The opinion
Conley Byrd, Justice, dissenting. It is my position that the prima facie presumption of intent to defraud in Ark. Stat. Ann. § 51-640 (Supp. 1965) is invalid; and that, because of the manner in which the statute is drawn, the invalid sentence containing the prima facie presumption cannot be picked from between the violation sentence and the penalty sentence without destroying the whole section, which was enacted as one paragraph. Section 51-640 provides:
“It shall he unlawful for any contractor . . . who has performed work . . . for the improvement of any property where such work or materials may give rise to . . . materialman’s liens . . . knowingly to receive payment of the contract price . . . without applying the money so received to the discharge of any such liens known to the person receiving such payment . . . with the intent thereby to deprive the . . . person so paying the said contractor ... of his funds without discharging the said liens and thereby to defraud the said owner or person so paying. In any prosecution ... as against the person so receiving payment when it shall he shown . . . that any lien for materials existed in favor of any . . . ma-terialmen and that such lien has been filed within the time provided by law . . . and that such contractor has received payment without discharging the said lien to the extent of the funds received by him, the fact of acceptance of such payment without having discharged the same lien within ten (10) days after receipt of such payment or the receipt of notice of the existence of such lien . . . shall be prima fgcie evidence of intent to defraud on the part of the person so receiving payment. If the amount . . . shall exceed . . . ($25.00) the party so receiving shall be deemed guilty of a felony. . . If the amount so received does not exceed . . . ($25.00) the party shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. . .” (Emphasis supplied.)
The above section must be construed together with Ark. Stat. Ann. 51-601 (1947) and 51-613 (Supp. 1965). The first section (51-601) gives a lien to any mechanic or materialman furnishing labor or materials for any improvement upon land, and by its very terms extends to suppliers of materials furnished by subcontractors. The second section (51-613) gives the materialman 120 days from the date the material is furnished in which to file a lien. We have construed this 120 days to apply from the date the last item in a running-account was furnished. Kizer Lbr. Co. v. Mosley, 56 Ark. 516 , 20 S. W. 409 (1892) and Streuli v. Wallin-Dickey & Rich Lbr. Co., 227 Ark. 885 , 302 S. W. 2d 522 (1957).
The statute under which appellee was here charged makes it an offense not to receive money but to fail to discharge known liens after he has received the money under his building contract, with intent ti defraud the owner. This same statute provides (and as interpreted by the majority) that when the prosecution has shown the contractor’s receipt of the payment and his failure to discharge the materialman’s lien within ten days after receipt of notice of its existence, a prima facie presumption arises that the contractor intended to defraud the owner so making the payment. If the presumption arose only as to the liens of which the contractor had knowledge at the time he received the funds, I would agree with the majority that there was a rational connection with the balance of the statutes governing mechanics’ and materialmen’s liens. But the prima facie presumption is not so limited — it permits a conviction upon the contractor’s failure to discharge a lien within ten days after he has notice of its existence. In this situation it permits a conviction where proof of guilt is lacking. Pollock v. Williams, 322 U. S. 4, 15 (1955).
That the presumption here created permits a conviction without proof can be more clearly seen by a look at the manner in which buildings are constructed. This is the age of specialization and home building contractors, like others, have had to take advantage of such specialization. Today’s home building contractor seldom does any direct physical labor in house construction. Usually he subcontracts the cement work (the foundation and sometimes the floor if the house is placed on a slab) ; the framing; the roofing; the plumbing; the electrical work; the heating and air conditioning; the sheet rock; the painting; the flooring; and the landscaping. Since Arkansas laws furnish no provision for advance notice by laborers and materialmen claiming liens, the contractor, in paying subcontractors, has to rely almost entirely on the integrity of the many small businessmen with whom he deals. Obviously a contractor does not expect to make a living from only one building; therefore, he builds a number of homes during a year. Because the materialman’s lien exists in secret for 120 days, the contractor must to some extent rely on the subcontractors’ assertions that their bills have been paid. There is no practical way for the contractor to know about the existence of such a lien until it is filed. Often he finds that he has paid the same subcontractor for work on subsequent building jobs before discovering that the subcontractor has neglected to pay his suppliers on a prior job. Thus it is seen that under the interpretation given to the prima facie presumption sentence in the statute, it is entirely possible to send a building contractor to jail, not upon proof that he defrauded the owner for whom he constructed a building, but because he was unable to pay his debts. This to me constitutes an imprisonment for debt contrary to our constitution, Peairs v. State, 227 Ark. 230 , 297 S. W. 2d 775 (1957). I fail to see the rational connection in this case between the presumption and the balance of the statutes governing mechanics’ liens, which exists in the “hot check” statute, where the offense is complete upon the giving of the check. Here the offense is not complete until the contractor has failed to pay the lien within ten days after receipt of notice of the lien, even though he did not know of its existence until 100 days after receipt of the money.
Furthermore, because of the 120 days given to ma-terialmen to file liens, an owner can harass a building contractor by prosecution under the statute for his failure to discharge such a lien before taking bankruptcy; and can stand aloof from a suit for malicious prosecution by asserting that all he knew was that he had paid the contractor and the latter had not discharged the lien within the ten days allowed by the statute.
Nor can I agree with the majority opinion that the federal bankruptcy act does not purport to pre-empt our state penal statutes. If the sentence containing the prima facie presumption is continued in the statute as being valid, then it would appear that a contractor, irrespective of his conduct, would not be violating the statute if he could within ten days after knowledge of a lien get enough money to pay the materialman’s lien. In this situation the threat of prosecution would exist if he took bankruptcy at any time before the time for filing ma-terialmen’s liens expired, because the effect of bankruptcy is to give the bankruptcy court complete control of all the bankrupt’s assets — thereby making it impossible for him to comply with the terms of the penal statute. Thus the statute in effect threatens the contractor with prosecution if he takes bankruptcy at any time after receiving the money and before any liens are discharged, irrespective of his knowledge of such liens. Certainly a state statute making it a criminal offense to exercise a right given by a federal statute as directed by the IJnitecL States Constitution is invalid.
Therefore, I would affirm the trial court.