Brian M. Osman v. James B. Peake

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

NO . 05-2901

BRIAN M. OSMAN , APPELLANT ,

V.

JAMES B. PEAKE , M.D.,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Argued July 23, 2008, Decided October 8, 2008 )

Brian M. Osman, pro se.

William L. Thompson, III, Baker Botts LLP, of Washington, D.C., amicus curiae.

Paul J. Hutter, General Counsel, with whom R. Randall Campbell, Assistant General

Counsel, Edward V. Cassidy, Jr., Deputy Assistant General Counsel, and Yvette R. White, were on

the brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

Before KASOLD, HAGEL, and DAVIS, Judges.

HAGEL, Judge: The appellant, Brian M. Osman, M.D., who is self-represented, is the son

of two permanently and totally disabled veterans. He appeals a June 22, 2005, decision of the Board

of Veterans' Appeals (Board) that denied entitlement to Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits

under Chapter 35 of Title 38, United States Code, based on the service of his mother because he had

previously been granted such benefits on the basis of the service of his father. The parties each filed

briefs, amicus curiae has filed a brief in support of the appellant, and both Dr. Osman and amicus

curiae presented oral argument. For the reasons that follow, the Court will reverse the Board's

decision with respect to Dr. Osman's eligibility for additional Dependents' Educational Assistance

benefits and remand the matter to award benefits consistent with this decision.

I. FACTS

The material facts in this appeal are not in dispute. Dr. Osman's parents each have a service-

connected permanent and total disability rating. R. at 3. The law provides for the monetary support

for the education of children of veterans who are permanently and totally disabled due to service-

connected disabilities. See 38 U.S.C. §3500 et seq. That benefit is termed Dependents' Educational

Assistance. Dr. Osman began receiving Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits in April 2003

for his full-time education in medical school. That benefit was based on the permanent and total

disability of his father. In October 2003, he applied for Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits

based on the permanent and total disability of his mother. That claim was denied in November 2003,

and he filed a Notice of Disagreement with that decision. R. at 53, 58. Dr. Osman subsequently

received a total of 45 months of Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits based on his father's

service and disability status. He has received no Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits based

on his mother's service and disability status. Dr. Osman has spent a total of 55 months in medical

school and is currently enrolled in a medical internship program.

In June 2005, the Board confirmed the denial of Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits

based on Dr. Osman's mother's service, finding that entitlement to "concurrent" Dependents'

Educational Assistance was prohibited as a matter of law. The Board's decision rested on VA

General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002, which states that Chapter 35 Dependents' Educational

Assistance benefits may not be paid concurrently to a child of two veterans who are permanently and

totally disabled. Dr. Osman then appealed that decision to the Court.

II. ARGUMENTS

In his briefs and at oral argument, Dr. Osman has requested, in addition to the 45 months of

Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits received for his father's service, additional benefits on

the basis of his mother's service, and that they be paid concurrently or consecutively.1 In short, Dr.

1

The General Counsel opinion speaks in terms of "concurrent payments," which the Court takes to mean

payment of both benefits at the same time. For example, if Dr. Osman were to receive "concurrent" Dependents'

Educational Assistance benefits, he would receive $1,576.00 per month toward his education, which is twice the monthly

benefit of $788.00 paid for full-time education under 38 U.S.C. § 3532. "Consecutive" Dependents' Educational

Assistance benefits would mean that the monthly benefit of $788.00 based on the second parent's service would

commence at the termination of the 45 months of eligibility based on the first parent's service.

2

Osman argues that he should receive: (1) 45 months of Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits

based on his mother's status concurrently with 45 months of benefits based on his father's status, or,

in the alternative, (2) 10 additional months beyond the 45 received under his father's service to cover

his 55-month medical school program, or (3) three additional months, to 48 months of Dependents'

Educational Assistance benefits, depending on the applicable limiting statutes.2 He asserts that the

VA General Counsel's opinion governing the Board's decision on the matter is erroneous, as there

is "[n]o express provision prohibiting concurrent payment of Chapter 35 benefits to an individual."

Appellant's Informal Brief (Br.), Attachment 2.

Amicus curiae argues in support of the appellant that General Counsel Precedential Opinion

1-2002 must be set aside and accorded no deference, as it fails to comply with the notice and

comment requirements of 5 U.S.C. § 553. He argues that the General Counsel opinion is a

"substantive" rule, one that alters existing law and requires publication in the Federal Register, and

not an "interpretive" rule, which merely interprets existing law and is excepted from such publication

requirements. Amicus further argues that, as a substantive rule, the General Counsel opinion must

be published according to the requirements of 5 U.S.C. § 552, and that the two-sentence synopsis

of the General Counsel opinion published in the Federal Register, 24 months after issuance of the

opinion, did not comply with those requirements and it must be set aside on that basis. Amicus Br.

at 11-13; see 38 C.F.R. § 14.507(b) (2008) ("A written legal opinion of the General Counsel

involving veterans' benefits . . . shall be considered by Department of Veterans Affairs to be subject

to the provisions of 5 U.S.C. [§] 552(a)(1)."). Finally, amicus argues that the General Counsel

opinion "points to no statutory provision explicitly prohibiting the award of concurrent [C]hapter 35

benefits" and that any interpretive doubt as to the meaning of the statutes at issue should be resolved

in favor of Dr. Osman. Amicus Br. at 19 (quoting King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 220

n. 9 (1991) (recognizing the "canon that provisions for benefits to members of the Armed Services

are to be construed in the beneficiaries' favor.").

The Secretary argues that the General Counsel's opinion is correct in its holding that Chapter

35's silence regarding dual Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits and the legislative history

2

See 38 U.S.C. § 3695 (limiting benefits under two or more programs to 48 months).

3

behind Chapter 35 do not support dual payments based on more than one disabled parent. The

Secretary contends that the General Counsel's opinion is persuasive and should be upheld.3 In

support of the General Counsel opinion, the Secretary advances many arguments. In pertinent part,

the Secretary argues that

[i]n reviewing these [Chapter 35] statutes, they all have a common thread: that the

person be an "eligible person," which is defined as a "child of a person." See 38

U.S.C. § 3501. Notably, there is no statement within these statutes that provides

different types of eligibility or numerous eligibility, only that a person applying for

assistance be eligible.

Secretary's Br. at 8. He further argues that granting Dr. Osman benefits beyond those already

provided based on the disability of his father "increases the possibility of completely paying for a

dependent's education depending on the program . . . [which] runs afoul of the legislature's intent in

providing some financial assistance." Id. at 10. With respect to compliance with notice and

publication requirements under 5 U.S.C. §§ 552, 553, the Secretary asserts that the General Counsel

opinion is an interpretive rule, and is thus exempt from such requirements.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Dependents' Educational Assistance Benefits

The War Orphans' Educational Assistance Act of 1956, now codified at Chapter 35 of Title

38, was enacted

for the purpose of providing opportunities for education to children whose education

would otherwise be impeded or interrupted by reason of the disability or death of a

parent from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in the Armed Forces after the

beginning of the Spanish-American War, and for the purpose of aiding such children

in attaining the educational status which they might normally have aspired to and

obtained but for the disability or death of such parent.

3

The Secretary's initial brief argues that under Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Counsel,

Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984), where a statute is silent as to the matter at issue, an agency's attempt to answer the

question at issue is upheld if it "is based on a permissible construction of the statute." However, after further briefing,

the Secretary agrees with the position advanced by amicus that the correct standard of deference in this matter is

governed by Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944) (holding that the weight a reviewing court gives to an

agency's interpretations of ambiguous statutes depends on its "power to persuade.").

4

38 U.S.C. § 3500. "Each eligible person shall . . . be entitled to receive educational assistance." 38

U.S.C. § 3510. An eligible person for receipt of Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits is

defined as "[a] child of a person who, as a result of qualifying service . . . died of a service-connected

disability; or . . . has a total disability permanent in nature resulting from a service-connected

disability." 38 U.S.C. § 3501(a)(1)(A)(i-ii). Dependents' Educational Assistance funds are paid to

the parent of the eligible person "to meet, in part, the expenses of the eligible person's subsistence,

tuition, fees, supplies, books, equipment, and other educational costs," at a rate of $788.004 monthly

for full-time pursuit of education. 38 U.S.C. § 3531(a) (amended Dec. 22, 2006); 38 U.S.C.

§ 3532(a)(1).

There are, however, limits to the Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits provided under

Chapter 35. Certain of these limitations are at issue here. The law states that "[e]ach eligible person,

whether made eligible by one or more of the provisions of [section] 3501(a)(1) . . . shall be entitled

to educational assistance under this chapter for an aggregate period not in excess of 45 months." 38

U.S.C. § 3511(a). Further, no person may receive benefits concurrently "under two or more of the

provisions of law listed below: . . . Chapters . . . 35, and 36 of this title." 38 U.S.C. § 3681(b).

Finally, if an eligible person receives benefits under more than one provision of law, including the

War Orphans' Educational Assistance Act of 1956, the aggregate period of benefits that may be

received may not exceed 48 months. 38 U.S.C. § 3695(a).

B. Standard of Review

Under 38 U.S.C. § 7104(c), the precedent opinions of the VA General Counsel are binding

on the Board. Thus, the Board in June 2005 was required to follow General Counsel Precedential

Opinion 1-2002 in Dr. Osman's appeal. However, unlike the Board, this Court is not bound by VA

General Counsel precedent opinions. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3); Theiss v. Principi, 18 Vet.App.

204, 211 (2004) (rejecting a General Counsel's precedential opinion definition of a term for "faulty

reasoning."). The Court reviews VA's statutory interpretation de novo. DeBeaord v. Principi, 18

Vet.App. 357, 363 (2004). The Court's review is guided by the United States Supreme Court's

mandate that, when interpreting veterans benefits statutes, interpretive doubt is to be resolved in

4

This amount of Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits is adjusted annually according to the Consumer

Price Index. See 38 U.S.C. § 3564(a).

5

favor of the veteran. Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 118 (1994). Finally, the degree to which

VA's interpretations of ambiguous statutes are given deference "will depend upon the thoroughness

evident in its consideration, . . . and all those factors which give it power to persuade." Skidmore,

323 U.S. at 140. Because such an agency interpretation formed the sole basis for the Board's

decision in this matter, the Court necessarily must determine whether that interpretation is a correct

statement of relevant law. A rejection of the VA General Counsel opinion that the Board decision

found determinative necessarily requires the rejection of the Board decision itself.

The Court understands that, although it is not bound by the General Counsel opinion, such

opinions do constitute a body of experience and informed judgment. The weight which we give

these legal interpretations depends heavily upon their thoroughness, reasoning, and consistency with

earlier and later pronouncements on the specific issue. See Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140.

C. VA General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002

VA General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002 determined that payment of "dual" or

"concurrent" Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits to a child on the basis of the service-

connected disabilities of each of the child's parents is prohibited. G.C. Prec. 1-2002 at 1. In other

words, a child of one parent who is permanently and totally disabled as a result of a service-

connected disability receives the same educational support as the child of parents who are both

permanently and totally disabled due to their service. Although the General Counsel opinion found

that "the statute is silent as to dual payment of Chapter 35 benefits to the same eligible person," it

nevertheless discerned that "the context of the statute simply does not admit of such result." Id.

Citing the definition of "eligible person" as "a child of a person" with a permanent and total service-

connected disability, the General Counsel opinion reasoned that eligibility through a second parent

after eligibility through the first had been established "creates only cumulative eligibility that neither

doubles nor otherwise expands the child's program entitlement." Id. at 2. Because, the General

Counsel opinion reasons,

despite [the child's] alternative basis for [C]hapter 35 eligibility, still, [he or she] is

but one person, and nothing in [C]hapter 35 or elsewhere suggests a reasonable basis

for treating [the child] as two separate eligible persons, . . . the fact that more than

one parent has a [permanent and total] service-connected disability status does not

make the child eligible for double the education benefits payable for the same course

pursuit.

6

Id. Thus, it is clear to the Court that VA General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002 intended to

define the term "eligible person" under Chapter 35 to bar a child of a disabled veteran from being

eligible for Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits twice, at least concurrently and for the same

course pursuit, despite having more than one basis for eligibility.

1. Concurrent Payment of Chapter 35 Benefits

The Board's June 2005 decision denying Dr. Osman's claim relies exclusively on VA General

Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002 to determine that concurrent payments of Chapter 35 education

benefits are not authorized by law. Thus, the Court must determine whether the General Counsel

opinion is persuasive with respect to whether the statutes permit concurrent payment of such benefits

to the eligible child of two permanently and totally disabled veterans.

The law is clear that an "eligible person" may receive 45 months of educational assistance.

See 38 U.S.C. § 3511(a). "Eligible person" under the statute is defined as a "child of a person" with

a permanent and total service-connected disability. 38 U.S.C. § 3501(a)(1)(A)(i-ii). A child, having

a mother and a father, may derive eligibility to Chapter 35 benefits under either or both parents.

Thus, the controlling question is whether a person can be considered an eligible person separately

under both the mother's and the father's service status for purposes of receiving Dependents'

Educational Assistance benefits, thus permitting the combination of those benefits in some fashion.

We answer that question in the affirmative.

a. Statutory Language

We begin by noting that nothing in the relevant statutes explicitly prohibits an eligible person

from receiving benefits under Chapter 35 on the basis of having more than one permanently and

totally disabled parent, an observation with which the Secretary agrees. Although the General

Counsel precedential opinion concluded that explicit language barring concurrent eligibility for

Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits was not necessary in the statutory scheme because "the

child … is but one person," the Court comes to the opposite conclusion.5 See G.C. Prec. 1-2002 at

5

The Court notes that the General Counsel opinion also finds, as a basis for not treating one person with two

parents each permanently and totally disabled as a result of their service as two eligible persons, the fact that the benefit

"is payable to each eligible person based on that person's pursuit of an approved program of education." G.C. Prec. 1-

2002 at 3. However, the assertion that the funds are paid to the eligible person is, at least in some circumstances, not

correct. See 38 U.S.C. § 3531 ("The Secretary shall . . . pay to the parent or guardian of each eligible person . . . an

educational assistance allowance to meet, in part, the expenses of the eligible person's subsistence, tuition, fees, supplies,

7

3. We also believe that other language in the statute, both current and prior versions, supports our

conclusion.

The first question in statutory interpretation is always "whether Congress has directly spoken

to the precise question at issue." Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842. The General Counsel opinion

acknowledges that the statutes at issue do not expressly permit nor prohibit concurrent payment of

Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits, and that the statute is silent as to "dual [C]hapter 35

entitlement." G.C. Prec. 1-2002 at 2. The Court agrees with that conclusion. However, the Court

does not find such silence automatically ambiguous as to the statute's intent. "Ambiguity is a

creature not [just] of definitional possibilities but [also] of statutory context." Zuni Pub. Sch. Dist.

No. 89 v. Dep't of Educ., 127 S. Ct. 1534, 1546, (2007) (quoting Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118). The

statutory scheme must be read in the context intended by Congress.

It is clear from the applicable statutes, and amendments thereto, that Congress specifically

considered and dealt with eligibility for multiple sources of Dependents' Educational Assistance

benefits and the concern for avoidance of a beneficiary from receiving multiple payments in certain

situations. In 2003, at the time Dr. Osman filed his claim for Dependents' Educational Assistance

benefits as an eligible person under his mother's permanent and total service-connected disability,

38 U.S.C. 3511(a)(1) provided:

Each eligible person shall be entitled to educational assistance under this chapter [38

U.S.C. 3500 et seq.] for a period not in excess of 45 months (or to the equivalent

thereof in part-time training). In no event may the aggregate educational assistance

afforded to a spouse made eligible under both 3501(a)(1)(D)(i) and 3501(a)(1)(D)(ii)

of the title exceed 45 months.

(emphasis added). In the second sentence of section 3511(a)(1), Congress recognized that eligibility

could emanate from two different sources in some instances. It then wrote the statute to bar

additional benefits if a permanently and totally disabled veteran later died while the surviving spouse

was receiving Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits as a result of the disabled veteran's

books, equipment, and other educational costs.").

8

disability by imposing a limit on the term of payments for spouses under section 3511.6

Additionally, Congress adopted explicit language to prevent a person receiving educational

assistance under Chapter 35 from simultaneously receiving certain other benefits under a separate

program, such as dependency and indemnity compensation, as the result of the death of the parent.

See 38 U.S.C. § 3562 (nonduplication of benefits); see also 38 U.S.C. § 3695 (limitation on period

of assistance under two or more programs to 48 months). Dependents' Educational Assistance

benefits to the eligible child of a permanently and totally disabled parent is, however, one program,

and Congress, by placing limitations on receipt of additional benefits under two or more programs,

placed no limitations on the amount or length of benefits for "eligible person[s]" under a single

program or benefit. 38 U.S.C. § 3511. Nor did Congress specifically limit the number of parents

making such an application for benefits or the number of parents under whose auspices the

application could be made. 38 U.S.C. § 3513. Further, an eligible person is defined as a child of "a

person" and not a child "of persons," implying that the benefit flows from a single parent and is

unique to each parent's disability.

b. Statutory Purpose

We believe that our interpretation of the applicable statutory language is most consistent with

the intent of Congress in enacting it. The Congressionally stated purpose of Chapter 35 benefits is

to assist the child of a parent with a permanent and total service-connected disability to attain the

education to which he or she would otherwise have aspired, but for the inability of the parent to

contribute to such education due to the parent's disability incurred in the service of our country. See

38 U.S.C. § 3500. The statute does not prohibit a child, being but one person, from nevertheless

becoming eligible by reason of the service-connected permanent and total disability or death of either

6

On December 21, 2006, section 3511was amended to limit benefits payable to an eligible person, whether

made eligible under one or more provisions of section 3501(a)(1), to an aggregate period not in excess of 45 months.

See Veterans Programs Extension Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-444, 120 Stat. 3306. This change explicitly applies to

payments "of educational assistance for a course of education pursued after the date of enactment of this Act." Id. at

3307. Dr. Osman filed a claim for Dependents' Education Assistance benefits in April 2003 based upon his father's status

as a permanently and totally disabled veteran, and was awarded benefits for his medical school education, which he began

in August 2003. In October 2003, Dr. Osman filed a claim for benefits, also for medical school education, based on his

mother's status as a permanently and totally disabled veteran. Because Dr. Osman submitted both of his claims for

educational benefits for a course of education pursued prior to the date of enactment of the changes in section 3511, we

need not address entitlement under this amendment.

9

or both parents. If such disability of one parent would reduce the ability of that parent to contribute

to a child's education, then the service-connected permanent and total disability of both parents

would necessarily pose an even larger obstacle to the child's attainment of that education. Rarely

does a child experience such difficulty borne out of the parents' service and sacrifice. To read the

statute as restrictively as VA would have us do fails to recognize the value of the service and

sacrifice of both parents and runs contrary to the expressed intent of Congress in making available

education benefits as a substitute for the earning power lost for service-related reasons. Thus,

because eligibility for Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits is dependent on the service and

disability status of a single parent, the Court finds nothing in the statutes or legislative intent that

would admit the result required by General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002.

c. Interpretation of Statutes Relating to Veterans Benefits

Even if the question of whether to interpret Chapter 35 to allow concurrent Dependents'

Educational Assistance benefits derived separately from each parent were a close one, the Court is

bound to find that the provisions for Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits under the statutes

applicable in this case should be allowed under the auspices of both Dr. Osman's father and mother.

In Gardner, 513 U.S. at 120, the Supreme Court rejected VA's interpretation of a statute after an

examination of the statutory "text and reasonable inferences" of the statute's purpose and held that

any interpretive doubt with respect to awarding such benefits "is to be resolved in the veteran's

favor." See also King, 502 U.S. at 221 n. 9.

d. Consistency of Agency Interpretation

Finally, it is worth recognizing that the agency itself has, at a high level, previously

interpreted the relevant statutes as we do today. Prior to the issuance of General Counsel

Precedential Opinion 1-2002, VA applied the relevant statutes to award dual benefits to children

eligible under both parents.7 Indeed, it was this inconsistent approach to awarding benefits in such

7

On November 17, 1992, the VA Director of the Education Service provided an advisory opinion to a VA

regional office stating that a child of two permanently and totally disabled parents could receive Chapter 35 benefits

either concurrently, at double the monthly rate, or sequentially, if that child did not exceed 45 months of total entitlement.

See EDU RPO Letter 22-02-05 (March 14, 2002) (rec'd as attachment, Appellant's Informal Br.). The Director of the

Education Service is the official responsible for national administration of VA education programs, serving directly under

the Associate Deputy Under Secretary for Policy and Program Management. See VA Organizational Briefing Book, at

http://www.va.gov/ofcadmin/docs/vaorgbb.pdf (accessed Aug 19, 2008).

10

a situation that prompted VA's General Counsel to issue its January 2002 opinion. The Supreme

Court counsels that inconsistency in interpretation is a factor to be considered when evaluating the

persuasiveness of an agency interpretation. See Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140.

Thus, for the reasons stated above, the Court rejects the VA General Counsel's opinion to the

extent that it interprets the relevant statutes to preclude the payment of concurrent Dependents'

Educational Assistance benefits to Dr. Osman. Consequently, we reverse and remand the Board's

decision relying on that opinion. See Hensley v. West, 212 F.3d 1255, 1263 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (holding

that the Court may reverse an incorrect judgment of law that is based upon proper factual findings,

provided that it does "'not simply [make] factual findings on its own.'") (quoting Icicle Seafoods, Inc.

v. Worthington, 475 U.S. 709, 714 (1986)).

2. Consecutive Payment of Chapter 35 Benefits

Dr. Osman raises for the first time before the Court the issue of whether he would be entitled

to Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits based on the independent eligibility of each parent

consecutively. Because this is a pure issue of law and is pertinent to the adjudication of Dr. Osman's

claim, the Court will grant the request of both parties to address this issue as well.

We have already held, above, that the statutes relevant in this case and the legislative purpose

of Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits permit a child to derive "eligible person" status from

each parent when each parent has a total and permanent disability resulting from a service-connected

disability. Moreover, as noted above, the 45-month aggregate limitation to Dependents' Education

Assistance provided in section 3511(a)(1), as it existed at the time of Dr. Osman's application for

benefits, applies to such assistance given to a spouse, not a child, and the non-duplication of benefits

provided in section 3562 as well as the 48-month aggregate limitation to certain benefits provided

in section 3695 both apply to benefits provided under separate programs, and are not applicable to

benefits provided under one program.

Therefore, because benefits are based on the status of a child as an eligible person through

each parent who is permanently and totally disabled, and absent any specific restriction on the

aggregation of benefits, we further hold that an eligible person with two permanently and disabled

parents may receive Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits "for a period not in excess of 45

months" for benefits derived from the status of each parent. 38 U.S.C. § 3511(a)(1)(2002). Dr.

11

Osman's dual status flows from the inability of each parent to separately contribute to the education

to which he would have aspired had both parents not been totally disabled as a result of service.

Therefore, Dr. Osman need only elect the period for which to receive such benefits based on either

parent's permanent and total disability (in this case his mother's), consistent with his application.8

We note, however, that the Court's conclusion does not mean unlimited or unwarranted benefits may

be paid, as VA must determine other applicable requirements affecting eligibility, e.g., the

requirement that the child be in an approved program of education. See, e.g., 38 U.S.C. § 3535

(approval of courses).

III. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the June 22, 2005, Board decision is reversed and the matter is remanded. The

Board will grant Dr. Osman's Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits as an eligible person

under his mother's permanent and total service-connected disability as of the original date such

assistance was requested.

8

In briefing and at oral argument, the parties discussed the issue of whether General Counsel Precedential

Opinion 1-2002 is invalid for failing to have been issued according to the notice and comment and publication

requirements of 5 U.S.C. §§ 552 and 553, or whether the opinion is exempt from such requirements. The Secretary

argues that General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002 should be viewed as an interpretive rule, exempt from those

requirements, while Dr. Osman and amicus argue that the General Counsel opinion is a legislative or substantive rule.

The result of the classification has important practical consequences. If we were to find the opinion to be a legislative

rule, then 5 U.S.C. § 552 requires that before it can be binding, it must be published for the purpose of receiving and

considering public comment. Because VA failed to do so, that would invalidate the "rule," thus destroying the precedent

relied upon by the Board decision under review. Because the Court holds that Chapter 35 authorizes dual payment of

Dependents' Educational Assistance benefits to the child of two permanently and totally disabled parents, we necessarily

invalidate General Counsel Precedential Opinion 1-2002, negating the need to determine its status for purposes of 5

U.S.C. §§ 552 and 553.

12