, reaches an

illogical result, resolves the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or

relies on reasoning that causes an injustice.” Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105

(Tenn. 2011).

Mother argues that the chancery court’s decision constituted an abuse of discretion

because the court should have reviewed the visitation issue in light of the particular

circumstances of this case rather than simply applying a general policy. The termination

statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113, provides that decisions to terminate a parent’s

parental rights must consider the best interest of the child, but the statute provides no

guidance regarding what, if anything, a court should consider when making visitation

decisions if a termination petition is pending. We find some guidance on this issue in Title

37, however, which, among other things, governs juveniles in foster care. Throughout Title

37, trial courts and DCS are directed to make decisions that are in the best interest of the

child. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 37-1-166(d)(3) (stating that, before ordering a child enter

DCS custody, a court must consider “all the facts and circumstances presented” and

determine whether “[c]ontinuation of the child’s custody with the parent or legal guardian

is contrary to the best interests of the child”); 37-2-403(a)(3) (providing that, when

reviewing the requirements of a permanency plan, a court shall approve the permanency

plan “if the court finds it to be in the best interest of the child”); 37-5-602(a) (directing

DCS that “[w]henever possible, preservation of the family should serve as the framework

for services, but, in any case, the best interests of the child shall be paramount”). If a court

has entered an order relating to visitation, Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-139(b)(1) provides that

4

The chancery court made no reference to a written policy or local rule supporting this statement, and

the parties do not assert that any such written policy or local rule exists.

-7-

the order, “[e]xcept for an order terminating parental rights or an order of dismissal, . . .

may be changed or modified . . . [u]pon a finding of changed circumstances and that the

change or modification is in the best interest of the child[.]” This language is similar to

that found in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(2)(C) which governs modifications of prior

orders relating to visitation for custodial and non-custodial parents and states as follows:

“If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree pertaining to a

[visitation] schedule, then the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a

material change of circumstance affecting the child’s best interest.” Thus, custody and

visitation decisions usually must be based on what is in the child’s best interest under the

circumstances of a particular case.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-106, a statute governing child custody,

provides that, “[i]n a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or in any other

proceeding requiring the court to make a custody determination regarding a minor child,

the determination shall be made on the basis of the best interest of the child.” Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-6-106(a) (emphasis added). Removal and termination proceedings require

courts to make custody determinations regarding minor children. Ergo, the child’s best

interest is also paramount in such proceedings.

Once a court determines it is in the child’s best interest to be removed from a

parent’s custody, the parent is the equivalent of a non-custodial parent in a traditional

parental custody case. “Tennessee courts have recognized that non-custodial parents have

a fundamental right to visitation.” Brewster v. Brewster, No. M2000-01174-COA-R3-CV,

2001 WL 401600, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 23, 2001) (citing Helson v. Cyrus, 989 S.W.2d

704, 707 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)). Thus, once a child has been removed from a parent’s

custody, “the court shall, upon request of the noncustodial parent, grant such rights of

visitation as will enable the child and the noncustodial parent to maintain a parent-child

relationship unless the court finds, after a hearing, that visitation is likely to endanger the

child’s physical or emotional health.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-301. But, “the non-

custodial parent’s right of visitation may be limited or denied where there exists definite

evidence that visitation would threaten the child.” Brewster, 2001 WL 401600, at *3

(citing Suttles v. Suttles, 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn. 1988)); see also Tenn. Code Ann. §

36-6-301. As we have explained:

Because of the legal and psychological significance of a parent’s

visitation rights, persons seeking to restrict or eliminate visitation must

demonstrate that there is probable cause that the child will be placed at risk

if visitation is permitted. The Tennessee Supreme Court requires that this

proof must be “definite,” and Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-301 requires that the

proof demonstrate that visitation is “likely to endanger the child’s physical

or emotional health. . . .

With these principles in mind, the courts have terminated or

suspended visitation by a non-custodial parent only in extreme circumstances

-8-

such as (1) the non-custodial parent’s history of physically abusing his

spouse and child; (2) the non-custodial parent’s abandonment of the child; or

(3) conduct of the non-custodial parent that is injurious to the child’s physical

health. In other circumstances, the courts have stopped short of terminating

or suspending visitation when less restrictive alternatives, such as supervised

visitation, have been reasonably available.

Wix v. Wix, No. M2000-00230-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 219700, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Mar. 7, 2001) (citations omitted); see also Brewster, 2001 WL 401600, at *3.

Although not expressly stated, prior cases involving suspension of a parent’s

visitation rights in either a dependency and neglect or a termination of parental rights

setting have applied the foregoing principles rather than simply instituting a general policy

disallowing visitation. See In re Brian W., No. M2020-00172-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL

6390132, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2020) (involving a trial court that suspended

parents’ visitation due to concerns about the children’s welfare because parents failed to

comply with the permanency plan addressing their significant neglect of the children); In

re La’Trianna W., No. E2016-01322-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 7175288, at *1 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Dec. 9, 2016) (involving a trial court that suspended a father’s supervised visitation,

upon DCS’s request, because he had a history of abusing the child’s mother and the child

was “terrified” of him); In re Kalob S., No. E2014-02016-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 4736029,

at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 12, 2015) (involving a trial court that suspended a father’s

visitation after he tested positive for illegal substances and stopped attending visits).

In deciding to suspend Mother’s visitation rights, the chancery court concluded it

was appropriate to cease visitation because that was “the Court’s policy,” not because it

found that any of the above circumstances existed. Indeed, the evidence in the record

before this court indicates that no such circumstance existed and that supervised visitation

was reasonably available as a less restrictive alternative as it is undisputed that Mother had

been consistently attending supervised visits with the child before and after Foster Parents

filed the termination petition. We, therefore, conclude that the chancery court abused its

discretion in suspending Mother’s visitation rights. We do not believe this constitutes

reversible error, but we will take it into consideration in analyzing the grounds for

termination and the best interest factors.

III. Grounds for termination.

A. Substantial noncompliance5

5

Generally, this is a termination ground relied upon by DCS, but a private party, such as Foster Parents,

may also rely on it in situations where the child was placed in DCS protective custody and where DCS

developed a proper permanency plan. In re Michael W., No. E2019-00107-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 405473,

-9-

We turn now to the grounds for termination relied on by the chancery court. First,

the court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

113(g)(2), which provides that a parent’s rights may be terminated where “[t]here has been

substantial noncompliance by the parent . . . with the statement of responsibilities in a

permanency plan pursuant to title 37, chapter 2, part 4.” To succeed under this ground, a

petitioner must “demonstrate first that the requirements of the permanency plan are

reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that caused the child to be removed

from the parent’s custody in the first place.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656. Conditions

that make foster care placement necessary may “include conditions related both to the

child’s removal and to family reunification.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547. The court

must then determine whether the noncompliance is substantial. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d

at 656. In assessing a parent’s substantial noncompliance with a permanency plan, the

court should measure “both the degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that

requirement.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548. “Trivial, minor, or technical deviations

from a permanency plan’s requirements will not be deemed to amount to substantial

noncompliance.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656.

During the two and half years following the removal, DCS created six permanency

plans: July 25, 2018; January 24, 2019; July 8, 2019; January 2, 2020; June 29, 2020; and

December 28, 2020. The first permanency plan required Mother to do the following: (1)

complete inpatient treatment and follow recommendations, (2) complete random drug

screens, (3) complete a mental health assessment with an alcohol and drug component and

follow recommendations, (4) obtain legal income and housing for at least four months, and

(5) attend supervised visits with the child. The second, third, and fourth permanency plans,

were created after Mother entered Women of Hope, and they added the following

requirements: (1) continue services through Women of Hope and find a stable home and

income after completing the program, (2) complete a psychological assessment with a

parenting component and follow recommendations, and (3) complete parenting classes.

The final two plans were created after the filing of the termination petition and after Mother

successfully completed the treatment program at Women of Hope. These plans added no

new requirements.

The juvenile court ratified all six plans and found that the requirements of all of

them were reasonable and related to remedying the condition that necessitated foster care

for the child—Mother’s substance abuse issue. We agree with the juvenile court and note

that the last two plans expressly stated that Mother had completed all of the requirements.

We further note that, in ratifying the last two plans, the juvenile court acknowledged that

Mother was in compliance with the permanency plans but stated that the court “only ha[d]

at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 23, 2020) (citing In re Kaleb N.F., No. M2012-00881-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL

1087561, at *21 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 12, 2013); In re Kah’nyia J., No. M2017-00712-COA-R3-PT, 2018

WL 2025217, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2018)). In the present case, the child was placed in DCS

custody, and the record contains several permanency plans created by DCS. Therefore, Foster Parents may

rely on this termination ground.

- 10 -

jurisdiction to ratify” the permanency plans due to Foster Parents’ termination petition

pending in the chancery court.

If the record contains evidence showing Mother was in compliance with the

permanency plans, on what basis did the chancery court conclude that Foster Parents

proved this ground by clear and convincing evidence? After a thorough examination of

the chancery court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights, the answer to that question

remains a mystery because the court failed to make any findings of fact with respect to this

ground. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(k) requires a trial court to “enter an

order which makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law” in all termination of

parental rights cases. If a trial court fails to comply with this requirement, we usually must

remand the case for preparation of the necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law.

State v. McBee, No. M2003-01326-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 239759, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Feb. 9, 2004). However, we have previously declined to remand for reconsideration when

we affirmed both the existence of other grounds for termination and the trial court’s best

interest determination. In re Abbigail C., No. E2015-00964-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL

6164956, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 21, 2015). This case differs from In re Abbigail C.

in that, although we determine at least one other ground for termination exits, we reverse

the chancery court’s best interest determination. Nevertheless, as in In re Abbigail C., we

decline to remand for further findings because our determination that the record lacks clear

and convincing evidence that termination is the child’s best interest makes further findings

on this ground unnecessary. The chancery court’s decision regarding this termination

ground is, therefore, vacated.

B. Persistence of conditions.6

The chancery court also terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). This ground is often referred to as “persistence of conditions” and

allows courts to terminate parental rights in situations where:

The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal custody

of a parent . . . for a period of six (6) months by a court order entered at any

stage of proceedings in which a petition has been filed in the juvenile court

alleging that a child is a dependent and neglected child, and:

(i) The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist,

preventing the child’s safe return to the care of the parent . . . , or other

conditions exist that, in all reasonable probability, would cause the

6

On appeal, Mother challenges only the chancery court’s determination that clear and convincing

evidence existed to establish the substantial noncompliance ground. Nevertheless, we must review each

ground relied upon by the chancery court for terminating her parental rights. See In re Carrington H., 483

S.W.3d at 525.

- 11 -

child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect, preventing the child’s

safe return to the care of the parent . . . ;

(ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at

an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent . . .

in the near future; and

(iii) The continuation of the parent . . . and child relationship greatly

diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable,

and permanent home[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A). A petitioner seeking to terminate parental rights

pursuant to this ground must prove each of the statutory elements by clear and convincing

evidence. In re Justin D., No. E2019-00589-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 4473032, at *9 (Tenn.

Ct. App. Aug. 4, 2020) (citing In re Michael B., No. M2019-01486-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL

2988932, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 4, 2020)).

The persistence of conditions ground “focuse[s] on the results of the parent’s efforts

at improvement rather than the mere fact that he or she had made them.” In re Audrey S.,

182 S.W.3d at 874. The purpose behind this ground for termination is “‘to prevent the

child’s lingering in the uncertain status of foster child if a parent cannot within a reasonable

time demonstrate an ability to provide a safe and caring environment for the child.’” In re

A.R., No. W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 4613576, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13,

2008) (quoting In re D.C.C., No. M2007-01094-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 588535, at *9

(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2008)). Therefore, the question we must answer is “the likelihood

that the child can be safely returned to the custody of the [parent], not whether the child

can safely remain in foster care.” In re K.A.H., No. M1999-02079-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL

1006959, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 21, 2000).

Here, there is no dispute that the child was removed from Mother’s custody by a

protective custody order and then adjudicated dependent and neglected more than six

months before the termination hearing began. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)-

(B). There is also no dispute that the child was removed from Mother’s custody due to

drug exposure. In the two years following the removal, Mother made tremendous efforts

to demonstrate that the child could be safely returned to her custody by completing all of

the permanency plans’ requirements. She entered the intensive inpatient treatment

program at Women of Hope, and a year later, she successfully completed the program.

Since entering Women of Hope, Mother has submitted to numerous drug screens and all

of them returned negative for drugs. At the time of trial, she had been sober for over two

years.

When the child entered DCS custody, there were some concerns about Mother’s

mental health because, at some point in her past, she was diagnosed as bipolar. Mother

- 12 -

admitted that she no longer took medication to treat her bipolar diagnosis and explained

that she needed to avoid bipolar medication, if possible, due to her lengthy history with

substance abuse. Mother stated that she regularly attended counseling, and the counselor

monitored her to determine whether she needed to resume taking medication for her bipolar

condition. As of trial, the counselor did not believe medication was necessary because

Mother had not had an episode in over two years. Tashyra Williams, one of the DCS

caseworkers involved in this case, testified that she believed Mother addressed the mental

health concerns by completing a psychological assessment and then regularly attending

counseling sessions as recommended by the assessment.

After graduating from the treatment program, Mother obtained employment and

housing through her rehabilitation community. Ms. Williams testified that she visited

Mother’s apartment and determined that it was appropriate. Indeed, Ms. Williams stated

that, prior to Foster Parents filing the termination petition, DCS believed Mother was

progressing so well that it began discussing increasing her visitation to unsupervised and

potentially doing a trial home visit7 once she graduated from Women of Hope. Mother’s

significant progress indicated that the conditions necessitating foster care would be

remedied at an early date and that the child could be returned to her in the near future.

The chancery court acknowledged that Mother “has done fairly well in her most

recent rehabilitation and post rehabilitation setting.” But, the court determined “other

conditions” persisted that prevented the safe return of the child to Mother’s custody

because Mother had not progressed to unsupervised visits with the child. Thus, the court

concluded, any bonding between Mother and the child was “minimal,” and “return[ing] the

child to [Mother] and the loss of the family unit she had adapted to at [Foster Parents’]

home in light of the child’s history, would cause the child to regress and be re-traumatized

and mentally damaged.” From this language, it appears that the chancery court confused

this ground with other termination grounds. Although losing Foster Parents’ “family unit”

may be traumatic for the child, it does not establish that, “in all reasonable probability,”

Mother would subject the child “to further abuse or neglect.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-

113(g)(3)(A)(i). The chancery court failed to focus on Mother’s efforts at improvement.

See In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 874. Focusing on Mother’s efforts at improvement, we

emphasize that Ms. Williams testified that Mother was doing well and that DCS was

discussing increasing Mother’s visitation to unsupervised when the termination petition

was filed. Ms. Williams stated that Mother was beginning to establish a bond with the

child, but the chancery court then improperly suspended all visitation and prevented

Mother from further solidifying a bond with the child. In other words, the “minimal”

bonding was not the result of Mother’s efforts. It was the result of the court’s actions.

Therefore, we conclude that the “minimal” bond between Mother and child does not

7

Ms. Williams explained that “[a] visit is when you see [the child] for a time frame,” whereas a trial

home visit is “[w]hen the child goes home and lives with the parent.”

- 13 -

establish that “in all reasonable probability . . . the child [would] be subject to further abuse

or neglect.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(3)(A)(i).

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Foster Parents failed to prove by clear and

convincing evidence the first two elements of this ground: (1) that conditions persisted (2)

that would not be remedied at an early date so the child could be safely returned to Mother

in the near future. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)-(B). We reverse the chancery

court’s decision regarding this termination ground.

C. Severe child abuse.

The chancery court also terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4), which states:

The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child abuse,

as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the

court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for

adoption to have committed severe child abuse against any child[.]

As relevant here, Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(27) defines “severe abuse” as:

(E) Knowingly or with gross negligence allowing a child under eight (8)

years of age to ingest an illegal substance or a controlled substance that

results in the child testing positive on a drug screen, except as legally

prescribed to the child; or

(F) Knowingly allowing a child to be within a structure where any of the

following controlled substances are present and accessible to the child:

(i) Any Schedule I controlled substance listed in § 39-17-406;

(ii) Cocaine;

(iii) Methamphetamine; or

(iv) Fentanyl[.]

On November 15, 2018, the juvenile court entered an order adjudicating the child

dependent and neglected and finding that she was the victim of severe child abuse

perpetrated by Mother. She did not appeal the juvenile court’s order and does not dispute

the severe abuse finding. Because the juvenile court’s severe abuse finding in the

November 15, 2018 order satisfies the “ under any prior order of a court” language in Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4), we conclude that the chancery court properly determined that

Foster Parents proved this ground for termination by clear and convincing evidence.

- 14 -

D. Failure to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume custody.

Finally, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). This ground requires a party to prove two elements by clear and

convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1), (g)(14). First, a party must

prove that the parent failed to manifest “an ability and willingness to personally assume

legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of the child[ren].” Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-1-113(g)(14). Second, a party must prove that placing the children in the parent’s

“legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or

psychological welfare of the child[ren].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14).

To establish the first prong, the party seeking to terminate parental rights need only

prove that a parent failed to manifest either an ability or a willingness to assume custody.

In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 677 (Tenn. 2020) (citing In re Amynn K., No. E2017-

01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3058280, at *13-14 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2018)).

“Ability focuses on the parent’s lifestyle and circumstances[,]” and willingness focuses on

the parent’s attempts “to overcome the obstacles that prevent [him or her] from assuming

custody or financial responsibility for the child.” In re Serenity W., No. E2018-00460-

COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 511387, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 8, 2019). Thus, a parent’s

mere desire to reunite with his or her child is insufficient to demonstrate an ability or a

willingness. In re Nicholas C., No. E2019-00165-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 3074070, at *17

(Tenn. Ct. App. July 15, 2019). A parent must demonstrate ability and/or willingness as

of the date the termination petition was filed. In re M.E.N.J., No. E2017-01074-COA-R3-

PT, 2017 WL 6603658, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 27, 2017).

At the time the termination petition was filed, Mother’s actions demonstrated a

willingness to assume custody and financial responsibility for the child. She consistently

attended the scheduled supervised visits with the child until the chancery court improperly

suspended her visitation rights. She had been sober and receiving intensive inpatient

treatment at Women of Hope for nearly a year. In fact, she was scheduled to graduate from

Women of Hope’s program in less than two months when Foster Parents filed the

termination petition. Mother also obtained employment through Women of Hope and

began paying child support shortly before the petition was filed. However, we must

conclude that she failed to demonstrate an ability to assume custody of the child because,

at the time the petition was filed, she had not obtained appropriate housing for the child as

she had not yet graduated from Women of Hope.

Under the circumstances of this case, the second prong of the analysis presents us

with a more challenging determination. The chancery court concluded that Foster Parents

proved by clear and convincing evidence that returning the child to Mother “would pose a

risk of substantial harm to [her] physical or psychological welfare.” In reaching this

conclusion, the court relied heavily on the testimony of Dr. Patti van Eys, a clinical

psychologist, who testified on behalf of Foster Parents. The court certified Dr. van Eys as

- 15 -

an expert on bonding and parenting capacity. Dr. van Eys conducted a bonding assessment

between the child and Foster Parents by observing them for twenty-one hours. Based on

the assessment, Dr. van Eys concluded that the child was “extremely bonded” with Foster

Parents and their two adopted children. Mother did not participate in the bonding

assessment but, relying on information provided by Foster Parents and the maternal

grandparents, Dr. van Eys concluded that “there [was] not a meaningful relationship at this

point in time with [the child] and [Mother].” Thus, Dr. van Eys opined, “it would be a

traumatic loss for [the child] to lose [Foster Parents] and to lose [their adopted children].”

Dr. van Eys’s opinion on this issue causes this Court concern, but the record contains

evidence that we find even more disturbing and leads us to question how much weight

should be given to Dr. van Eys’s opinion. For example, the record contains evidence that

the foster mother interfered with Mother’s ability to form a meaningful bond with the child.

Melissa Brown, one of the supervisors for the visits between Mother and the child, testified

that the foster mother insisted on remaining in the room with the child during the first four

or five visits. Thus, the child often gravitated towards the foster mother during those visits

rather than forming a bond with Mother. Mother stated that she did not object to the foster

mother staying for those visits if it helped the child, but Ms. Brown and the other supervisor

for the visits eventually insisted that the foster mother not remain in the room during the

visits because it was not conducive to the therapeutic visitation. Even more disturbing,

Ms. Brown stated that she was unsure whether the child actually knew she was visiting her

mother because the child was so young when she was removed from Mother’s custody and

the foster mother repeatedly told the child during the visits to “tell your friend this, show

your friend that.” Indeed, the foster mother admitted that the child “didn’t know who her

mom was because she was told that [Mother] was a friend.”

Despite this interference, the DCS caseworker, Ms. Williams, and the visitation

supervisors testified that Mother was beginning to develop a bond with the child when the

chancery court improperly suspended Mother’s visitation rights. Moreover, when asked if

Mother could develop a meaningful relationship with the child, Dr. van Eys responded that

“[i]t likely would depend on could [the child] still have access to [Foster Parents] as

extended family.” Mother acknowledged the bond between the child and Foster Parents

and stated that she had no intention of barring Foster Parents from the child’s life. She was

adamant that she was “more than willing for them to be [the child’s] family, too.”

In forming her opinion that the child would be traumatized by losing Foster Parents,

Dr. van Eys relied on the child’s behavioral problems she observed in three video

recordings taken during a phone call with Mother, a videoconference visit with Mother,

and a car ride to an in-person visit with Mother. In the videos, the child is heard crying

and appears unsettled. According to Dr. van Eys, these behaviors constituted

“disregulated” behavior where “the child’s brain is just in kind of a threat mode, so they’re

not feeling safe, and they’re just kind of pure emotion and not thinking.” The foster mother

recorded those videos, however, and she admitted during her testimony that each video

- 16 -

recorded only about thirteen minutes of the child’s behavior and that the child’s behavior

did ultimately calm down. Furthermore, Ms. Williams and the supervisors of the visits

testified that they did not observe the child acting “disregulated” during the visits, but

rather, observed her interacting with Mother and enjoying the visits.

Finally, in concluding that the child would be traumatized if placed with Mother,

Dr. van Eys relied on her assessment that the child exhibited signs of numerous adverse

childhood experiences (“ACEs”). She stated that the child’s higher number of ACEs meant

there was a higher risk “for psychosocial problems, like depression, anxiety, PTSD,

problems like substance abuse, smoking, obesity, health conditions like COPD, [and] heart

disease” because they create “more toxic stress” in the child’s “little developing brain self.”

In making this assessment, she relied on a belief that the child suffered “profound neglect”

the first sixteen months of her life. However, the record contains evidence that the child

did not in fact suffer profound neglect for the first sixteen months of her life. Specifically,

Mother testified that she and the child lived in the Renewal House rehabilitation facility

for the first fourteen months of the child’s life. Mother admitted to suffering from

postpartum depression after giving birth but stated she still properly cared for the child and

that the child was happy. Mother’s friend, Clarkie Graham, who testified on behalf of

Foster Parents, corroborated Mother’s testimony. She visited Mother and the child at

Renewal House several times and described the child as “very adjusted. She was very

relaxed. . . . Everything was okay.” Ms. Graham did not observe signs of neglect until after

Mother left Renewal House, approximately two months before the child’s removal. Thus,

although Mother certainly neglected the child for two months and that behavior must not

be condoned, the record indicates that Dr. van Eys based her opinion on inaccurate

information. We, therefore, conclude that Dr. van Eys’s testimony on the topic of

“profound neglect,” while certainly relevant, should not be given significant weight.

Based on the foregoing evidence, we cannot conclude that Foster Parents proved the

second prong by clear and convincing evidence. We acknowledge that we have previously

held that the second prong may be satisfied by opinion testimony that: (1) concerns existed

that a child would be at risk for psychological harm if placed with a parent with whom he

or she had no meaningful bond with because the parent made little to no effort to form a

bond and (2) that the child exhibited behavioral problems related to visitations with a

parent. See In re Terry E., No. E2020-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2021 WL 3438567, at *10

(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 6, 2021). However, this case is significantly different because

Mother attempted to develop a meaningful bond with the child, but her attempts were

wrongly impeded by other people, and the basis of the opinion testimony regarding a risk

of psychological harm was contradicted by other evidence in the record. Therefore, under

this set of facts, we must conclude that the trial court erred in determining that Foster

Parents proved this termination ground by clear and convincing evidence.

- 17 -

III. Best interest.

Having determined that clear and convincing evidence of at least one statutory

ground exists to terminate Mother’s parental rights, we must next consider whether the trial

court properly determined that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best

interest of the children. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re Audrey S., 182

S.W.3d at 860. After a court finds that clear and convincing evidence exists to support a

ground for termination, the child’s interests diverge from those of the parent and the court

focuses on the child’s best interests. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. A court must

view the child’s best interest from the perspective of the child, not that of the parent. Id.

at 878. A finding that at least one ground for termination of parental rights exists does not

necessarily require that a parent’s rights be terminated. Id. at 877. Because some parental

misconduct is redeemable, our termination of parental rights statutes recognize that

“terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not always in the child’s best interests.” Id.

The facts a court considers in its best interest analysis must be proven by “a preponderance

of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533,

555 (Tenn. Ct. App. Tenn. 2015). Once a court makes the underlying factual findings, it

should “consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether they amount to

clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id.

When considering whether terminating a parent’s rights to a child is in the child’s

best interest, a trial court must consider the factors enumerated in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-

1-113(i).8 A trial court is not required to find that each of the enumerated factors exists

before concluding that it is in the best interest of the child to terminate a parent’s rights. In

re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Although in some circumstances

“the consideration of one factor may very well dictate the outcome of the analysis,” In re

Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878, a court is still obligated to consider “all the factors and all

the proof.” In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 682 (Tenn. 2017).

Mother contends that the case should be remanded to the chancery court because

the court failed to make sufficient findings of fact regarding its best interest analysis.

Specifically, Mother argues that the court failed to identify the best interest factors it

considered applicable or to state how its factual findings applied to the best interest factors.

As discussed above, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k) requires trial courts to make “specific

findings of fact and conclusions of law” in termination cases, and, in certain circumstances,

8

The Tennessee General Assembly amended the statutory best-interest factors in 2021. See 2021 TENN.

PUB. ACTS ch. 190 § 1 (S.B. 205), eff. April 22, 2021. However, the factors applicable to this appeal are

the nine factors identified in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (2020), which were in effect when the

termination petition was filed on July 16, 2020. See In re Braxton M., 531 S.W.3d 708, 732 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2017) (holding the version of a termination statute “‘that was in force when the petition was filed

governs this case’”) (quoting In re Tianna B., No. E2015-02189-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3729386, at *7

(Tenn. Ct. App. July 6, 2016)) .

- 18 -

we must remand the case if the trial court failed to prepare appropriate written findings of

fact or conclusions of law. See In re B.L.R., No. W2004-02636-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL

1842502, at *14-15 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 4, 2005). A thorough review of the chancery

court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights shows that Mother is correct that the

court failed to cite to the statutory best interest factors. However, the failure to cite to the

statutory factors is not always fatal to a termination order. We have held that “‘[a]

judgment in a termination case will not be set aside if it can be reasonably inferred from

the opinion or order that the decision was based on the statutory requirements.’” In re

Michael R.O., Jr., No. W2011-02488-COA-R3-PT, 2012 WL 1884699, at *10 (Tenn. Ct.

App. May 24, 2012) (quoting In re Jeremy D., No. 01-A-01-9510-JV00479, 1996 WL

257495, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 17, 1996)). The chancery court made numerous factual

findings in its best interest analysis, and those findings are specific enough that it can be

reasonably inferred from the order that the court based its decision on factors one, two,

four, and five. We, therefore, conclude that the findings are sufficient to afford reasonable

appellate review.

Having found that the chancery court’s order provides sufficient findings of fact,

we turn to address whether Foster Parents proved by clear and convincing evidence that

termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest. As for the first best

interest factor, several witnesses testified that Mother “has made such an adjustment of

circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be

in the home of the parent.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1). Ms. Williams explained

that Mother had completed all of the recommended substance abuse treatment, had not

tested positive for any illegal substances in over two years, had obtained stable and safe

housing, and had cooperated with DCS and complied with the permanency plans. Indeed,

Ms. Williams stated that DCS never started a referral to terminate Mother’s parental rights

because Mother “was complying with the task[s] that we had on the plan.” Marcie

Hendrick, the executive director of Women of Hope, testified that Mother obtained

employment as her secretary shortly before Mother graduated from the treatment program

and that Mother continued to work for her over a year later. The maternal grandmother

initially testified on the first day of trial on behalf of Foster Parents and stated that she did

not believe Mother would remain sober because she had a history of relapsing. For various

reasons, the remaining days of trial did not occur until approximately a year later and, when

trial resumed, the maternal grandmother returned to the stand but on behalf of Mother. The

maternal grandmother stated that, since previously testifying, her opinion had changed and

that Mother had “become the daughter [she] never dreamed [she’d] have.” The maternal

grandmother explained that, when she nearly died from COVID-19 in October 2020,

Mother “stepped up” to take care of her and “ran my household.” The maternal grandfather

corroborated this testimony stating that Mother “took care of the house for [them]” during

the maternal grandmother’s illness. He said that Mother also “did most of the taking care

of” for Caleb, Mother’s son whom the maternal grandparents had adopted. Mother insured

Caleb made it to school and helped him with homework. Despite the pressure created by

the maternal grandmother’s illness, Mother remained sober, and the maternal grandfather

- 19 -

stated that he “totally trust[ed]” Mother to care for Caleb. He explained that the only reason

they had not returned custody of Caleb to Mother was as follows:

I’m old enough to draw social security, and so since we adopted Caleb, he

can draw social security, so we’re putting back about $1,200 a month for his

education. It has nothing to do with trust. It has something to do with

finances.

This factor weights against terminating Mother’s parental rights.

The chancery court placed great weight on the second best interest factor which

focuses on a parent’s potential for lasting change by examining “[w]hether the parent . . .

has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services

agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear

possible.” Id. § 36-1-113(i)(2). The Department made reasonable efforts to assist Mother

in effecting a lasting adjustment by creating several permanency plans, assisting her in

obtaining the services necessary to complete the plans’ requirements, and scheduling visits

with the child. Again, Ms. Williams testified that Mother cooperated with DCS and

complied with all of DCS’s requirements. Mother stated that she had been sober for over

two years, and the results of numerous drugs screens she had submitted to over a two-year

period supported her testimony. The chancery court acknowledged this evidence of

Mother’s continued sobriety but concluded she had failed to make a lasting adjustment

because Dr. van Eys testified “that relapse for [Mother] is probable” and because Mother

“would not interview with Dr. van Eys, that fact must be taken into consideration.” We

disagree with the chancery court’s findings for two reasons. First, neither DCS nor any

previous order of the court required Mother to submit to a bonding assessment with Dr.

van Eys or anyone else. Foster Parents filed a motion requesting the chancery court to

order Mother to submit to the bonding assessment with Dr. van Eys, but the court denied

that motion. Second, our Supreme Court has found that “the risk that [a parent] may relapse

is a possibility only and does not amount to clear and convincing evidence” that termination

is in the best interest of the child. In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 686. We, therefore,

conclude that this factor does not weigh in favor of termination.

The third best interest factor considers whether the parent maintained regular

visitation with the child. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(3). Ms. Williams testified that Mother

consistently attended in-person supervised visits with the child between May and

December 2019 and then regularly visited with the child via videoconferences when DCS

began limiting in-person visits due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As explained above,

Mother attempted to increase her visitation, but the chancery court arbitrarily denied any

continued visitation when Foster Parents filed the termination petition. This factor weighs

against termination of Mother’s parental rights.

- 20 -

Next, the chancery court found that a meaningful relationship did not exist between

Mother and the child. See id. § 36-1-113(i)(4). As discussed above, Dr. van Eys believed

there was no meaningful relationship between Mother and the child, but the foster mother

interfered with Mother’s efforts to establish a meaningful relationship with the child by

leading the child to believe that Mother was merely a friend and by insisting on staying in

the room during several of the visits. Despite the interference, however, witnesses testified

that Mother was forming a bond with the child. When the supervised visitation began in

May 2019, Ms. Williams stated that “there was an awkward stage where [the child] was

still trying to get to know [Mother], but by June, the end of June, [the child] would come

in, they would hug, and they would play. . . .[T]hey were building a bond to know one

another.” Ms. Brown also testified that the child was hesitant when meeting Mother at the

first visit but the bond increased over time. In fact, in December 2019, Ms. Brown observed

the child “thr[o]w a fit to stay instead of leaving the visits.” Then, in January 2021, the

chancery court arbitrarily suspended Mother’s visitation rights halting any further efforts

for her to strengthen the growing bond with the child. We conclude that this factor weighs

in favor of termination but only very slightly.

Regarding the fifth best interest factor—“[t]he effect of a change of caretakers and

physical environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical

condition”—the record contains evidence indicating that removing the child from Foster

Parents would have a negative effect on her. Dr. van Eys testified that the child was bonded

to Foster Parents and their adopted children and that removing the child from Foster Parents

would be a significant loss for her. Dr. van Eys further testified that removing the child

from Foster Parents would cause the child severe trauma and mental damage. However,

the record contains evidence that Dr. van Eys based her opinion on inaccurate information

about the first sixteen months of the child’s life. The faulty premise of Dr. van Eys’s

opinion substantially negates this factor.

The sixth best interest factor considers “[w]hether the parent, or guardian, or other

person residing with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual,

emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in

the family or household.” Id. § 36-1-113(i)(6). As the chancery court found, the child was

born with drugs in her system because Mother received buprenorphine to treat her drug

addiction. Additionally, when the child was approximately sixteen months old, Mother

exposed the child to drugs, and a hair follicle test performed on the child one month

following the removal returned positive for cocaine and benzoylecgonine. Thus, Mother

did in fact abuse the child by exposure to drugs. This weighs in favor of termination.

However, by the time of trial, Mother had been sober for over two years and had fully

complied with the conditions DCS imposed for regaining custody of the child; this change

affects how we view this factor.

Factor seven considers whether there is criminal activity in the home and whether a

parent is often unable to care for a child due to substance abuse. Id. § 36-1-113(i)(7). Ms.

- 21 -

Williams testified that she visited Mother’s apartment and found that it was “healthy and

safe.” Foster Parents offered no proof that Mother had relapsed to abusing drugs. All the

proof indicated that Mother had not failed a drug screen in more than two years even though

she had been drug tested numerous times. Foster Parents’ proof focused on the fact that

Mother admitted to spending three or four nights a week at her parents’ home rather than

at her apartment because she was assisting her parents while her mother recovered from

complications caused by COVID-19. However, Foster Parents offered no proof that the

maternal grandparents’ home was unhealthy or unsafe. We consider it to be a positive that

Mother has reestablished a relationship with her parents. That relationship broadens the

support system for Mother and the child. This factor weighs against termination of

Mother’s parental rights.

Factor eight focuses on a parent’s mental or emotional status. See id. § 36-1-

113(i)(8). Mother admitted that, in the past, she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

She explained that she had not taken medication for that diagnosis in over two years, but

she stated that she regularly attended counseling and that the counselor did not recommend

that she take bipolar medication because she had not experienced any bipolar episodes in

two years. This factor is neutral.

Lastly, factor nine considers whether a parent has paid child support. Id. § 36-1-

113(i)(9). Shortly before graduating from Women of Hope, Mother obtained employment

and began paying child support. The proof indicated that, at the time of trial, she was not

in arrears with her child support payments. This factor does not favor termination.

The proof in this record shows that Mother has accomplished something rarely seen

in parental termination cases—she established that “[n]ot all parental misconduct is

irredeemable.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. Mother has worked with DCS and

completed all the tasks the permanency plans required of her. She received treatment for

a long-established drug addiction and has remained drug free for over two years after

completing that treatment. She has reestablished relationships with her parents and one of

her other children. However, while Mother was seeking treatment, the child established a

significant bond with Foster Parents and their two adopted children. We acknowledge that

Dr. van Eys opined that the child could suffer trauma if removed from Foster Parents, but

the record contains evidence showing that Dr. van Eys formed that opinion by relying on

inaccurate information about the child’s first sixteen months of life. It is clear that Foster

Parents love the child, but we cannot condone the foster mother’s interference with

Mother’s attempt to bond with the child or the chancery court’s improper suspension of

Mother’s visitation rights. Thus, we are unable to conclude that the combined weight of

the proven facts amounts to clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s

parental rights is in the best interest of the child.

- 22 -

By so holding, we note that it does not mean that Mother immediately regains

custody of the child or that she will ever regain custody. It merely means that Foster

Parents failed to meet their burden of proof. As our Supreme Court has explained:

[W]e do not at all condone or excuse the conduct that resulted in the removal

of [this child] from Mother’s custody. . . . And we certainly do not minimize

the genuine concern and affection Foster Parents have for [this child]. Our

decision instead results from an objective and comprehensive review of the

record to determine whether the facts presented satisfy the constitutionally

mandated heightened standard of proof. This heightened standard is designed

specifically to reduce the risk of erroneous decisions depriving parents of

their precious and fundamental rights to the care and custody of children. In

this case, this heightened standard of proof was not satisfied. We recognize

that the result in this case is unusual, but this is an unusual case. Too often

parents fail to rehabilitate themselves and make the changes needed to avoid

losing their parental rights forever. The proof in this record establishes that

Mother has been able to make the necessary adjustments. This is precisely

how the system is designed to function. Should Mother revert to the

reprehensible conduct that started the process that culminates with this

decision, DCS will have the option of filing a termination petition, as the

circuit court’s finding of severe abuse has not been disturbed on

appeal. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4).

In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d at 686.

CONCLUSION

We vacate the chancery court’s determination that clear and convincing evidence

existed to establish the ground of substantial noncompliance with the requirements of the

permanency plans. We reverse the chancery court’s determination that Foster Parents

proved by clear and convincing evidence the grounds of persistence of conditions and

failure to demonstrate an ability and willingness to assume custody or financial

responsibility of the child, but we affirm the court’s determination that the ground of severe

abuse was proven by clear and convincing evidence. Because Foster Parents failed to prove

by clear and convincing evidence that termination was in the child’s best interest, we

reverse the chancery court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights. The case is

remanded to the chancery court for entry of an order dismissing Foster Parents’ termination

petition. Costs of this appeal are assessed against the appellees, Kevin A. and Renae A.,

for which execution may issue if necessary.

_/s/ Andy D. Bennett_______________

ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE

- 23 -