The opinion
Sullivan, J.,
concurring, found that the wool was a native of South America, and that it had not been improved by the admixture of merino or English blood. In connection therewith he stated that the evidence showed that no witness had testified it was improved wool, but all said it was the lowest grade.
McClelland, J.,
held that the quality of the wool was of no consequence, but it being established as, in substance, he found that the sheep which produced it possessed a strain of English blood (Lincoln) it followed, as matter of law, that it was improved within the meaning of paragraph 1101. He did not challenge the correctness of the findings of his associates that it was one of the lowest types of wool grown.
In view of these findings and conclusions below and of the Government’s contention here, we think the important question is-the meaning of the expression in the paragraph, “wools, not improved by the admixture of merino or English blood.” As to that, the Government insists in effect that if any inferior native shéep of any country is crossed with a blooded sheep, such as the English Lincoln in this case, the wool produced by the progeny of such cross and by succeeding generations thereof is improved wool as matter of law, regardless of the fact that in the course of time such wool by the *76 degeneration of the breed, different cross breedings, or other conditions is, in fact, reduced to the lowest class of wool produced.
We are unable to adopt that view. The language of the statute is “wools, not improved by merino or English blood,” the meaning of which is too plain to require much interpretation. To improve wool within paragraph 1101 means to raise its quality by crossing the sheep producing it with a superior breed, such as the.merino or sheep of English blood. So long as the progeny, direct or remote, of such cross produces as the result thereof a better quality of wool than that produced before the cross by the inferior breed, it is wool improved by such admixture of superior blood. When that result ceases, the wool is no longer improved.
Counsel on both sides refer to previous tariff acts as furnishing support for their differing contentions as to what is improved wool under paragraph 1101. Therefrom it appears that in the tariff acts of 1867, 1883, 1890, 1897, and 1909 Congress had divided wool for tariff purposes into three classes, and in some of the later acts provided that the Secretary of the Treasury should establish and preserve samples of wool of the different classes to be used as standards for comparison in the classification of imported wools. December 20, 1900, such samples were established by the Secretary of the Treasury. See T. D. 22681. The act of 1913 gave free entry to all wools and the present act makes no provision for the establishment or use of such standard samples. The act of 1909, paragraph 363, defined the third class of wools which thereunder took the lowest rate of duty as follows:
Class 3, that is to say: Donskoi, native South American, Cordova, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel’s hair and all such wools of like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Turkey, Greece, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting improved wools hereinafter provided for.
Paragraph 365 provided that—
Whenever wools of class 3 shall have been improved by the admixture of merino or .English blood, from their present character as represented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal customhouses of the United States, such improved wool shall be classified for duty either as class 1 or as class 2, as the case may be.
These paragraphs were practically reenactments of provisions of both the acts of 1890 and 1897.
The provisions in these paragraphs, we think, are significant and clearly tend to support our view as to what is meant by improved wools. It will be noted that therein it is provided that they shall have been improved from, their present character as represented by the standard samples.
In the trial below standard samples of class 3, established.by the Secretary of the Treasury under the preceding acts, were presented *77 in evidence and numerous witnesses asked to compare the quality of the same with the quality of Exhibit 1. The consensus of opinion clearly was that Exhibit 1 was inferior in quality thereto. Samples of wool representing Cordova, native Smyrna, and Valparaiso were also introduced in evidence and by witnesses compared with Exhibit 1, with the result that they were also found to be superior to that exhibit.
The Government does not dispute this, but concedes that Exhibit 1 is lower in grade and price than any enumerated in paragraph 1101.
It contends, however, that this fact establishes that Exhibit 1 is not “other wools of like character and description.” In other words, that because it is inferior it is not of like character or description and should, therefore, take a higher rate of duty.
We are unwilling to adopt this view. So far as the prior acts throw light upon the question, they support our conclusion. A lucid and logical exposition of the purpose of Congress in providing for standards of wool in the act of 1890 is to be found in the case of Lyon v. Marine, 55 Fed. 964 , in which the Circuit Court of Appeals said:
The policy of Congress was as simple as obvious. The finest grades of wool of short fiber, represented by the fleeces of the merino sheep and the sheep bred originally on the several downs of England, and 'the sheep of the other countries named in paragraph 376, are taxed 11 cents a pound. Wools of long fiber, from improved Cotswolds and like highly bred sheep, and the fine hairs of camels, alpacas, and goats of high breed, most of them exceeding in value the fine wools of the merino class are subjected to the higher duty of 12 cents. Finally, wools and hairs from the sheep described in paragraph 378, all more or less inferior in value to those of classes 1 and 2, most of them known commercially to be almost as cheap in value and inferior in quality as the repulsive stuff filed as exhibits in this case, are subjected to an ad valorem duty equal to one-third their market value, whatever that may be. In accordance with this obvious policy of the tariff act of 1890, we are of opinion that the cheap stuff which is the subject of this litigation is not liable to the tax imposed upon the most valuable wools and hairs known to commerce, but is liable to the duty of 32 per cent ad valorem imposed upon all inferior wools and hairs sold in the markets at the lowest range ■ of prices.
The majority of the court below having found that Exhibit 1 is either a native South American wool or is within the term “other wools of like character or description, ” we think the fact that it is inferior to the latter does not exclude it from classification under paragraph 1101, especially in view of the case just cited.
The reiterated argument of the Government that because there is a strain of Lincoln blood in the sheep that produced the wool typified by Exhibit 1 it must necessarily be improved wool is completely refuted by the fact that any improved condition of the wool which may have been produced by the admixture of the Lincoln blood is not found in the importation here involved. If Congress had in *78 ■tended that wool produced by-sheep possessing any English blood should be excluded from paragraph 1101, it were easy to have said so, but it did not.
No witness professed to^have any actual knowledge as to the breed- • ing of the sheep which, in fact, produced this imported wool. Their opinion as to that was based upon an examination of the wool itself, which when done by experts such as testified seems to be accepted as a sufficient basis for their conclusion as to such breeding.
The case was evidently considered with much care by the Customs Court. We have examined the entire record, find no error in the judgment below, and it is therefore affirmed.