quotation marks 7 omitted
How later courts described this case
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Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
08-3973-ag
Fuller v. Bd. of Immigration Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
____________________
August Term, 2011
(Argued: February 16, 2012 Decided: October 16, 2012)
Docket No. 08-3973
____________________
NADEISHA LOTHA FULLER,
Petitioner,
v.
BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS,
Respondent.
____________________
Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, CALABRESI and POOLER, Circuit Judges.
The government moves to dismiss Nadeisha Lotha Fuller’s petition for review for lack of
jurisdiction because, in a subsequent order, the Board of Immigration Appeals vacated and
superseded the order under review. We hold that this petition is moot because we can provide no
effective relief from a removal order that has been vacated and replaced by an order that relies on
materially different reasoning.
Petition dismissed. Chief Judge Dennis Jacobs concurs in a separate opinion.
____________________
DANIEL SCHWARTZ, Day Pitney LLP (Victoria Woodin
Chavey, on the brief), New York, N.Y., for Petitioner.
MATT A. CRAPO, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil
Division, U.S. Department of Justice (Tony West, Assistant
Attorney General, Civil Division; Cindy S. Ferrier, Senior
Litigation Counsel, on the brief), Washington, D.C., for
Respondent.
POOLER, Circuit Judge:
Nadeisha Lotha Fuller filed the instant petition for review of a final order of removal and
moved the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) to reconsider that order. The BIA
subsequently granted Fuller’s motion to reconsider, vacated the order of removal that is the
subject of this petition for review, and issued a new final order of removal. Fuller did not
petition for review of the subsequent order. The government moves to dismiss the petition,
arguing that we lack jurisdiction over a vacated order. Fuller responds that we retain jurisdiction
because the BIA’s subsequent order left the reasoning of the prior order intact and vacated it in
name only.
We hold that this petition is moot because we can provide no effective relief from a
removal order that has already been vacated. We do not decide, however, whether a petition for
review of a vacated order would present a live case or controversy if the order granting
reconsideration and vacating the prior order left the reasoning of the prior order substantially
intact. Here, the order granting Fuller’s motion to reconsider both vacated and materially altered
her prior order of removal. Accordingly, we grant the government’s motion to dismiss. Fuller is
not without recourse, however; while the vacated order is unreviewable, Fuller may obtain
review of the decision on reconsideration if she succeeds in moving the BIA to reissue that
decision. See Luna v. Holder, 637 F.3d 85, 97, 104 (2d Cir. 2011).
2
BACKGROUND
Fuller, a citizen and national of Jamaica, was admitted to the United States in 1992. In
2003, an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) ordered Fuller removed on the ground that she had been
convicted of an aggravated felony. See Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) §
101(a)(43)(F), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F); INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).
The BIA dismissed Fuller’s appeal, Fuller petitioned for review, and this Court remanded the
case to the BIA on the government’s motion.
On remand, the IJ again ordered removal. On July 15, 2008, the BIA dismissed Fuller’s
appeal. See In re Fuller, No. A043 093 854 (B.I.A. July 15, 2008) (“2008 Order”). Fuller filed
the instant petition for review and also moved the BIA to reconsider its 2008 Order. See 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(6) (providing for BIA reconsideration of removal decisions). On the
stipulation of the parties, this Court permitted Fuller to withdraw the petition without prejudice
to its reinstatement upon the BIA’s deciding the motion to reconsider.
In an order dated May 26, 2009, the BIA granted Fuller’s motion to reconsider, concluded
that the 2008 Order “was issued in error,” vacated it, and dismissed anew Fuller’s appeal from
the IJ’s removal order. In re Fuller, No. A043 093 854 (B.I.A. May 26, 2009) (“2009 Order”).
Fuller’s attorney did not learn of the new order until July 29, 2009, however, because the law
firm did not properly route the order to Fuller’s attorney. By that time, the 30-day deadline to
petition for review of the 2009 Order had passed. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1).
When Fuller moved to reinstate the instant petition for review, the government opposed,
arguing that the 2009 Order had divested our jurisdiction over the 2008 Order by vacating it, and
that we lacked jurisdiction over the 2009 Order because Fuller had not petitioned for review of
3
that order. This Court reinstated the petition and treated the government’s opposition as a
motion to dismiss, which is now before us.
DISCUSSION
I.
This Court reviews its subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Sol v. INS, 274 F.3d 648, 650
(2d Cir. 2001). Courts of appeals have jurisdiction only over petitions for review that are timely
filed and that seek review of removal orders that are “final” under the INA. INA § 242(a)(1),
(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), (b)(1); see Chupina v. Holder, 570 F.3d 99, 103 (2d Cir. 2009);
Malvoisin v. INS, 268 F.3d 74, 75-76 (2d Cir. 2001). The government argues that the 2008 Order
is no longer a final order of removal under the INA because it has been vacated. See INA §
101(a)(47)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(47)(B) (setting forth the circumstances under which a removal
order becomes “final”).
We are not persuaded, however, that statutory finality is the relevant jurisdictional
inquiry. At the outset, we observe that there is no dispute that the 2008 Order was “final” under
the INA at the time Fuller filed the instant petition for review, and the government has not
articulated in what way the vacatur affected the finality of the 2008 Order.
A petitioner may concurrently file a petition for review of a final order and move the BIA
to reconsider that same order. See Stone v. INS, 514 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1995). The BIA’s
disposition of a motion to reconsider is a new final order; to seek review of that order, the
petitioner must file a new petition for review. Stone, 514 U.S. at 395; see also 8 U.S.C. §
1252(b)(6).
Filing a motion to reconsider a final order does not affect the justiciability of a pending
4
petition for review of that order. See Stone, 514 U.S. at 394-95. Nor, moreover, does the BIA’s
denial of a motion to reconsider. Id. at 395; Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 161, 167 (2d Cir.
2004). Neither the Supreme Court nor this court, however, has addressed the effect, if any, of the
BIA’s grant of a motion to reconsider on the finality of the underlying order.
Instead of statutory finality, however, we think the proper doctrine to determine the
justiciability of a vacated order is that of mootness. The mootness doctrine derives from Article
III of the Constitution, which limits federal jurisdiction only to live cases or controversies. U.S.
Const. art. III. “[U]nder the mootness doctrine, if an event occurs while a case is pending on
appeal that makes it impossible for the court to grant any effectual relief whatever to a prevailing
party, we must dismiss the case, rather than issue an advisory opinion.” ABC, Inc. v. Stewart,
360 F.3d 90, 97 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, we cannot grant any
effective relief to Fuller because the 2008 Order has already been vacated by the express
language of the 2009 Order. See 2009 Order at 2 (“[T]he Board’s decision dated July 15, 2008,
is vacated. . . .”). Therefore, the petition before us is moot, and we lack jurisdiction to review it.
II.
Fuller argues that we retain jurisdiction over the 2008 Order notwithstanding the fact that
it has been vacated because the 2009 Order did not substantively alter the reasoning of the prior
order; relying on the express vacatur, she argues, would “[e]levat[e] form over substance.”
Fuller is correct that the majority of circuits to consider the effect of the grant of a motion to
reconsider on the justiciability of the underlying order have concluded that the underlying order
remained final and was not moot where the subsequent grant of reconsideration modified the
prior order but left the reasoning of the prior order intact. See Espinal v. Holder, 636 F.3d 703,
5
706 (5th Cir. 2011) (concluding Court retained jurisdiction where subsequent order “left intact
the earlier order’s general legal analysis” and “[n]o material change occurred”); Thomas v. Att’y
Gen. of U.S., 625 F.3d 134, 141 (3d Cir. 2010) (court retained jurisdiction where subsequent
order “adhered to its earlier legal analysis” and “did not vacate or substantially modify” the prior
decision); Plasencia-Ayala v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 738, 746 (9th Cir. 2008) (retaining jurisdiction
where BIA “expressly affirmed its prior decision” and “its analysis . . . was substantially the
same as in its previous order”), overruled on other grounds by Marmolejo-Campos v. Holder,
558 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc); Jaggernauth v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 432 F.3d 1346, 1352
(11th Cir. 2005) (retaining jurisdiction where “grant of reconsideration actually upheld and
affirmed the conclusions of the prior order”). But see Mu Ju Li v. Mukasey, 515 F.3d 575, 580
(6th Cir. 2008) (departing from case-by-case approach and holding, categorically, that where the
BIA grants reconsideration and “renders a new decision addressing the issues presented in the
[prior decision], then the new decision effectively vacates the prior decision,” and the court no
longer has jurisdiction to review it (footnote omitted)).
None of these decisions, however, addressed a grant of reconsideration that expressly
vacated the prior order. To the extent these decisions have addressed express vacatur, they
suggest that it is sufficient to divest jurisdiction—under a theory either of mootness or of non-
finality—without inquiring whether the subsequent order materially changed the reasoning of the
prior order. See Espinal, 636 F.3d at 706 (“[T]he [subsequent] Order did not vacate or materially
change [the prior] Order. We thus retain appellate jurisdiction.”); Thomas, 625 F.3d at 141
(“The question for this Court . . . is whether the [grant of reconsideration] vacated or materially
altered [the prior] decision.”); Plasencia-Ayala, 516 F.3d at 745 (“Once a petition for review has
6
been filed, federal court jurisdiction is divested only where the BIA subsequently vacates or
materially changes the decision under review.”); id. at 745 n.3 (“Since the BIA has the power to
vacate its decisions expressly, there is little need to adopt a rule that every grant of a motion to
reconsider constitutes a de facto vacature of its prior decision.”); see also Jaggernauth, 432 F.3d
at 1351 (reasoning that the subsequent order “explicitly upholds” the prior order, suggesting that
the BIA intended “to leave the [prior] order . . . intact and unmodified”).
We need not and do not decide, however, whether express vacatur might not moot the
previous order if the subsequent order otherwise left the reasoning of the original order
undisturbed. In Fuller’s case, the 2009 Order did not simply state that the prior order was
vacated, but also materially altered the substance of the prior order so as to effectively supersede
it.
The 2009 Order addressed and corrected a serious error in the 2008 Order: the 2008
Order was a nearly identical copy of an order the BIA had issued in Fuller’s case three years
earlier. Compare In re Fuller, No. A043 093 854 (B.I.A. May 4, 2005), with 2008 Order.
Accordingly, the 2008 Order addressed neither the IJ decision that was the subject of Fuller’s
appeal nor the issues Fuller presented in her BIA appeal brief. See 2009 Order at 1
(acknowledging error). In contrast, the 2009 Order not only reviewed, but also adopted and
supplemented, the very IJ decision that the BIA had overlooked in 2008. See 2009 Order at 1-2.
Moreover, the 2009 Order principally addressed itself to two issues that the BIA had not
addressed in the 2008 Order. Compare 2009 Order at 2, with 2008 Order.1 Finally, the 2009
1
The two issues are: (1) whether the IJ had improperly relied on evidence of Fuller’s
specific criminal conduct to determine whether she was convicted of an aggravated felony, and
(2) whether the IJ had erroneously considered the risk of physical injury rather than the risk of
7
Order relied on authority, Canada v. Gonzales, 448 F.3d 560 (2d Cir. 2006), that appears
nowhere in the 2008 Order. Compare 2009 Order at 2, with 2008 Order. Considering all of
these changes in their totality, we conclude that the 2009 Order materially altered and effectively
superseded the 2008 Order.
Accordingly, we hold that we lack jurisdiction to review the 2008 Order because the 2009
Order rendered it moot by vacating it both expressly and substantively.
III.
Because Fuller did not petition for review of the 2009 Order and the mandatory deadline
to do so has passed, this court lacks jurisdiction to review that order. See INA § 242(b)(1), 8
U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1); Malvoisin, 268 F.3d at 75-76. Fuller may, however, obtain review of the
2009 Order if she successfully moves the BIA to reopen her proceedings and reissue that order
on the ground that ineffective assistance of counsel prevented her from timely petitioning for
review. See Luna v. Holder, 637 F.3d 85, 97 (2d Cir. 2011); 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7). Although
such a motion to reopen would be time-barred in Fuller’s case because more than 90 days have
passed since the 2009 Order, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i), the timeliness requirement is not
jurisdictional and may be equitably tolled if Fuller has been diligent. See Luna, 637 F.3d at 95-
96, 99. We express no view on the merits of such a motion, but we observe that the BIA’s
reissuance of the 2009 Order would “trigger[] a new thirty-day period to obtain judicial review.”
Lewis v. Holder, 625 F.3d 65, 68 (2d Cir. 2010). If the BIA denied the motion, Fuller would then
have thirty days to petition this Court for review of the denial, and this Court could remand, or
the use of physical force in the commission of the crime in determining whether the offense came
within the definition of a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b).
8
even order the BIA to reissue the order, if it concluded the BIA erred in denying the motion. See
Luna, 637 F.3d at 97, 103.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the government’s motion is GRANTED, and Fuller’s
petition for review is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.
9