Crislip v. Cain

Green, J udge,

announced the opinion of the Court:

The first question presented by the record is : Had the court below jurisdiction to render any decree on this rule against Rezin Cain, on March 20, 1880? The record shows, that Sarah A. Crislip, the plaintiff in this cause, had died prior to March 18, 1880, for on that day her death was suggested, as appears from an order made in the proceedings on this rule upon that day. This order says, that “on motion of the defendants, who are entitled to the proceeds of the sale of said tract of land, it is ordered, that A. Cain, who is appointed a special commissioner for that purpose, do collect said bonds for said purchase-money, and the proceedings under said rule against Rezin Cain shall proceed in the name of A. Cain, special commissioner.” Two days afterwards the decree complained of was entered without first reviving the cause in the name of the representative of Sarah A. Crislip, deceased; and appellant’s counsel insists, that the court had no jurisdiction to render any decree in the proceedings on this rule, until the original cause was revived, the sole plaintiff in it having died. Of course the court had no authority to render any decree in the original cause on its merits, until the cause was revived, such as a decree determining what portion of the fund was coming to each of the parties to the suit and distributing the same or ordering it to be invested. But is not such a decree distinguishable from a decree not in the original cause but upon the proceedings on this rule against Rezin Cain ? The proceedings on this rule had been revived and were ordered to proceed in the name of A. Cain, special commissioner, as plaintiff, in lieu of Sarah A. Crislip, deceased. Did not this revival suffice to give the court jurisdiction to enter the decree in the proceeding on this rule, *458 which it did enter on March 25, 1880? It seems to me the court did have jurisdiction to so act.

There is a distinction between the action of the court in the cause, which the court has no right to take, unless all the parties are before it, and the action of the court beyond the cause. If any of the parties to the suit have died, the cause must be revived, before the court can take any action in the cause. By action of the court beyond the cause I mean those measures, which are necessary for the execution of -a decree, which has been pronounced, and which are properly to be regarded as adopted not in but beyond the cause as founded on the decree itself without respect to the relief, to which the party was primarily entitled upon the merits of the ease. This kind of action beyond the cause may be had either before a final decree, as in this case, or after a final decree. This distinction is pointed out by Judge Baldwin in the case of Cocke v. Gilpin, 1 Rob. 28 , and has been recognized as a correct distinction by this court heretofore. Whether this distinction was correctly applied in the case of Cocke v. Gilpin may be questioned; but the correctness of the distinction itself cannot, we think, be questioned. And when the court is proceeding to enforce the payment of the purchase-money by rule on a purchaser of land sold under its decree, a proceeding which is in this sense beyond the cause, such proceeding would not be suspended by the death of a party to the original cause, but a decree on this rule could be entered after such death. The party, to whom the purchaser had given his bond, might by the order of the court bring a suit on it at law or institute a suit in equity to.enforce the vendor’s lien, in which suits the parties to the original cause, in which the land was sold, would not be parties, nor are they properly parties to the proceedings on a rule against the purchaser; and therefore the death of any of them would not suspend the proceedings on this rule.

The next question, which we will consider, is, whether the circuit court did right in its decree of March 20, 1880, in confirming so much of the commissioner’s report, as showed the amount due from the purchaser, Rezin Cain, without considering his exception to this report. This exception alleged in general terms, that he had not been allowed all the credits, *459 which the evidence showed he was entitled to. This court has decided, that exceptions to commissioners reports partake of the nature of special demurrers; and if the report is erroneous, the party complaining of the report or excepting thereto must point out the error in his exception with reasonable certainty, so as to direct the mind of the court to it. When he does so, the parts not excepted to are admitted to be correct, not only as regards the principles, but as relates to the evidence, on which they are based. McCarty et al. v. Chalfant et al., 14 W. Va. 531 ; Chapman v. The Pittsburgh & Steubenville Railroad Co., 18 W. Va. 184 . The exception in this case amounted to nothing more than a personal allegation, that the commissioner’s report was erroneous in the amount, which it found due from Rezin Cain on his purchase. It did not pretend to point out any specific credits, to which the ex-ceptant Rezin Cain was entitled, or which by the evidence ought to have been allowed him, but which was not allowed in this report. Nor does it complain, that the commissioner erred in the principle he adopted of allowing the amounts or credits, which had been admitted by the opposite party instead of specifying each separate payment as a credit, which the evidence showed or tended to show had been paid. The court therefore did not err in disregarding this exception and confirming the commissioner’s report in this respect.

The next enquiry is: Did the court err to the prejudice of the appellant in setting aside so much of its previous order, as directed the establishment by the commissioner of the lines of the Riddle farm and the ascertaining of the deficiency in said tract and the number of acres in the said tract, which the purchaser, Cain, had been entitled to get possession of, and the value of the same ? And first it is unimportant if the evidence shows, that the purchaser was entitled to no abatement because of such deficiency or because of there being any land within the description in his deed, of which he never had possession. In such case it is immaterial, whether the court set aside this portion of the order of reference, or whether it sustained the plaintiff’s exceptions to the report and allowed the purchaser, R. Cain, no abatement either for deficiency, or because he had never got pbssession of and could not get possession of certain land claimed to be within the boundaries *460 set out in the deed. The. same result would have followed either course. In considering therefore these questions I will take into consideration all the evidence which is in the record, whether it was introduced before or after the reference.

First. Is the purchaser, Cain, entitled to any abatement, because a portion of the land is in the possession of the heirs of Allan Crislip and John M. Grier according to the allegations of his answer to the rule ? The replication to this answer by Mrs. Crislip alleges : “There was and is a fence around most of the outside lines, and she showed him the boundary included in the farm and especially the fence through the bottom, so that he could not have misunderstood the matter; and she denies, that the tract of land she sold him takes in a part of the land outside of this fence, and which he supposed he was buying.” The evidence of more than half a dozen witnesses fully establishes, that this fence around the farm and especially this fence through the bottom has been built more than twenty-five years and stands now substantially, where it has ever stood ; that Riddle never held or claimed any land outside of these fences and especially any land outside of this fence running through the bottom, which is the place, where the purchaser, Cain, claims, that the deed to and from Riddle extends beyond the fence; and Crislip and his heirs never claimed or held any land outside of this fencing as a part of this Riddle farm. It was found further, that before his purchase Cain went over this land with the son of Mrs. Crislip to see its boundaries and saw this fencing and knew, that no land was claimed by Mrs. Crislip or heirs as belonginging to the Riddle farm beyond this fence. Under these circumstances, though the evidence shows, that Mrs. Crislip by her contract agreed to convey by the boundaries set out in the deed from Riddle to her husband and to warrant this title, she was not bound to convey any land beyond that, which was held and claimed by her and by her wards, even though the title-papers might include other lands beyond this fence. This is decided in Beverly v. Lawson’s heirs, &c. 3 Munf. 317 .

But in this case the evidence satisfactorily establishes, that Cain was in possession not only of all the land, he bought, but all that was really contained in the boundaries set out in *461 his deed, when those boundaries were correctly located. He, as he admits, had full possession of all the land so fenced and claimed by Riddle as belonging to his farm and by Crislip the purchaser from Riddle and by his heirs after his death. The mere fact, that this fence through the bottom had stood substantially in the same place, and that the owners on both sides had held their lands by it, for so long a time without the least controversy or dispute, is exceedingly strong evidence to establish, that it was put upon the correct line, especially as the gum-corner, from which this fence ran cannot now be found, the gum tree, which formerly stood there, having been long down. But several witnesses testify, that this gum tree stood on or very near this fence. And when its location is sought to be fixed from the red oak corner, it will fall within about two poles of this fence and much nearer it than the location of it attempted to be fixed by either of the surveyors, Armstrong or Smith.

Against this weight of evidence that this gum-corner stood at or very near this fence there is no evidence but the report of these two surveyors. And in stating the case I pointed out their mode of locating this gum-corner and showed, that it was not the natural or proper mode of so doing but was an unsatisfactory mode likely to lead to an erroneous location of it. They do not agree about its location. One of them, Smith, fixes it six poles beyond this fence and the other ten and one half poles beyond this fence. It seems to me, that the evidence satisfactorily shows, that it was located at this fence, and that Gain has in his possession all the land conveyed to him by his deed, when the boundaries of this land are truly located, as well as all the land, he supposed he bought. This is strongly corroborated by his declaration made to two witnesses, who testify, that he told them severally on different occasions, that the land as run by these surveyors took in land that had not been shown him, when he purchased, and which he knew, that Mrs. Crislip did not intend to sell; and he would not claim it. It is true, he said, he expected to settle with her by a compromise and get an abatement in money for this land, but others were intermedling to prevent this compromise.

It is insisted however by the appellant’s counsel, that the *462 report of Jonathan Smith thus set aside by the court in part was not a report of a special commissioner but was the award of an arbitrator mutually chosen by the parties; and his award ought not to have been set aside, simply because the court differed from the arbitrator as to the law or facts, which should have governed his decision. This claim, that he was an arbitrator, is based on the order directing him to make a report. This order recited, that A. A. Smith, the former special commissioner, had failed to make an intelligent report on this subject, and that he had declined to act further, and he was thereupon removed; and the order proceeds “and by consent and agreement of parties Jonathan Smith is hereby appointed a special commissioner in the room and stead of A. A. Smith to execute all that was required of him by said decree referring the cause to A. A. Smith.” Now it seems obvious from this, that Jonathan Smith was not chosen by the parties as an arbitrator, but was simply by the consent of parties appointed a special commissioner and directed to report on this subject; and his report was liable to be excepted to, overruled or modified in the same manner as any other commissioner’s report. I am therefore of the opinion, that the court did not prejudice the rights of R. Cain, the appellant, by the decree, which disregarded and set aside so much of said report as ascertained, that R. Cain was not in possession of ten acres of the land, which he bought, and which was deeded to him. The evidence did not sustain this conclusion of the commissioner. Of course the appellant cannot complain of the court for not acting directly on his rule to be put in possession of the land, as on the rule of the plaintiff the court in effect decided, that he was in possession of all the land, which he was under his purchase and deed entitled to.

The most difficult question in this cause remains to be disposed of. That is: Was the appellant entitled to an abatement, because by the survey and report of the special commissioner Jonathan Smith it appears, that there are in this Riddle farm only one hundred and thirty-three and one quarter acres instead of one hundred and forty as called for by the deed to R. Cain? The original contract in writing between Mrs. Sarah A. Crislip and R. Cain for the sale and purchase of this land has been lost, as has also Mrs. Crislip’s report of *463 the sale to the court; but the original bill, the recitals of the terms of this report by the court in its decree confirming said report of sale, the depositions of Mrs. Crislip and of Cain and the deposition of Mr. Gibbs, who drew this lost contract, establish clearly, that the deed executed to R. Cain was drawn in exact accordance with the language of this written contract. We are by these means made acquainted with the contents of this lost contract with almost as much certainty, as if it had been produced. By it Rezin Cain agreed to pay her $500.00 in cash and $500.00 on November 13, 1873, and $500.00 one year after this last date and $500.00 two years after that date, these deferred payments to bear interest from November 1, 1872; and in consideration she agreed to convey to him with general warranty of title a tract of land situated on the left hand fork of Reedy’s creek in Roane county bounded and described as follows (then the boundaries are set out copied from the deed of James Riddle and wife to Allen Crislip.) The contract then proceeded: containing one hundred and forty acres, being the same land conveyed by James Riddle and wife to' the late Allen Crislip by deed dated March 7, 1870, and duly recorded, to which reference was made. This is the language also of the deed executed by Mrs. Crislip to R. Cain, the appellant; and its language is almost identical with the language of the deed from James Riddle and wife to Allen Crislip, the consideration named in the two deeds being also the same, each $2,000.00.

Before undertaking to determine, whether under this contract Rezin Cain is entitled to an abatement of the purchase-money due for the six and three fourths acres, which was shown by the survey in this cause to be the deficiency in the quantity of the laud, it is necessary to have a distinct view of the legal efiect of a written contract executed or executory, whereby the vendor agrees to convey or does convey to the vendee for a certain price named a specified tract of land, the boundaries of which are set forth, and which is stated on the face of the contract or deed to contain a specified number of acres. And before considering what are the legal rights of the parties by virtue of such a written contract or deed, as the jurisdiction of the court in many cases of this general chai’acter in furnishing relief to either party,, where the quantity of land *464 turns out to be less or greater than that named in the coutract or deed, depends upon fraud, accident or mistake, it is necessary, to have a distinct idea of what is fraud, accident or mistake, on which a court of equity will grant relief.

Courts of equity have concurrent jurisdiction with courts of law in case of fraud cognizable in courts of law, and exclusive jurisdiction in cases of fraud beyond the reach of courts of law. Fraud includes all acts, omissions and concealments, which involve a breach of legal or equitable duty, trust or confidence justly reposed, and which are injurious to another; and courts of equity interfere in cases of fraud not only to set aside acts done or contracts executed or executory, but they will also, if acts have been prevented by fraud from being done, iuterfere and treat the case, as if the acts, which ought to have been done, had actually been done, or will require the party committing the fraud to compensate the party defrauded, which last is the usual form of the relief furnished by courts of law. One of the most usual modes of establishing fraud is by proving a suggestio falsi or misrepresentation. This furnishes a ground for relief, when the misrepresentation is a matter of substance, that is, important to the interests of the other party, and in addition thereto it is shown, that it actually did mislead him to his injury.

It is said in Story’s Eq. Jur. vol. 1 § 193a: “ If the misrepresentation was of a trifling or immaterial thing; or if the other party did not trust to it, or was not misled by it; or if it was vague and inconclusive’in its own nature; or if it was a matter of opinion or fact equally open to the enqui-ries of both parties, and in regard to which neither could be presumed to trust the other, there is no reason to interfere to grant relief upon the ground of fraud.” And in section 193 it is further said : “ Whether a party thus misrepresenting a material fact, knows it to be false, or made the assertion without knowing whether it was true or false is wholly immaterial ; for the affirmation of what one does not .know or believe to be true is equally in morals and law7 as unjustifiable as the affirmation of what is known to be positively false. And even if a party innocently misrepresents a material fact by mistake, it is equally conclusive, for it operates a surprise and imposition upon the other party.”

*465 The last part of this section : “ If a party innocently misrepresents a material fact it is equally conclusive,” while true in a certain sense is when thus broadly stated calculated to mislead. The authorities cited to sustain it are Pearson v. Morgan, 2 Bro. C. C. 389; Burrowes v. Lock, 10 Yes. 475; DeManville v. Compton, 1 Ves. & B. 355 ; exparte Carr, 3 Ves. & B. 111; Carpenter v. American Insurance Co., 1 Story 57 . In the first of these eases A. was interested in an estate in fee, which was charged with £8,000 in favor of B. B. proposed to borrow money of C. on the faith of this charge in his favor; and C., before he lent the money, enquired of A., if this charge on his land in favor of B. was still subsisting and unsatisfied, and was informed, that it was; and upon the faith of this representation C. lent his money toB. Held: That as A. stated as a fact to C., that this charge was unsatisfied, and thereby C. was induced to lend his money, and it turned out, that the charge was satisfied, it was in law a fraud practiced on C. by A., for which A. was responsible, though he did not intend to defraud C. and was laboring under a mistake, when he made the statement, that this charge on his land was unsatisfied. He knew the true state of facts, which in law amounted to a satisfaction of the charge in favor of B.; but he did not suppose, that in law these facts would be held as a satisfaction of the charge. In his declaration to C. he « did not state these facts known to him; nor did he simply express an opinion, that the charge was unsatisfied; but he stated as a fact, which C. had a right to suppose was within his knowledge, that the charge was unsatisfied. What this case then really decides is, that where one represents as known to him as a fact, what is a matter of opinion only, he is in law guilty of a fraud, though he did not intend to mislead; and this position is sustained by the authorities. See Cabot v. Christie, 42 Vt. 121 ; Fisher v. Mellen, 103 Mass. 503 .

In the case of Burrows v. Locke, 10 Ves. 475, a cestui que trust assigned his claim to a third person, who, before he took it, called on the trustee to know, whether the whole claim £288 was still coming to the cestui que trust. The trustee told him, it was. He made this statement supposing it to be true, as he claims, though he had known, that a part of this claim had been previously assigned by the cestui que trust; but he *466 claimed, that he had forgotten this fact. The master of the rolls said, page 476 : “ At least it was gross negligence to take upon him to aver positively and distinctly, that the cestui que trust was entitled to the whole fund without giving himself the trouble to recollect, whether the fact wras so or not, without thinking upon the subject.” He was accordingly held responsible for the loss the assignee sustained; and it should be noted, that though it was -claimed, that a court of law only should have jurisdiction in such a case, yet the court held, that in such a case a court of equity had concurrent jurisdiction. This was not a case of simple mistake, but a case of culpable negligence by the trustee, and because of this culpable negligence, whereby another suffered, he was properly held responsible.

The case of De Manville v. Compton, 1 Ves. & B. 355, does not bear on the point under discussion. It was simply held, that in that case the alleged misrepresentation “ was vague and inconclusive,” and therefore the party making it was not held responsible.

In the case of ex parte Carr, 3 Ves. & B. 111, it was held, that “if a person is induced to advance his money by the representation of another, that he had no demand on a particular individual, and the person so advancing is thereby misled, a court of equity holds the mouth of the person making such misrepresentation shut.” This, therefore was not a case of mutual innocent mistake.

In the case of Carpenter v. American Insurance Co. 1 Story 62 , an agent made a positive misrepresentation of a most material fact, whereby a policy of insurance was issued to the principal; and it was held, that the policy was thereby avoided, though the principal was ignorant of the misrepresentation. Story, Judge, does say: “It now turns out, that this representation is utterly untrue (whether by design or mistake is not material).” But the misrepresentation is in a letter, and the facts are therein asserted positively, as though they were within the knowledge of the writer, aud of course in such a case, if he were ignorant of them and thus asserted them to be facts, he would or his principal would be responsible, on the principle that he, who represents as known to him personally, what he does not so know but simply believes, is in law guilty of a fraud.

*467 The last case referred to in 1 Story’s Eq. Jurisprudence, § 193a, is Taymon v. Mitchel, 1 Md. Chy. Dec. p. 496. This was a suit in equity to rescind a contract for the sale of negroes alleged to be fraudulent. The vendor represented them to have been appraised in the inventory of the decedent’s estate at $1,200.00, when in fact they were appraised at only $750.00, and they were also represented as sound, when in point of fact they were unsound. The court deemed it unnecessary to consider, whether these false representations, whereby the vendee was induced to purchase, were made with the intent to deceive or defraud, or were made by mistake of the vendor. In either case the vendee was entitled to have the contract rescinded, his application having been made in a reasonable time after the sale.

While the case does not distinctly point out the distinction, it was, as I conceive, based on a broad distinction, which, we will presently see, runs through the decided cases, between the right of a vendee, who has purchased under a mistake, which affects the substance of his contract, to have it rescinded by a court and a right of such vendee either in law or equity to require of the vendor an abatement in the purchase-money because of such deficiency, or his right to recover back a portion of the purchase-money because of such mistake. Though in this particular case he might on the authorities, which we have cited, recover back the difference between the value of sound slaves and of unsound ones, because the misrepresentations of fact if not known to the purchaser were in their very nature such, as he ought to have known, before he' made the positive affirmation of their existence, which he did, and it was not therefore really a case of,mutual mistake, in which both parties were equally innocent, but was a case, which in law amounted to a fraud, a false statement having been made of a matter of fact, which the vendor ought to have known to be true, before he made such statement, and which the vendee had a right to believe and did believe was a fact within the knowledge of the vendor. When this is the case, we have seen, that the vendor is responsible, just as he would be, had he intended to defraud and deceive. He has done that, which, he ought as a reasonable man to know, would affect the purchaser, just as if he, the vendor, had de *468 liberately deceived him; and having thoughtlessly or carelessly made false statements, which, the vendee had a right to believe, were made on his own knowledge, and which did mislead the vendee, is both in law and morals as responsible, as though he had designed to defraud.

But there is a marked distinction between this and like cases, where there is moral impropriety on the part of the vendor, and cases, where the vendor has reason to believe and does believe, what he asserts, and does not make the assertion in such a way, as to induce the belief in the vendee, that he has personal knowledge of what he asserts to be the fact. In such case the vendor is not bound to refund a portion of the price because of his mistake either by an action of deceit at law or in a suit in equity. See Weed v. Case, 55 Barb. 534 ; Wheeler v. Randal, 48 Ill. 182 ; Marsh v. Father, 40 N. Y. 562 ; Hartford Insurance Co. v. Matthews, 102 Mass. 221 ; Marshall v. Gray, 39 How. Pr. (N. Y.) 172. Though in some such cases of mutual mistake both parties, vendor and ven-dee, being equally innocent, a court of equity may under some circumstances at the instance of the injured party rescind the contract.

The distinction between rescinding the contract in such a case and allowing an abatement from the purchase-money or requiring the vendee to pay a further sum, as the case may be, is not drawn with the requisite distinctness in Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, though in some portions of it this distinction is approvingly referred to. Thus in sections 138/¿, 138i and 1387c of the first volume the law is thus stated: “ We wish only to add here, what will occur to the careful student, that this entire subject of equitable relief on the ground of mistake, either in law or facts, is altogether exceptional, and quite out side of anything contemplated in the law of contracts. In the' inception of contracts it must always be assumed, in regard to both these classes of mistakes, that the parties impliedly stipulate, that they will, each for himself, run his own risk. This is confessedly the implied condition of all contracts. And the parties cannot properly ask to be relieved from any merely incidental hardship resulting from being under mistake, either as to the true state of facts or as to the law. But when the mistake is of so fundamental a character. *469 that the minds of the parties have never in fact met; or where ah unconscionable advantage has been taken by mere mistake or misapprehension ; and there was no gross negligence on the part of the plaintiff, either in falling into error, or in not sooner claiming redress; and no intervening rights have accrued ; and the parties may still be placed in statu quo, equity will interfere in its discretion to prevent intolerable evil. This we believe to be the clearly defined and well established rule upon the subject both in Englaud and America.”

The question of reforming deeds and other instruments on the ground of mistake or fraud is carefully examined and judiciously presented by Mr. Justice Kellogg in the Vermont Supreme Court in a recent case, Brown v. Lampliear, 35 Vt. 252 . Here the plaintiff conveyed to the defendant a piece of land, from which the plaintiffs aqueduct supplied his own and other premises with water. The aqueduct Avas of greater value to the plaintift than the price received for the land; and he did not intend to part with the right to use the water in the spring; but by mistake no reservation was made in the deed. The defendant at the time of the purchase had no knowledge of the existence of the spring. It was held, that the plaintiff was entitled either to such a conveyance from the defendant, as would entitle him to use the water of the spring, or else to a reconveyance of the land upon the repayment of the price, and the defendant might elect which form of remedy he preferred the plaintiff should have.

These views seem to me to be entirely sound. Where there is simply a mutual mistake, and neither party has gained any unconscionable advantage of the other, but where nevertheless the mistake is of such a fundamental character, that the minds of the parties have never in fact met, as in the above case put, where the vendor had no idea of depriving himself of the use of the spring, while the vendee intended to purchase the whole land without any reservation being made in favor of the vendor, but did not even know of the existence of the spring. Though of course there was no mistake made in the vendee’s understanding of the contract as reduced to writing, and though he had taken no sort of unfair advantage of the vendor, yet as by a mutual mistake the vendor sold, what the vendee did not even know had an existence, this *470 spring, and thus the minds of the parties had in a most material matter never in fact met, the court furnished the vendor relief. But note the character of the relief furnished. The court did not require the vendee to pay an additional price for this valuable spring, which, it turned out, was included in his purchase, though he did not even know, that it had an existence ; for if the court had done this, it would have been making a new contract for the parties, into which they had never entered, which power the court could not possess. But it did what it had a right to do; it held, that in point of fact the minds of the parties had never come together in making this contract, and therefore it was not a binding contract upon them, and the court would therefore rescind it, unless the defendant would consent to reconvey the use of the spring to the plaintiff. If he gave this consent, then the mind of the defendant would meet with that of the plaintiff, as he understood the contract, and it could then be executed ; but if the defendant was not willing thus to surrender of his own accord this spring, then the plaintiff could have this contract rescinded, as there was really wanting in the making of it, what is an essential to every contract, the mutual consent of both parties.

Upon these principles, as I understand, the courts have often proceeded and in proper cases have rescinded contracts upon the sole ground, that there was a mutual mistake in the very substance of the contract, so that in point of fact there had been no mutual consent to the contract in writing, which the court was asked fo rescind; and for exactly the same reason the courts have refused to specifically execute contracts in cases, where there was a mutual mistake of the parties, for which neither party was at all to blame, when such mistake affected the substance of the contract. But no oases except a recent Virginia decision, which will be commented upon, can be found, where the courts have because of such a mutual mistake (in the absence of fraud) substituted for the written contract of the parties such a contract, as the court might think it probable, they would have entered into, had they not been mutually laboring under a mistake of fact, and having thus made a contract for the parties enforce it by requiring a vendee to pay an additional price, beyond what he had agreed *471 to pay, for what he bought, or by compelling the vendor to abate something from the price he had agreed to take, because the court supposed, he would have been willing to take a smaller price at the time, when he made his contract, had he known the real facts.

It is true, as we shall find, that some judges have thrown out the idea, that a court of equity might so act, when there was a pure mutual mistake; but I know of no instance, except the one, which I have referred to above, in which they have in point of fact so acted; and it seems to me to be clearly beyond the power of any court. It is clearly inconsistent with the principle, which, as we have shown, the courts constantly act upon, that a party is not liable, if he actually believes, what he asserts, and has not so asserted it, as to induce the other party to believe, that the facts, which he has asserted, are within his own personal knowledge, that is, when there has been a mutual mistake, in which both parties are equally innocent; for in such case there is always a mutual mistake. See Ward v. Case , 55 Barb. N. Y. 434; Wheeler v. Randall, 48 Ill. 182 ; Marshall v. Gray, 39 How. Pr. (N. Y.) 172; Marsh v. Falker, 40 N. Y. 562 ; Hartford Ins. Co. v. Matthews, 102 Mass. 221 .

In England there is authority, that this rule is not even subject to the qualification, that the party is liable, if he affirms, that in making the representation he speaks of his own knowledge. Thus in Haycraft v. Creasey, 2 East 92, it was held, that an action would not lie for a false representation, though the party affirmed he spoke of his own knowledge, if the representations were made bona fide with a belief in their truth. But this decision has not, so far as I know, been followed in England; and it has, I think properly, been repudiated in this country. But after a long controversy in the English courts it seems to be now well settled there, that in order to make a vendor responsible in damages for a false affirmation made by him, it is essential not only, that the representation should be false, but it must be made mala fide and not in the bona fide belief that it be true. All these English authorities are elaborately reviewed in Benjamin on Sales, second English edition. See second American edition of 1877 by Perkins from sections 454 to 461 inclusive, from pages 417 to 426. *472 These English cases thus reviewed are Evans v. Collins, 5 Q. B. 820; Ormrod v. Huth, 14 M. & W. 650; Foster v. Charles, 6 Bing. 396; 7 Bing. 105; Polhill v. Walter, 3 B. & Ad. 114; Cornfoot v. Fouke, 6 M. & W. 358; Fuller v. Wilson, 3 Q. B. 58, reversed 3 Q. B. 1009; Moens v. Heyworth, 10 M. & W. 147; Taylor v. Ashton, 11 M. & W. 401; Humphreys v. Pratt, 5 Bligh (N. S.) 154; Bailey v. Walford, 9 Q. B. 197; Childers v. Wooler, 2 El. & El. 287; 29 L. J. Q. B. 129 ; Western Bank of Scotland v. Addie, L. R. 1 Sc. App. 148; Reesse Riv. Silver Min. Co. v. Smith, L. R. 4 Eng. App. 64.

These authorities as well as the American authorities, to which we have referred, as well as numerous other American cases referred to in the foot notes on above pages in Benjamin on Sales, 2 Am. ed. pages 419 to 426, seem to me to establish clearly and satisfactorily, that no vendor can ever be held answerable in damages for an injury, which the vendee has sustained by the fact, that the property, which he has purchased, is not what both parties expected it would be, where such expectation was the result of a mutual mistake made by each party, and where both of the parties are equally innocent, and no blame can be attached to the vendor in any way as misleading the vendee. Whatever we may think of this controversy so vigorously carried, on in England for so many years as to its merits in some respects, we cannot fail to agree, that the proposition above laid down is fully sustained by the English and American cases.

It does not however follow, that because the vendor is not responsible in damages to the vendee for losses, he has sustained as the result of such innocent mutual mistake, he is therefore entirely remediless. Benjamin on Sales, § 420, p. 376, thus states the law on this subject: “ An innocent misrepresentation of fact or law may give rise to a contract and thus involve the question, whether the party deceived by such innocent misrepresentation is entitled on that ground to avoid the contract.” The law as to misrepresentation of fact was thus stated by Blackburn, Judge, delivering the judgment of the court in Kennedy v. The Panama Roy. Mail Co., 2 Q. B. 580-587. He says : “ There is a very important difference between cases, where a contract can be rescinded on account of frauds, and those, in which it may be rescinded, on the *473 ground that there is a difference in substance .between the thing bargained for and that obtained. It is enough to show, that there was a fraudulent representation as to any part of that, which induced the party to enter into the contract, which he seeks to rescind. But where there has been an innocent misrepresentation or misapprehension, it does not authorize a rescission, unless it is such as to show, that there is a complete difference in substance between what was supposed to be and what was taken, so as to constitute a failure of consideration. For example as where a horse is bought, if the purchaser was induced to buy by a fraudulent representation as to the horse’s soundness, the contract may be rescinded. If he was induced by an honest misrepresentation as to its soundness, though it may be clear, that both vendor and purchaser thought, that they were dealing about a sound horse and were in error, yet the purchaser must pay the whole price, unless there was a warranty.” Street v. Bray, 2 B. & Ad. 456. The learned judge then quotes authorities from the civil law to the same effect and concludes this passage by saying : “ And we apprehend the principle of our law is the same as that of the civil law; and the difficulty in every case is to determine, whether the mistake or misapprehension is as to the substance of the whole consideration, going, as it were, to the root of the matter, or only to some point, even though a material point, an error as to which does not affect the substance of the whole consideration, &c.”

In Torrance v. Bolton, 14 L. R. Eng. Eq. 124, it was held, that when a bidder at an auction was misled by the particulars advertised as to the property exposed to sale, and being deat did not hear the conditions read out at the sale, in which the property was stated to be subject to a mortgage, he was not bound by the contract made by mistake under such misleading particulars, which had induced him to believe he was buying the absolute reversion of the freehold and not an equity of redemption.”

Many of the principles which we have stated, were held in common law courts; and they equally prevail in courts of equity. Where there would be a right on the part of the vendee to recover damages in a common law court, if the case be in equity, the court will allow to the vendee att abatement *474 from the purchase-money; and if the vendee in a common law court would have a right to repudiate and treat as a nullity the contract because of innocent mutual mistake, it would be rescinded in a court of equity, though no abatement from the purchase-money would be allowed any more in a court of equity than at law. There are numerous cases, in which courts of equity have set aside contracts for the sale of lands both because of mutual innocent mistakes made by the parties in making the contract of sale and because of fraud practiced by the vendor; and most of these cases were cases of the sale of real property. The principles applied in granting this relief of setting aside the sale because of a mutual innocent mistake, which affected the substance of the contract, are substantially the same as govern in the courts of law in regarding as void a sale of personal property, the only difference being the application of these principles to the sale of a different species of property. The same sort of difficulty occurs in the sale of personal property in determining what is of the substance of the. contract, and what mere innocent mistakes ought to be considered as affecting the substance. What are regarded as such substantial mistakes, as prove, that the minds of the contracting parties never in fact met, and thus justify a court of equity in regarding the contract as null for want of the assent of the parties and for that reason setting it aside, may be ascertained with reasonable certainty by an examination of the decided cases. The following are some of the cases, in which courts of equity have set aside contracts for the sale of real property for such reasons, most of them when the contracts were based on innocent mutual mistakes of the contracting parties touching the substance of the contract, but some of them for fraud on the part of the vendor, which, it will appear as in the case of the sale of personal property, need not affect the very substance of the contract. See Daniel v. Mitchell, 1 Story 172 ; Dogget v. Emerson, 3 Story 700 ; Warren v. Daniels, 1 Wood & M. 90; Mason v. Crosby, 1 Wood & M. 342; Smith v. Babcock, 2 Wood & M. 246; Tuthill v. Babcock, 2 Wood & M. 299; Smith v. Richards, 13 Pet. 26 ; Roosevelt v. Dale, 2 Cowen 134; Champlin v. Laytin, 6 Paige 189; Lewis v. McLemore, 10 Yerg. 206 ; Sherwood v. Salmon, 5 Day 439 ; Spurr v. Benedict, 99 Mass. 463 .

*475 The case of Kyle v. Kavanagh, 103 Mass. 356 , was an action for the price of land in a common law court. Evidence was offered tending to show an innocent mutual mistake as to the location of the land, and the court instructed the jury: “If the defendant was negotiating for one thing, and the plaintiff was selling another thing, if their minds did not agree as to the subject-matter of the sale, they could not be said to have agreed or to have made a contract; and therefore if the plaintiff or defendant were in fact mistaken as to the location of the land, it was a good defence, although there was no fraud or misrepresentation on the part of the plaintiff; such mistake alone, if proved, was a good defence.” Under this instruction the jury found for the defendant and thé Supreme Court of Massachusetts approved the judgment and instruction.

So in a like case in Virginia on the application of the ven-dee a court of equity rescinded a contract because of a mutual and innocent mistake of the parties as to the location of the land sold. See Glassell v. Thomas, 3 Leigh 113 . In this case the whole contract was rescinded for exactly the same reason, for which the Massachusetts court instructed the jury to regard it as a nullity; and the court decided that it could not be rescinded in part, for to do so would be for the court to make a contract for the parties, where they had themselves failed to make one. This Court disclaimed all power to modify the contract because of such mutual mistake. All they could do was 1 o rescind it. And doubtless the Massachusetts court would for a like reason have refused to instruct the jury, that they could abate from the purchase-money due according to the terms of the contract the difference in the value of the land the defendant got and what he supposed he was purchasing. For this would in effect have been compelling the plaintiff to sell land, which he had never agreed to sell, and to take for it a price fixed by the jury.

In Brooks & Morris v. Stolley, 3 McLean, 523 , the same principles were acted upon by a court of equity when the relief sought was in effect the nullifying of a contract for the use of a patent. The court held, that a party claiming under a contract must take it as agreed by the parties or not at all.

So in Glass v. Hulbert, 102 Mass 24, 3 American Reports *476 118. The defendant had made a conveyance of land to the plaintiff not actually including a certain lot of seventeen acres, which, the defendant had represented, and the plaintiff had been led to believe, was included in the deed. But the court held, that the plaintiff did not offer to rescind the whole contract, he was without remedy in equity, which could not require the defendant to convey the seventeen acres of land omitted in the deed. This case, it is true, was based on the ground, that under the statute of frauds the plaintiff could not prove an oral agreement to include this seventeen acres in the sale; but if in point of fact it were not included in the contract by a simple mutual and innocent mistake of the parties, on the principles laid down by the court it could not have ordered its conveyance; for to have done so would have been to make a contract for the parties; but it could put aside the contract, if asked, because of such mutual innocent mistake.

The principles therefore, which govern courts of law in regarding contracts based on an innocent and mutual mistake of the parties in reference to the substance of a contract as null and void, and those which govern courts of equity in rescinding such contracts, whether applied to real or personal property, are essentially the same. To show this more clearly we will refer to what is said in Story’s Equity Jurisprudence as to when courts of equity will rescind a contract on account of mutual and innocent mistakes. See Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, vol, 1 sec. 141. “ The rule as to ignorance or mistake of facts entitling the party to relief has this important qualification, that the fact must be material to the act or contract, that is it must be essential to its character and an 'efficient cause of its concoction (see Chapman v. Coats, 26 Ia. 288 ) for though there may be an accidental ignorance or mistake of a fact, if the act or contract is not materially affected by it, the party claiming relief will be denied it. The distinction may be easily illustrated by a familiar case. A. buys an estate of B., to which the latter is supposed to have an unquestionable title. It turns out on due investigation of the facts, unknown at the time to both parties, that B. has no title (as if there be a nearer heir than B., who was supposed to be dead but is in fact living) in such case equity will relieve the purchaser and rescind the contract. See Bingham v. Bingham, 1 Ves. Sr. 126; *477 Burley v. Jones, 11 Gratt. 468; Calverly v. Williams, 1 Ves. jr. 210, 211. But suppose A. was to sell an estate to B., the location of which was well known, and they mutually believed it to contain twenty acres, when in point of fact it contained only nineteen and three fourths acres, and the difference would not have varied the purchase in the view of either party. In such case the mistake would not be a ground to rescind the contract. Smith v. Evans, 6 Binn. 102 ; Voorhecs v. De Meyer, 2 Barb. 37 ; Mann v. Pearson, 2 Johns. 37 ; O’Kill v. Whitaker, 1 De G. & Sm. 83. On the other hand if the vendor represented the land as situated in one county, when it was in fact in another, this is a sufficient mistake to justify a court in refusing specific performance, though the vendor was innocent of fraud. Best v. Stow, 2 Sandf. Chy. 298. So if the mistake be in the quantity oí land sold as four acres instead of eight, this is sufficient to justify a court in rescinding a contract; it being proved, that the deficiency was material in the object of the purchase. And this would be so, though the land was described as being eight acres more or less those words being confined to a reasonable allowance for small errors of survey and for variations of instruments. Belnap v. Sealy, 2 Duer. 579; Quesnel v. Woodlief, 2 H. & M. 173 Note; Day v. Fynn, Owen 133.”

It is true, in one part of this citation mistake of facts is spoken of as in certain cases entitling the party to relief; but the whole citation shows, that the author clearly by relief meant by rescission of the contract, the only sort of relief spoken of in the citation. So in a number of the cases, which I have referred to, the judges have sometimes spoken of a mutual innocent error entitling the injured party in certain cases to relief in equity. The relief obviously meant was relief by a rescission of the contract, the only relief sought or granted in any of the cases I have cited. That this is the true meaning of this citation from Story Eq. Jur. is rendered still more clear by what is said in section 115. Speaking in that section of a mistake in law and the relief, which a court of equity in such case may grant, after stating the case of Hunt v. Rousmanier, 8 Wheat. 174 , the author says: “It is manifest the whole controversy in this case turned upon the point, whether a court of equity could grant relief, when a *478 securety became ineffectual, because the parties in executing it innocently mistook the law. It was the very security the parties had innocently selected. It would have been most extraordinary and unprecedented for a court of equity under such circumstances to grant relief; for it would be equivalent to decreeing a new agreement not contemplated by the parties instead of executing that actually made by them. If the party, who was to execute the power of attorney (according to the contract in that case) had refused that and offered a mortgage (which is what in this suit the plaintiff sought in lieu of the power of attorney, which by the death of the grantor was revoked) could he have insisted on such substitute ? If a mortgage had been agreed on, could he have compelled the other side to have accepted a letter of attorney ? Certainly not. Equity may compel parties to execute their agreements; but it has no authority to make agreements for them or to substitute one for another. See the able opinion of Mr. Justice Washington in Hunt v. Rousmanirer 1 Pet. 13 to 17.”

These views are expressed with reference to a mistake of law, but they are obviously equally applicable to a mistake of fact. If the parties have either by a mistake of law or of fact entered into an agreement, which they would not have entered into but for their ignorance of the law or fact, as the case may be, it may be and doubtless is true under some circumstances, that the court may properly rescind the contract, as it may be one, to which really the parties never in point of fact assented; but in no such case would the court substitute for such contract another, which in the judgment of the court the parties would probably have made, had they not been ignorant of the law or facts, as the case may be. The reasoning of Justice Washington is unanswerable. A court of equity has no • authority for making agreements for parties; and this it would do, if because of such mutual innocent mistake either of law or fact instead of rescinding the contract it should compel one party to keep the property, if it were a contract of sale, and pay for it more than he had contracted to pay, or should compel the other to part with his property for a less sum, than he agreed to take. If the vendor had been guilty of a fraud, then indeed the court would compel *479 him to receive less than he had agreed to take for his property ; for in so doing it would be making no new contract but would simply be enforcing from the vendor, by way of abatement of his demand, a just compensation due to the vendee for the injury, which he had sustained by the vendor’s wrong. 'But if the vendor has done no wrong he cannot be enforced to sell his property for less, than he chooses or has agreed to sell it for, simply because a mistake, for which he was not to blame, has occurred. The court may, as we have seen, under some circumstances rescind a contract because of such mutual mistake ; but this is the extent of its power.

But though a representation be made with reference to the property sold by the vendor under circumstances, that would not make him responsible because of any fraud, yet he may make himself responsible for what he has thus said or reduced to writing either by an express or implied warranty. If the warranty be express, and the vendee suffer from its breach, he has of course a right to recover the amount of damage, which he has sustained; or if sued for the purchase-money in law or equity, he would have a right to abate from the purchase-money the loss, which he may have sustained by such breach of warranty. And he possesses primarily the same rights, if the warranty be an implied instead of an express warranty. An affirmation made by a vendor of real or personal property may or may not amount to an implied warranty; and it is often very difficult to determine in a particular case, whether an affirmation made by the vendor is or is not an implied warranty.

No special form of words is necessary to create a warranty. A representation made by a vendor either at the time, when the bargain is concluded, or, if it be a verbal sale, during the course of dealings, which led to the bargain, will or will not be held to be a warranty according to the intention of the parties, to be gathered, with an exception presently stated in case of ambiguity, from the written contract, if the terms of sale be reduced to writing, and if not in writing, from the conversation of the parties at the time of or preceding the .contract and during the negotiation and from all the .surrounding circumstances. To make such representation a warranty it is not sufficient, that it appears to have been an inducement to *480 the buyer, but it must appear, that it entered into the contract of sale, when it was concluded, and was intended by the vendor as a warranty and so understood by the vendee. If this does not appear, it will not be held to be a warranty, and the vendor may or may not be responsible for such representation, if it turn out to be false. If there be a warranty either express or implied, the vendor is always responsible on his contract, if the warranty be broken. But if the untrue representation be not an implied warranty, the responsibility therefor of the vendor will depend on a variety of circumstances, as we have seen. As for instance, if the vendor has stated as a fact that, which he knew to be false, or that which he did'not believe to be true, or has slated as within his own personal knowledge that, which was not., though he believed it to be, true, and this statement was made to induce the purchaser to buy at the price, which he agreed to give,'and the buyer was in fact induced by such misrepresentation to make the purchase on the terms he did, the seller would be responsible to him for whatever loss he might thereby sustain, though there was no warranty express or implied; but he would not be responsible, if any of these essential requisites to his responsibility did not exist.

These principles are sustained by the authorities of both England and America, the only controversy about them being, whether the vendor would not be excused from responsibility, if he stated as known to him personally what he verily believed to be the truth ; and it may be regarded as settled, that he could not, beheld responsible, if the statement was not made as of his own knowledge unless it was made recklessly, when he had no knowledge on the subject and no real information. But there is agreat diversity among the decisions, as to what circumstances and language would convert a representation into an implied warranty. These differences are commented on in the case of Mason v. Chappell, 15 Gratt. 572 , and what seems to me to be very correct views so far as they are expressed, are stated by the court. They are thus expressed in the syllabus of the case: “To constitute fraud in a sale it is not sufficient, that there should be false representation by the vendor; but he must know, at the time he makes them, that they are false, or at least he must make them as statements of fact within his *481 own knowledge, when he has no knowledge on the subject. Any affirmation of the quality of the article at the time of the sale intended as an assurance to the purchaser of the truth of the fact affirmed and acted upon by the purchaser is an express warranty. But no affirmation however strong will constitute a warranty unless so intended.” These principles are equally applicable to the sale of real as of personal property and would apply as well to the affirmation by the vendor of real estate as to the number of acres in the tract of land sold as to the affirmation by a vendor as to the quality or quantity of personal property sold. If the contract is in writing, there could be no warranty, unless it was contained expressly or by implication in the writing; and the court must construe it aided, as we will presently see, in some cases of apparent ambiguity by a certain character of parol evidence. See Brown v. Bigelow, 10 Allen 242 , 244; Wason v. Rowe, 16 Vt. 525 . But if the contract is verbal, whether the parties intended an affirmation of facts as a warranty or not, is a question of fact to be determined by the jury. See Duffee v. Mason, 8 Cowen 25; Morrill v. Wallace, 9 N. H. 111.

As illustrating the great difficulty of determining, whethe a representation is or is not an implied warranty, a few cases may be cited. The vendor of a horse, when asked, said, the horse was “ sound to the best of his knowledge,” but presently said : “ I never warrant. I would not even warrant myself.” The court held, that this was a qualified warranty, ‘‘that the horse was sound to the best of his knowledge” and assumpsit would lie, &c. Wood v. Smith, 5 M. & R. 124. So an affirmation by a vendor, that a horse was not lame, and he would not be afraid to warrant, that the horse was sound every way, so far as he knew, was held to amount to a warranty. Cook v. Moseley, 13 Wend. 277 . So a statement, that flour sold in barrels was extra superfine and worth a shilling a barrel more than common coupled with an assurance to the purchaser, that he could rely on such statement, was held to be a warranty of the quality of the flour. See Carley v. Wilkins, 6 Barb. 557 . But in Richardson v. Brown 1 Bing. 344, in a sale of a “ horse five years old, has constantly driven in the plough, warranted,” the warranty was held to refer to soundness only. So where the sale was worded; « Received 4100 *482 for a bay gelding got by Cheshire Cheese, warranted sound.” It was held, that there was no warranty, that the horse was of the breed named. Dickinson v. Grepp, quoted at page 50 in Budd v. Fairmaner, 8 Bing. 48. A bill of sale of a horse, in which it was stated, that he was “ considered sound ” is not a warranty. Mason v. Rowe, 16 Vt. 525 . These cases will suffice to show the uncertainty, which exists in determining, whether particular words do or do not amount to a warranty. So great is this uncertainty, that probably it would have been wise, had the courts held, that to make a warranty language should be used, whereby the vendor expressly warranted. But implied warranties have been upheld by the courts for so long a time, that it would be unwise and indeed impossible to hold, that they could not exist. No more definite rule can be laid down to determine when they exist, than that laid down in Mason v. Chappell, 15 Gratt. 572 .

We have thus far been disseussing principles of law applicable in courts of law and equity generally whether written or verbal. But there are certain other principles applicable only to written contracts, and most generally applied in courts of equity, which we must briefly consider, before we discuss further the points directly involved in this cause. The question of reforming deeds and other written contracts on the ground of mistake or fraud is governed by a number of well recognized rules, which control a court of equity in the exercise of such jurisdiction. In the first place a written contract can neither be set aside nor reformed by the proof of oral declaration of parties, unless there be a distinct allegation in the pleadings of fraud or mistake. If there be no fraud or bad faith in the case but simply a mutual and innocent mistake of the parties, for which neither of the parties is at all to blame, and there is nothing in the transaction to affect the conscience of either party, but all that appears is, that there "was a mutual mistake of such a fundamental character, as proves, that the minds of the parties have never in fact met, the only relief, which the court can afford, is to set aside the contract in toto as originally void, the mutual consent of the parties to such contract never having been given ; and even this cannot be done in many cases, where it has become impossible to put the parties statu quo; but without the consent of *483 parties this contract really void cannot be reinstated in another form under the pretence of reforming it and making it correspond with such a contract, as it is supposed, the parties would have entered into, had they, when' the contract was made, been correctly informed of the facts, on which the contract was based. The authorities, we have cited, show what, it seems to me, would have been obvious, even had there' been no decisions on the subject, that while a court of equity may ascertain the real agreement of parties and compel them to perform it, as it was really entered into, when by fraud or mistake it has not been eorectly reduced to writing, yet clearly a court of equity can have no authority to make agreement for parties or to substitute one agreement for another, because the court may think, that the proposed substituted agreement is a fair and reasonable one and. such a one, as the parties would probably have agreed to, had they been .correctly informed of the facts.

When an agreement in writing is expressed, precisely as the parties intended, that it should be expressed, it cannot be varied or altered by the court on parol proof, that the parties were laboring under a mistake as to the legal consequences of such an agreement. But where the agreement as reduced to writing does not express the real contract of the parties because of a want of skill in the draftsman or for any other reason, it may be reformed by a court of equity. Lackings v. Riddle, 21 Ala. 252; Suss v. Morris, 13 P. F. Smith (Pa.) 367. When the language of a written agreement is susceptible of more than one interpretation, that is to say, is on its face ambiguous, it has been held, that the courts will look at the surrounding circumstances existing, when the contract was made, at the situation of the parties and the subject-matter of the contract, and will sometimes even call in aid the acts done by the parties under it as affording a clue to the intention of the parties; but the court never resorts in such a case to the verbal declaration of the parties either before, at the time or after the execution of the contract to aid it in giving a construction to its language. See Hurst v. Hurst, 7 W. Va. 299 ; French v. Carhart, 1 Com. N. Y. 109 ; Keyton v. Brawford, 5 Leigh 39 ; Bierne v. Erskine, 2 Leigh 59 ; Tucker v. Cocke, 2 Rand. 51 ; Wilson v. Troup, 2 Cowen 195-228; Fowle *484 v. Bigelow, 70 Mass. 384 -392; Parkhurst v. Smith, Willis’s R. 332; Bradley v. The Washington, Alexandria & Georgetown S. P. Co., 13 Peters 89 ; Summers adm’r v. Williams, 8 Mass. 214 ; Whallon v. Kauffman, 19 Johns. 104 ; Gibsons. Tyson, 5 Watts 34 ; Crawford v Garville, 2 Leigh 630 -637 Livingstone v. Ten Broeck, 16 Johns. 22 ; Attorney General v. Parker, 3 Atk. 576; Attorney General v. Foster, 10 Ves. Jr. 338; Weld v. Hornby, 7 East 199; Rex v. Osbourne, 4 East 327.

Slaving reviewed the general principles, which, it seems to me, should operate and control the court in determining, whether in a particular case it can grant relief to the parties, where there has been a sale oí an entire tract of land for a specified sum, and the written contract specifies the number of acres in the tract, but it afterwards turns out, that there is in the tract a larger or smaller number of acres than the number specified in the contract, I propose now to review the cases, which have been decided directly involving this question and ascertain, whether these general principles have been followed, or whether they have been modified, or new and different principles have been applied to this class of cases. As the cases have been numerous, this is a great labor I have imposed on myself; but I cannot in justice to the subject omit to perform it, because the opinions of many of our judges pronounced in this class of cases have been often far from clear, and in modern times especially in Virginia since the formation of this State there has been an obvious tendency to abandon almost all of the fundamental principles,' which I have laid down, when they are to be applied to this class of cases. This tendency is in my judgment much to be deprecated, and if not checked, it is well calculated to do mischief in this State and to throw our law on this subject into the uncertainty and confusion, which prevail in Virginia; and this onerous duty I cannot escape, because upon a correct settlement of the principles, which should govern in such cases, must depend the question, whether the case before us should be affirmed or reversed.

The older decisions in Virginia are nearly all of them, perhaps all of them, correctly decided ; and while the principles, on which they were decided, were often not stated with *485 certainty or precision, yet a careful examination of them will show, that they were really based on the fundamental principles, which I have announced. Occasionally some one judge in delivering his opinion has announced views, which are not in accordance with these fundamental principles; but it will be found, that the cases, in which such false views were stated, were really decided not on these false views but in strict accordance with these principles, which I have announced, and which have a universal application.

The oldest case of this character was the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief reported in a note in 2 H. & M. 173 and after-wards in 6 Call 218 . It was decided November 19, 1795, during the period of the Washington Reports but was for some reason omitted in his collection. It seems to have in no manner tended to settle the law .on this subject; but the principles, on which it was decided, at once became the subject of dispute and controversy, and when Henning and Mun-ford were the reporters of the court in 1808, with the praiseworthy object of putting an end to this dispute, in a note to Nelson v. Mathews et al., 2 H. & M. 173, they reported the facts of the case and the decree rendered by the court in it. They preface this report by the statement, that this case “ has been so often inaccurately quoted out of court and even in court and has been cited under such different appellations, that it is believed a correct statement of the case from the record will be acceptable to the profession.” They then report the case as follows:

“ QuesNel v. Woodlief, RuffiN & Harrison,

“ November 19,1796.

“ [Order-Book No. 3 p. 152 MS.J

“ Woodlief, one of the appellees, advertised for sale the tract of land, whereon he resided, called Sion Hill and described it as containing about eight hundred acres. Quesnel became the purchaser at private sale and agreed to give the price of four pounds per acre estimating the tract at eight hundred acres, which amounted to the sum of £3,200, for which he executed his bonds payable at several different periods. The parties had been for some time in treaty for the land, Woodlief representing it as held by old title-papers, and reputed, by himself, as well as former proprietors, to contain at least *486 eight hundred acres, and Quesnel believing that it would hold out that quantity. The land was not re-surveyed by Wood-lief, either before he advertised it or sold it to Quesnel. After the sale Woodlief still expressed his belief, that the tract contained eight hundred acres and Quesnel accepted a deed for that quantity ‘more or less.’ But in fact upon an actual survey, it was found to contain only six hundred and eight acres one rood aud eighteen poles. Before any survey was made Quesnel gave a deed of trust upon the same land as containing eight hundred acres (without any qualification) to Harrison as trustee for the purpose of securing the balance of the purchase-money, part to Woodlief and part to Ruffin, to whom some of the bonds of Quesnel had been assigned. A bill was exhibited by Quesnel in the High Court of Chancery for an injunction to judgments obtained on some of the said bonds on the ground of the deficiency in the quantity of the land. The Chancellor on a final hearing dismissed the bill; and Quesnel appealed to the Supreme Court of Appeals, where the following decree was pronounced :

“That the appellee Woodlief not having surveyed the tract of land in the bill mentioned called Sion Hill before he advertized the same for sale, or sold it to the appellant, but that supposing there had been an old survey, which he has not produced or referred to, and which does not appear in the proceedings in this cause, under which the land had been long held, as he suggested by the former proprietors of the said land, and estimated by them aud him as containing eight hundred acres, he advertised it as containing about that quantity, and the appellant was thereby induced to purchase it, expecting it would contain that full quantity, and the appellee, Woodlief, having afterward asserted his belief thereof, occasioned the appellant to accept of a deed for the same as containing eight hundred acres, more or less; and it appearing from the survey made by Robt. Turnbull, and returned to the High Court of Chancery, pursuant to an order of the said court in this cause made for ascertaining the- exact quantity of land in the said tract called Sion Hill, that the same contains only six hundred and eight acres one rood and thirteen perches, so that both parties were mistaken in the quantity and number of acres contracted for, the said mistake ought to be rectified in a court of equity, and *487 the appellant allowed a deduction from the price agreed by him to be given for the said land for the deficiency in quantity, that deficiency being too great for the purchaser to lose under an agreement for a reputed quantity, notwithstanding the words ‘ more or less’ inserted in the deed which should be restricted to a reasonable or usual allowance for small errors in surveys, and for variations in instruments. The value of the deficiency, when ascertained under the direction and to the satisfaction of the said High Court of Chancery, to be deducted from his bonds for the purchase-money in the hands of the appellees Woodlief and Ruffin or either of them, if sufficient to satisfy the same, and if more than sufficient, the injunction to be dissolved for the residue, but if not sufficient the appellee Woodlief to be decreed to refund it with interest, &c. Decree of the High Court of Chancery reversed and cause remanded to the said court for a final decree according to the principles of this decree.”

In 1833 this case was reported at length in 6 Call 218 . The facts are slated at great length; but so far as they were stated in the report in 2 H. & M. 173, they appear to have been correctly stated, except perhaps the reporter might not have been justified by the evidence in saying: “ That Quesnel became the purchaser at £4 per acre estimating the tract at eight hundred acres, which amounted to the sum of £3,200, though there is considerable evidence to sustain this statement, and ample evidence to show, that the price he agreed to give was £3,200, and that the tract was estimated in fixing this price at eight hundred acres. The only additional proof, which is very material, not included in the decree or in this statement of the facts was, that Quesnel was a foreigner and very little acquainted with the English language. Lyons, Judge, delivered the opinion of the court, composed then of Peter Lyons, Paul Cavington, William Fleming and Spencer Roane. Judge Lyons says:

“ The bill charges, that fraud was practiced upon the plaintiff in the sale of a tract of land called Sion Hill, which, it asserts, the defendant iraudulently misrepresented as. containing eight hundred acres, although he knew, that to be more than was actually comprehended in the tract at the time, as several parcels of land had been previously conveyed to *488 other persons without that fact being disclosed to Quesnel, who purchased under the belief that there were actually eight, hundred acres; but upon a survey since there appeared to be much less. The fraud and misrepresentations are denied in the answer, and the evidence does not support the allegations of the bill in respect thereto but proves clearly, that the parcels conveyed were not part of the original ‘Sion Hill’ tract, which was the estate Woodlief contracted to sell, and which there is every reason to believe, he actually thought contained at least eight hundred acres; for the land had been the family-seat for ages, and Woodlief supposing it to be held under an old survey, which he aiid his predecessors had always estimated to comprehend eight hundred acres, advertised as containing about that quantity; and Quesnel relying upon these circumstances purchased it under a belief, that there was that nfomber of acres in the tract. Both parties appear to have acted innocently; and there is consequently no cause for relief upon the ground either of fraud or misrepresentation ; but as both vendor and vendee proceeded under a mistake each believing the tract certainly contained eight hundred acres and perhaps more, that constitutes a proper ground for relief in equity, which adjusts and equalizes contracts according to the exigencies of the case. The mistake, therefore ought to be rectified, and a deduction made from the purchase proportionate to the deficiency of the land.”

The following points were clearly decided in this case:

1. A contract to convey or a deed conveying a specified tract of land for a fixed price, even where that price is a multiple of the number of acres, which the contract or deed states as the number of acres more or less in the tract, is a contract in gross to sell the entire tract at the specified price and not a contract to sell by the acre. This is obvious; for had this contract been regarded as a contract by the acre, the vendee as a matter of course would have been bound to pay only for the number of acres he actually got; and the court would at once have thus disposed of the case, had they regarded this as a contract for a sale by the acre.

2. The statement in the contractor deed, that the land contains a number of acres “more or less,” means, that it contains about that number of acres, allowance being made for *489 the reasonable and usual errors of surveys produced by the ordinary and usual errors in taking the courses and measuring the length of lines in making surveys.

3. The assertion in a written contract or deed, that a tract of land sold contains a specified number of acres more or less, does not amount to an implied warranty by the vendor, that there is about that number of acres in the tract. This was obviously the view of the court; for if these words had been construed as such a warranty, the court -would have based its decision on so obvious a point, which would have saved all necessity of enquiring into the circumstances of the case, as under any circumstances, if there had been such an implied warranty, the vendor would have been bound to make an abatement of the purchase-money proportioned to the deficiency.

So far there can be no controversy about what was included in this decision; and these views were for many years fully sustained and upheld, as we shall see by the Virginia decisions ; but in modern times and especially since the separation of this State the Virginia decisions may be regarded as having in that State thrown serious doubt on the first and third of these propositions, though they are still firmly upheld in West Virginia. What other propositions were decided by this ease, has, ever since it was rendered, been a subject of dispute. Some insist that this case as its last proposition decided :

4. That when in such a deed or contract the tract is stated to contain either more or less than the actual quantity of land, and this misstatement of the quantity was the result of an innocent mistake made by the parties, for which the vendor is in no manner more responsible than the vendee, the court because of such mutual innocent mistake would require the vendor to make an abatement, if there was a deficiency in the quantity of the land, or would require the vendee to pay an additional sum for any surplus in the quantity of the land.

But instead of this proposition others insist, that the court in this ease only decided :

4. That where a vendor in his deed states, that the tract of land, which he has sold at a certain price, contains a specified number of acres more or less, this is an affirmation by the ven *490 dor as within his own knowledge, and if the vendee relying on this assertion is in point of fact induced to purchase the land at a certain price, and it turns out, that there is a less quantity of land in the tract, this would be a legal fraud on the vendee, though the vendor really believed, that there was this number of acres in the tract. Such an affirmation ought not to be made by him, unless he knows it to be true ; and the vendee being in the view of a court of equity injured and deceived by such false representation is entitled to an abatement from his purchase of an amount in proportion to the deficiency in the land.

Those, who take this view, regard this case to have been decided, as it was, because the vendor made this assertion, and as he resided upon the farm and had done so for years, the vendee, who was a foreigner unacquainted with our language, would most naturally, as he had a right to do, rely upon the truth of the statement of the vendor as to the quantity of the land, and being thereby deceived he was entitled to an abatement of the purchase-money, even though the vendor by liisin-advertance or carelessness thought, that there was the quantity he stated in the land. That this was the true basis of this decision, these persons say, appears from the recitals in the decree as well as from the opinion of Judge Lyons. We will presently see, what the judges, who decided this case, say, that they based their decision upon; but before so doing we propose to consider, which of these conflicting bases for this decision would according to the decisions elsewhere than in Virginia be regarded as a basis, on which it could rest as a sound legal principle.

From the principles, we have laid down, the conclusion is inevitable, that if the only ground for this decision is, that both the vendor and vendee, when this contract for the sale and purchase of this land was made, were laboring under an innocent mistake as to the number of acres in the tract, and neither of them was more responsible for such mistake than the other, then this decision would be erroneous. For a court of equity, while perhaps it might have rescinded the deed and contract of sale because of such mutual mistake, could not either allow an abatement of the purchase-money for a deficiency or require the payment of an additional price because *491 of any surplus. In either case the court would in so doing be substituting for the contract made by the parties one, which the court thought equal and just, and which it assumes they would have made, if they had really known the number of acres in the tract, an assumption, which in very many cases would probably be unfounded. But if the decision was based on the ground, that the vendor asserted in his deed as a fact within his knowledge, that there was in the tract about the specified number of acres, and the vendee was actually thereby induced to give the price asked, then it is sustained by the principle we have laid down. For, as we have seen, where one represents as personally known to him what is not true, though he may believe it, yet he is guilty of legal fraud and would be responsible for any injury resulting from this false representation. This proposition is laid down in Cabot v. Christie, 42 Vt. 121 :

“If the vendor of land, in order to induce a sale, represents, that he has personal knowledge as to the quantity of land, being at the same time aware, that hehad not such knowledge, his representation would be fraudulent, though he did not state the quantity of land to be larger than he believed. It was an imposition and fraud for him to pass off his belief as knowledge. And so too, if the incorrect representation was absolute and intended to be understood and was actually understood as a statement upon knowledge, it is fraudulent, if the party, who made it, was aware, that his statement was in fact merely an opinion or belief.”

This was an action at law brought to recover on a fraudulent misrepresentation of the number of acres in a tract of land, whereby fhe plaintiff was induced to give a certain price for it; and the court held as above stated. ' The court say on page 126:

“ A representation of a fact as of the party's own knowledge is, if it prove false, unless explained, inferred to be wilfully false and made with intent to deceive at least as to the knowledge, which is professed. A sufficient explanation however sometimes arises from the nature of the subject itself or from the situation of parties being such, that the statement of knowledge would only be understood as an expression of strong belief or opinion. But the quantity of land in a farm is a matter, *492 upon which accurate or approximately accurate knowledge is not at all impossible or unusual. If the defendant had only a belief or opinion as to the quantity of land, it was an imposition upon the plaintiff to pass such belief as knowledge. So too, if he made an absolute representation as to the quantity, which was understood or intended to be understood to be a statement upon knowledge, it is precisely the same as if he had distinctly said and in terms professed to have knowledge as to the fact. It is often said a representation is not fraudulent, if the party, who makes it, believes it to be true. Bula party who is aware, that he has only an opinion, how a fact is, and represents that opinion as knowledge, does not believe his representation to be true. As is well said in a note to a report of the case of Taylor v. Ashton, 11 M. & W. 418 (Phil. ed.), the belief of a party to be an excuse for a false representation “must be a belief in the representation as made. The scien-ter will therefore be sufficiently established by showing, that the assertion was made as of the defendant’s own knowledge, and not as a mere matter of opinion with regard to facts, of which he was aware he had no knowledge.”

The same principle of law has been repeatedly recognized. Hammett v. Emmerson, 27 Maine 308 -326; Bennett v. Judson, 21 N. Y. 238 ; Stone v. Denny, 4 Metc. 151 ; Howard v. Erwin, 18 Pick. 95 .

So in the case of Hammatt v. Emmerson, 27 Maine 308 , which was a common law suit on a note for the purchase-money of land the defence was a partial failure of consideration arising from a representation by the vendor of the timber on the land, which turned out to be untrue. On page 326 the court say : “ When one has made a representation positively professing to speak of his own knowledge without having any knowledge on the subject, the intentional falsehood is disclosed and the intention to deceive is also inferred.” As I understand the language of the court, the belief of the vendor in the truth of what he said would not in such a case render his representation. of "having personal knowledge, when he had not, less false.

In the case of Fisher v. Mellen , 103 Mass 506, the suit was an action at law for a deceit in the sale of an interest in land, the declaration declaring, that the defendant made certain *493 specified representations as to the land, whereby the plaintiff was induced to purchase his interest at $1,000.00; that the representations were false, and the interest in the land bought was of no value. The court say on page 500 : “ The ground, upon which the plaintiff sought to recover was, that the representations of the defendant with regard to the lands were false in fact and made as of his own knowledge. * * * * Evidence of information from others, upon the strength of whioh he made these representations, even if they were such as led him to believe in the truth of the facts, which he stated, would not be a defence against such charges as the plaintiff relied on. If to induce the plaintiff to make the purchase, the defendant stated as of his own knowledge material facts susceptible of knowledge, which were false, and the plaintiff relying upon his statements so made was thereby induced to purchase, the defendant is liable notwithstanding proof, that he himself was misinformed as to the facts; see Hazard v. Erwin, 18 Pick. 95 ; Page v. Bent, 2 Mete. 371. Such evidence would not disprove the fraud, which consists of representing the statements to be true of his own knowledge.”

These authorities establish, that on the facts stated in the opinion and decree of the court in Quesnel v. Woodlief, 6 Call 218 and 2 H. & M. 173 note, Quesnel could have maintained an action of deceit against Woodlief ; for Wood-lief advertised the land as containing about eight hundred acres and conveyed it as containing eight hundred acres more or less, which meant the same thing as the advertisement. He was living on the land, and these statements must be regarded precisely, as if he had said, that he knew the land contained about eight hundred acres of his own knowledge. Quesnel must have so understood these statements; and as Woodlief really had no such knowledge, as he asserted he had, and this assertion induced Quesnel to purchase at the price, which he agreed to give, Woodlief could have been sued for his false representation ; and any proof, that he had been misinformed as to the number of acres in the tract and believed, that there were eight hundred acres, would have been no defence, as his affirmation in effect, that he had personal knowledge of the fact, that there were about eight hundred acres of land in the tract, would have still remained *494 false, and he must necessarily have known it to be false. If he had said in his advertisement, that he had information, that there were eight hundred acres in the tract but had no personal knowledge of the quantity, it is almost certain, that Quesnel would have had it surveyed, before he purchased; but his allegation made positively about a matter, which he might well be supposed to know personally, deceived Ques-nel and induced him to purchase. Having then a right to sue Woodlief for this false representation, Quesnel had for this reason a clear right to abate the amount of his damages from the purchase-money due from him; and this was the decree of the court. But if there had been no other ground for the rendition of this decree other than, that each of the parties had fallen into an innocent and mutual mistake, for which one was no more responsible than the other, as some have supposed, then there is no sound principle, on which such a decision could be rendered. But in determining what is to be regarded as fraud, it should be always borne in mind, that it is not based on a criminal intent to deceive and defraud. If he suppresses the truth or suggests what is false, he is legally guilty of fraud, though he may not have intended to deceive and may have believed, that he did not. This view is well expressed by Lord Bomilly in Peek v. Garney, 13 Law Reports, Equity Cases 1871, p. 113. He says :

“A more dangerous doctrine could scarcely be laid down, than that, unless a fraud is of so deep a dye of moral turpitude, that it amounts to a crime and is punishable in a court of criminal jurisprudence, the court of equity has no power to entertain the consideration of it, or to compel the author of it to rectify the calamities he has thereby produced. The distinction between the cases of equitable and criminal jurisdiction in matters of fraud is laid down in many cases, but I think, is well put in Burnes v. Pennel, 2 H. L. C. 497. It is the suppressio veri or suggestio falsi, which is the foundation of the reilef in equity; and this exists, whether it were fraudulently or mistakenly done. It is the superadded guilty intention, which gives the the criminal jurisdiction. A man may not have intended to deceive and may believe, that he did not, when he was really suppressing the truth or suggesting what was false. If so. he is not liable to an indictment in a *495 criminal court, but he is equally responsible in equity, as if he had, while committing these acts, done so with a view to injure others or benefit himself.”

In the case of Wilcox v. The Iowa Wesleyan University, 32 Ia. 374 , this view was not confined to the case, where the vendor represented, what was not in point of fact true, as within his own knowledge, though he believed it to be true; but it was extended to the case, where the vendor told the vendee, that he had never seen the property, but when the court said, that he did, what was substantially the same thing, “by stating what the donors said in relation to the situation or value of the lands, and that he knew one of the donors, who he represented to be a smart business man, and a leading member of the church, whose statements could be relied upon.”

The decisions are numerous, in which the courts have held, where the vendor was guilty of fraud or misrepresentation in its legal sense as above explained, and there is a deficiency in the number of acres, that an abatement will be made from the purchase-money, but no abatement will be made, where the sale is in gross, and there is a deficiency in the number of acres named, when such deficiency was the result of mutual innocent mistake, and the vendor was not guilty of fraud in its legal sense, or the purchaser was not induced to purchase by the statement of the quantity of land made by the vendor. See Morris Canal Co. v. Emmett, 9 Paige 170 , in which the Chancellor says: “ The cases, in which equitable relief has been granted, are generally those, in which the sale of the land has been made by the acre or foot, or where there has been fraud or wilful misrepresentation on the part of the vendor to induce the purchaser to suppose, that the quantity of land was greater, than it actually was. In the case under consideration however there is no allegation or proof, that the premises were sold by the foot, or that the price to be paid had any reference to the actual depth of the lots, or that the purchaser was deceived by any misrepresentation as to the number of feet the lots extended back from Water street. Both parties were actually ignorant of the actual depth of the lots conveyed.” In this case there was obviously a mutual mistake as to the quantity of land in the lots sold ; but the vendor being guilty of no fraud, the court refused to *496 make any abatement in the price, the sale being in gross.

So in Stebbins v. Eddy, 4 Mason 414 , the court decided, that the sale of the land being in gross, it would allow no abatement for a deficiency, as the vendor was not guilty of any fraudulent misrepresentation. Yet it is obvious, there was an innocent mutual mistake in that case in the quantity of the land conveyed.

In Marvin v. Bennett, 8 Paige 312 , where the sale of the land was in gross, it was held, that iu the absence of fraud or intentional misrepresentation by the vendor as to the quantity, though there was a mutual innocent mistake by both parties, no relief would be granted fora deficiency in the quantity named in the contract. The deficiency in that case wasnearly one third. The same was held in Noble et als. v. Googins, 99 Mass. 231 ; and the distinction was drawn between seeking a rescission of the contract in such case. This distinction is rendered striking, when it appears, as it does, that where there is a mutual mistake in the quantity of the land affecting the substance of the contract, courts of equity have constantly on application rescinded the contract. This is shown by the numerous cases, which we have cited; and it is freely done in States, where they have refused to make an abatement of the purchase-money because of such mutual mistake, as in New York. See Belknap v. Sealy, 2 Duer 571 .

So in Ketchum v. Stout, 20 Ohio 453 , it was held, that where there was a sale of a tract of land in gross, there would be no abatement allowed because of mutual mistake in the quantity, where there is no misrepresentation or fraud in the vendor.

In the case of O’Connell v. Duke, 29 Tex. 299 , the vendor brought a suit to rescind a contract, which he had made for the sale of a tract of land in gross, because the quantity of land named in the contract, which by a mutual and innocent mistake was supposed to be the correct quantity, was in point of fact nearly thirty-three and one third per cent, less than the real quantity. The court did not on this state of facts, as asked, rescind the contract but instead ordered to belaid off to the defendant, the vendee, a quantity of land equivalent to the number of acres named in the contract, quantity, quality and value of the land being considered. On the principles we have *497 stated the court in such a case could properly have rescinded the contract in tolo; but on no recognized principle could it without the consent of the vendee have entered such a decree, as was entered, and the consent of the vendee does not appear on the face of the report. Such a partial rescission or modification of the contract violated the principles laid down in Leigh, that in such a case the contract could only be rescinded in tato. The principles laid down in this Texas case, it seems to me, are unsound. They were taken from decisions rendered in Kentucky and especially in Harrison v. Talbott, 2 Dana 258 , which was a case brought by a vendee for a specific execution of a contract for the sale of a tract of land in gross described by boundaries and stated to contain four hundred acres for $6,000.00. It turned out, that there were four hundred and ninety acres in the tract. The quantity received being so named as four hundred acres by mistake. The couri refused to specifically enforce the contract, unless the plaintiff would elect to receive a conveyance for four hundred acres, he electing on which side of the tract he would have it laid off. The court very properly refused to specifically enforce this contract; but it violated all correct principle, when it undertook without the consent of the vendor on the consent of the vendee only to enforce a contract for a different boundary of land, than that agreed upon by the parties. If that could not be enforced as agi-eed upon, all that the court could do was to rescind the contract in toto, unless both parties agreed to its modification. The consent of one to this new contract did not make it binding on the other; and though the court may have thought it just for the vendor to convey four hundred acres, yet it could not make a contract for him ; and he had only agreed to convey the entire tract.

These are the only cases, which I have been able to find, in which the principle seems to be recognized, that in case of a mutual mistake in the quantity of a tract of land sold the court can furnish any other relief than an entire rescission of the contract. And even these do not indicate, that in such case the court would, if there had been a deficiency, have allowed an abatement from the purchase-money agreed upon. This would have been even a greater change of the contract made by the parties, than that countenanced by these Kentucky and *498 Texas case; but it does appear to me on the authorities as well as on reason, that the court cannot in case of mutual innocent mistake modify in any manner the contract of the parties and then enforce it.

There, are some cases, which perhaps on a cursory examination might look-like a decision by the court in favor of making such abatement, when there was no fraud but a simple mutual mistake and some obiter dicta of this character. Conse v. Boyles et al., 3 Green. (4 N. J. Eq.) 217, is one of them. But an examination of the facts stated by the Chancellor on page 215 shows, I think, satisfactorily, that the vendor was clearly guilty in that case of actual fraud : but even if we disregard this evidence of intentional fraud by the vendor, the decree in this case would have been right in allowing the abatement on account of the large deficiency, though the sale was a sale in gross, because there was legal fraud in the case, as we have defined it. The agreement was for $5,500.00, to convey to the vendee a farm, on which the vendor resided, said to contain one hundred and thirty-five acres more or less. And the deed conveyed the land by boundaries containing one hundred and thirty-five acres more or less. It actually contained only about one hundred and five acres. The Chancellor on page 217 says: “ Under this agreement and deed I deem the defendant equitably entitled toan abatement for the deficiency in the number of acres upon the supposition, that it was a mistake only and without knowledge to the contrary by either party at the time of the contract. It can not be supposed, that it was believed by either party, that the deficiency as shown by either surveyor was so large, or it "would have affected the terms of the contract. The defendant by his answer declares he never would have paid the price he did, had he knowu the true quantity of the land. The variance is too large to be passed by; taking a medium quantity between the two estimates and it will leave a deficiency of nearly thirty acres on the purchase of one hundred and thirty-five acres. The fact, that Mr. Boyles, the vendee, lived a neighbor and saw the land daily, can have no bearing on the question, nor can the doctrine caveat emptor have auy application. A purchaser relies and has a right to rely upon the vendor for the number of acres, and may and usually does place implicit confidence in his statements.”

*499 It is true, this is said upon the “supposition, that it was a mis-stake only ; ” but by this is obviously meant on the supposition, that the vendor in his contract and deed did not intentionally misstate the quantity. So understanding the Chancellor, his views above expressed are in strict accordance with our views. For though the vendor in that case did not intentionally misstate the quantity in the deed, yet as he owned the land and resided on it, the vendee, as the Chancellor said, had a right to rely upon him for the number of acres. The statement therefore, that there were in the tract about one hundred and thirty-five acres, must be regarded, as doubtless it was understood by the purchaser, that the vendor personally knew, that there was this number of acres in the tract; and therefore though he believed, that there was this number of acres, it would not have saved him from responsibility for his allegation, that within his own knowledge there was this quantity of land. The deed must be interpreted, as though he made this allegation expressly on his own knowledge. In this case the evidence shows, that a surveyor, who had ■ surveyed this land, reported to the vendor, that it contained much less than one hundred and thirty-five acres. The vendor, it is true, told the surveyor, that he must be mistaken, still he told him, the surveyor, to say nothing about it. Certainly after this warning it was a fraud to insert in the deed and allege, that the land cantained about one hundred and thirty-five acres.

In Kent et al. v. Carcand, 17 Md. 292 , it was decided, that the exhibition by the vendor of a plat at the time of sale is equivalent to the averment of the number of acres; and if the number of acres stated on the plat is larger than the number of acres in the tract, though it was sold in gross, and though this representation was made innocently, yet the ven-dee would be entitled to an abatement. This case like the New Jersey case may be properly based on the ground, that such an exhibition of a plat, by which the land was sold, is the equivalent of an affirmation by the vendor, that the number of acres specified in the plat is within his knowledge the number of acres in the tract; and his belief, that this was so, would not relieve him from responsibility for a deficiency, because in law the exhibition of the plat was a fraud, unless *500 it was accompanied by a statement, that the vendor did not know, whether it represented the correct quantity of the land or not. Without such statement it was the equivalent’ of a declaration, that the vendor knew this to be a true plat of the land.

It seems to me, that an exhibition of a plat ought to be regarded as a positive declaration by the vendor, that within his knowledge this plat is correct. But it has not always been so held. In Weart v. Ross, 16 N. J. Eq. (1 C. E. Green) 298, an exhibition of a plat by a vendor was not so regarded but was regarded as a simple declaration, that he believed this plat to represent the true quantity of the land; and if he did so believe it, he was not responsible for a deficiency of about five per cent., the contract describing the land as containing so many acres more or less.

So too in Marbury v. Stonestreet, 1 Md. 147 , it was decided, that when land is sold in gross upon a statement by the vendor, that it contains so many acres, specifying them, and there is a deficiency, the vendee is entitled to an abatement, though the vendor believed, that there was in the tract the number of acres named. This decision seems to me to be correct, not because a court of equity will allow an abatement because of a mutual mistake of the quantity, but because such statement is the equivalent of a declaration by the purchaser, that there is that number of acres in the tract of his own knowledge, and the vendee is imposed upon, if such be not the case. But if the declaration made by the vendor be, that there was in the tract so many acres more or less, or that there was estimated to be so many acres in the tract, then the vendee would not be entitled to any abatement, if the vendor believed, that his statement was correct, that is, in the absence of fraud or misrepresentation. See Jones v. Plater, 2 Gill 125 ; Stull v. Hurtt et al., 9 Gill 446 ; Hall et al. v. Mayhew, 15 Md. 568 .

But it should be borne in mind, that by the Maryland decisions and by those in some other States the words “ more or less ” have quite a different meaning from what they have according to the decisions in Virginia beginning with Quesnel v. Woodlief , 6 Call. In Maryland the meaning of these words is much the same as “ supposed to contain ” or “ estimated to contain so many acres,” and it being therefore no *501 affirmation on the part of the vendor as of his own knowledge, he can not be responsible, if he really believed, that this supposition or estimate was correct. But in Virginia and this State as well as some others these words “ more or less” mean “ about so many acres ” and would therefore be regarded as an affirmation by the vendor as of his own knowledge, that there was about the specified number of acres ; and he would be responsible for a material deficiency in quantity, though he believed, that the number of acres specified was about the quantity of land in the tract, provided the vendee was by this statement or affirmation induced to purchase at the price he gave, which would be presumed in the absence of proof.

So in Hill v. Buckley, 17 Ves. 395, where the representation was, that the land contained a specified number of acres, it was held, that the vendee was entitled to an abatement because of a deficiency in the quantity, though the vendor believed his statement of the quantity to be true. In this case Sir William Grant said: “ No deception was intended. The defendant’s agent fell into a mistake; but I do not think, I am warranted by the evidence in the cause to infer, that the plaintiff knew the real quantity. A very intimate acquaintance with the premises did not necessarily imply knowledge of their exact contents; while the particularity of the statement descending to perches would naturally con vey the notion of exact measurement. When a misrepresentation is made as to quantity, though innocently, I apprehend, that it is the right of the purchaser to have, what the vendor can give, with an abatement out of the purchase-money for so much, as the quantity falls short of the representation. That is the rule generally ; as, though the land is neither bought nor sold professedly by the acre, the presumption is, that in fixing the price regard was had on both sides to the quantity, which both supposed the estate to consist of. The demand of the vendor and the offer of the purchaser are supposed to be influenced in an equal degree by the quantity, which both believed to be the subject of the bargain, therefore a ratable abatement of the price will probably leave both parties in nearly the same situation, in which they would have stood, if the true quantity had originally been known.”

The concluding portion of this citation looks, as if the court *502 thoughtan abatement could be made, when there was a mutual and innocent mistake. But, as I conceive, the true ground of this decision is rather to be found in what Sir William Grant had said just previously, that the statement of the quantity of the land by the vendor would naturally convey to 'the purchaser the idea, that the vendor knew of his own knowledge the quantity of land he offered for sale, and though he made this, statement innocently, that is, as I understand him, without any intent to defraud and with belief, that there was this quantity of land in the tract, yet as he has in point of fact made a misrepresentation of the quantity by.stating it, so as to induce the vendee to believe, that the vendor knew the quantity, in law this would be a • fraud and would entitle the vendee to an abatement of his purchase-money for a deficiency. If this be'the ground, of course the vendor would not be entitled to require oí the vendee to pay for such surplus, and while the decisions sustain generally, as we have seen, the right of the vendee to an abatement under such, circumstances for a deficiency, they do not sustain any claim of the vendor under such circumstances to additional pay for any surplus. This, it seems to me, shows.satisfactorily, that the true basis, on which this and all other similar cases have been decided, is not, that a court of equity can make an abatement for a deficiency or cause the vendee to pay for a surplus because of a mutual and innocent mistake of both parties, but that a court of equity can make an abatement of the purchase-money because of the legal- fraud in the vendor in representing the quantity as of his own knowledge, when he really had not such knowledge, and that he cannot relieve himself of this liability by proving, that he believed, what he said, and did not intend to deceive. In point of fact he has deceived the purchaser to his injury, and therefore, he, the purchaser, is entitled to this redress. This, I think, is the fair conclusion to be drawn from all the authorities other than some recent cases in Virginia, which I propose to examine in detail.

In my judgment the first Virginia case, Quesnel v. Woodlief, 6 Call 218 , 2 H. & M. 173 note, when rightly understood is really based on this principle. We will now see, how it was understood by the judge of the court, which rendered the decision. About two years after this decision the case of Jolliffe *503 v. Hite, 1 Call 207 , top page 262, was decided. Its syllabus is: “If the vendor sells and the vendee buys a tract of land for so many acres more or less, and it turns out upon a survey, that there is less than the estimated quantity, the buyer shall not be relieved in equity.” The deed conveyed a tract of land particularly described as containing five hundred and seventy-eight acres. On survey it was found to contain only about five hundred and twelve acres. Judge Roane was of opinion, that there was no warranty-of the number of acres in the tract and announced the following as the principles, which ahould govern in deciding the case :

“1. In a contract every serious and deliberate communication, which has taken place between the parties relative thereto, so far as a former one has not been revoked by a latter, must be considered as forming the basis of the contract with this exception, that the treaty must not at any intermediate time have been at an end.

“2. That a communication or representation in a public advertisement relative to property offered for public sale must be considered as one of these communications with reference to any person, who may become the purchaser.

“3. That a representation of a fact by one to another contracting party should be fair and true ; and if the former asserts to the latter a fact, the truth of which he has it in his power to ascertain but does not, and it turns out to be untrue, he shall be responsible himself for the consequences of that event, and the party, to whom the representation is made, shall not be injured thereby. This doctrine is explicitly laid down in the Court of King’s Bench in England in the case of Macdowall v. Fraser, Dougl. 260, relative to representations in case of a insurance; but the principle of the doctrine being founded in naturnal justice, it must equally apply to all contracts.

“4. A misrepresentation may at any time before the conclusion of the bargain be removed by a just representation of the fact; but it must be clearly and explicitly removed ; for if it be equivocal only, the rule concerning misrepresentation, which I have before mentioned, will take place.

“5. That in contracts it may be said to be a general rule, that the purchaser takes upon himself usual and ordinary *504 risks, as those arising from variation of the compass but is not, unless it be so stipulated or understood between the parties, insured against those great defalcations, which can only arise from the fraud of some antecedent holder of the lands or the gross mistakes of unqualified surveyors; and whenever the latter risks are involved in the contract, it should clearly appear, that such was contemplated by the parties.”

Judge Roane in his opinion also says: “With regard to the case of an excess above the quantity it may not follow of course, that where there is an abatement for deficiency, there should be payment for the excess.” And again he says : “ The particulars of the decree to be made by this court should be, if my opinion were to prevail, similar or nearly so to those in the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief in this court; and as the ground of the decision in that case seems not to be well understood, I will take the liberty for myself to say, that the principles and reasons, which governed me in that case, were substantially the same, as I have endeavored to state as governing in this; and the decision in that in its principles appears to be an authority in the present case.” He thought, that on the facts proven in the case the vendor was entitled to an abatement for the deficiency in the land. Judge Fleming was of the opinion, that on the facts proved the vendor of the land, who was an executor and sold as such, stated on the day of sale, that his testator held the land for two hundred and seventy-eight acres, but that he set up as more or less, and that it was understood by the vendee, that, he was buying the land risking the quantity himself, and his acceptance of the deed a year after, when he knew of the deficiency, showed, that he so understood. He concludes his opinion thus : “But then the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief in this court is cited as an authority, which decides the present cause. That case however differed widely from this. For in the first place Woodlief sold his own land, and that was an old family estate, the true quantity of which was probably known to him ; but here Hite was only executor and not supposed to be cognizant of. the exact number of acres. In the second place Quesnel was a foreigner not acquainted with our language or measure; whereas here the vendee was a *505 native and perfectly acquainted with both. Thirdly, that was a private sale and therefore more liable to imposition ; but this was a public auction, and the terms were more or less expressly declared. Fourthly, in that case Woodlief had actually sold his brother Peter a part of the estate; but nothr ing of that sort existed here. Lastly the deficiency there amounted to almost one fourth ; whereas here it was scarcely a tenth. I think relief was properly granted in that case but I can not agree, that it ought to form a precedent for the decision in this.”

Judge Fleming was one of the judges, who sat in the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief . Judge Carrington from the evidence concluded, that the executor, the vendor, gave notice, that those, who wished to purchase, might inspect the title-papers; but he only sold as much, as they contained; and that he would not warrant either the title or the quantity; and that nobody was deceived. He concludes thus: “This is not like the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief . There Woodlief acting for himself sold an estate, which had long been held in the family, and the quantity whereof he might therefore reasonably be presumed to know; whereas Quesnel was a foreigner and did business by an interpreter. He had before the deeds often declared, he was willing to take it at eight hundred acres; and when they were executed he enquired into the meaning of the words “ more or less.” Upon being informed he asked whether he would be allowed for a deficiency, to which Woodlief answered, he should, if Quesnel would pay the excess. Here indeed the conversation stopped, and no reply was made; but as soon as the deficiency was known, instead of acquiescing, as was done in the present case, he gave an early notice, that he should demand a deduction. All of which circumstances vary the case so much from this, that it ought not to be considered as forming a precedent for the judgment we are now to give.”

Judge Carrington sat in the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief . President Pendleton, who did not sit in it, seems from an examination of the case to have thought, that in that case the real contract, which was not produced in the case was, that Quesnel should give four pounds per acre for the eight hundred acres supposed to be in the land; and thtSj it would seem *506 from the report of Henning and Munford in 2 H. & M. 173, they, the reporters, also thought was proven in the case; and Judge Pendleton supposed, that that had its influence in deciding the case. He says in this: “ I consider this was a sale in bulk, where a mistake in the estimated quantity has no influence, unless there was fraud in the vendor.” He thought the proof showed, that there was none, and therefore there should be no abatement for the deficiency. In this conclusion Judge Lyons concurred, except that he thought, that there should be an abatement for the loss of ten acres held adversely by the Quaker church. Pie was the judge, who delivered the opinion in Quesnel v. Woodlief . He says :

“The general rule as laid down by civilians is, that if there be nota full knowledge of all the circumstances, it is ground for avoiding the contract (Gee v. Spencer, 1 Vern. 32; Mildmay v. Hungerford, 2 Vern. 243). And the reason is, because the buyer proceeds upon the supposition of a quality, which the thing does not contain. The contract should not oblige the party, who contracts under a misapprehension. For in this case the party is not conceived to have agreed absolutely but upon the supposed presence of a thing or quality, on which as on a necessary condition his consent was founded ; and therefore the thing or quality not appearing, the consent Í3 understood to be null and ineffectual. (Grotius Lib. 2 c. 12, §§ 8, 9; Gwynne v. Heaton et al., 1 Bro. C. C. 9; Heathcote v. Paignon, 2 Bro. C. C. 175 ; Puffendorf Bk. 1 c. 3, § 12). This is equally true, whether the seller knew of the defect or not; for he ought not to reap the advantage of an apparent value, which the thing sold seemed to have, and yet had it not. Dom. Lib. 1, Tit. 2, § 11.

“It was on these grounds according to my recollection, that Quesnel v. Woodlief was decided. For in that case the court declared, there was no fraud in the defendants, but that both parties had acted under mistake, and therefore they relieved the plaintiff. Consequently if there be any real difference between that case and this, it should be clearly shown or else the decision there ought to govern.”

He then proceeds to point out the differences between the two cases: “1. Woodlief was the owner of the land arid lived upon it. 2. The executor in' this case-openly declared *507 he would sell according to the deed. 3. As soon as the purchaser discovered the error in that case, he sought relief.” On. account of these differences he thought no relief should be. granted for the deficiency in quantity but only for the ten acres lost. If the real ground of the decision in Quesnel v. Woodliel was, that there was a mutual mistake as to the quantity, then the first two points of difference are entirely immaterial. In fact, as it was admitted, there was in both parties a mistake in this case as to the quantity of land sold, and if such mutual mistake in the quantity of laud sold is, as Judge Lyons supposes, itself sufficient ground for granting relief by abatement of the purchase-money for the deficiency, then this relief ought to have been granted in this case; for there was no dispute about the fact, that both parties were mistaken in the quantity of the land. This case was accordingly decided on the ground, that such a mutual mistake in itself furnished no ground for such an abatement; and in this case there was no fraud ; and three out of the four judges, who sat in Quesnel v. WoodlieJ expressed the opinion, that that case was decided on the ground, that the vendor was guilty of fraud, that is, of what the law regards as fraud.

The reasons assigned by Judge- Lyons for holding, that a mutual mistake is a sufficient ground for making an abatement from the purchase-money strikes us as very inconclusive, his authorities, he says, show, that mutual mistake may be a good ground for rescinding a contract. This no one disputes; but it does not follow, that such mutual mistake authorizes a court of equity to make an abatement in or addition to the purchase-money ; for that would be making a contract for the parties and enforcing it, instead of, as his authorities show may be done, rescinding the contract in loto. His authorities and his reasoning seem to me to lead to the exactly opposite conclusion to that, which he reaches.

The questions necessarily involved in that case, and really decided by the court were: 1. A bill in chancery may be filed to have an abatement in the purchase-money of a tract of land, which was conveyed by the vendor to the vendee by certain boundaries containing a specified number of acres more or less, on the ground that the vendor asserted, that there was in the tract the specified number of acres, and that *508 relying on this statement of the vendor as a fact known to him the vendee was induced to purchase at a certain price the entire tract, which statement of the vendor was in fact not true and was therefore a fraud, as the tract turned out réally to contain much less than the specified quantity. In süch a suit as a matter of course parol evidence of every description may be freely introduced to prove or disprove the alleged fraud or to show, that the vendee was or was not induced to purchase by the representation of the quantity made by the vendor. This was the character of this suit and also of the evidence admitted without objection. The same may be said of the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief, &c., 6 Call. 218. There can be no question of the jurisdiction of the court of of the propriety in such case of admitting such testimony. Fraud is one of the oldest and most usual grounds of equity-jurisdiction. The parol evidence is not received to vary or modify the written contract or deed but ■ to establish something dehors the deed, that is, fraud in its procurement. While it is true, that in the deed the vendor does assert, that the tract contains about so many acres, yet this does not constitute an essential part of the deed, but is properly only the recital of a fact in it, and whether the statement of this fact did or did not operate to deceive and defraud the vendee, can only be be shown by parol proof generally.

2. Such a statement of the quantity of the laud more or less in a deed is not a warranty of the quantity but is an affirmation by the vendor of the fact, that there is about this number of acres in the tract, and must be regarded as made on his own knowledge, as a vendor would reasonably be presumed to know the size of the tract of land, which he offers to sell. •

3. In such case the mere belief, by the vendor, that this was a correct statement of the number of acres in the tract, would not of itself relieve him of the responsibility, which he incurred by in substance alleging, that he knew the number of acres in the tract, when he did not know.

4. But if he can show by evidence, that the vendee did not rely on his statement and was not by it induced to pay the price, which he agreed to pay for the tract, he would relieve himself from such responsibility; and this would be satisfac *509 torily proven by showing, that at the time of the' sale the1 vendor stated, that he was acting only as executor, and that he would sell the tract according to the deeds of his testator conveying only so much, as such deeds really 'included, and that he would not warrant the quantity of land in the tract nor the title. This would fairly put the vendee on his guard, and if the vendor really believed, that the tract contained the number of acres, which he had mentioned, he would not be responsible for a deficiency.

5. The mere fact, that there was a mutual innocent mistake as to the quantity of the land sold, for which mistake the vendor was no more responsible than the vendee, would be no ground for a court of equity to make any abatement from the purchase-money for a deficiency in quantity, if the written contract or deed on its face showed, that the sale was in gross of the entire tract for a certain price, and three out of four judges, who sat in the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief, &c., 6 Call 218 , declare, that in the decision in that case they did not intend to announce a contrary doctrine ; and the only judge, who sat in this case, who did not sit in that, concurs in their view of the law and of the grounds of the decision in that case.

6. The acceptance of a deed describing the boundaries of the land and specifying, that it contained a certain number of acres more or less, by the vendee, after be had ascertained, that there was not that number of acres, shows, that he was not misled to make the purchase at the price he paid by any misrepresentation of the quantity by the vendor.

In the case of Tucker v. Cocke, 2 Rand. 51 , the agreement was for the sale of “a tract of land lying on Pig and Staun-ton rivers in the counties of Bedford and Pittsylvania containing by estimation ten or twelve thousand acres for the price of $27,500.00.” Three days after a deed was executed, which conveyed the tract without specifying its boundaries or the number of acres in it. A survey of the land made after-wards showed, that there were less than eight thousand acres in the tract-. The purchaser filed a bill asking for an abatement in the purchase-money. He admitted in the bill, that the purchase was in gross and not by the acre; but he insisted, that both the vendor and vendee confidently believed at the *510 time of the sale, that there were at least tea thousand acres in the tract, and that this mistaken belief operated on both parties in making the bargain, and asked an injunction to stay the enforcement of the lien for the purchase-money, till the court had ascertained the amount of this abatement, the vendor having refused to allow any abatement. The Chancellor refused to grant an injunction; but it was granted by a judge of the Court of Appeals. An answer was filed and parol proof taken, which showed, that the vendor had no accurate knowledge of the quantity of the land and sold it in gross not doing anything to mislead the vendee, who knew as much about the land and title-papers as the vendor, both being in great ignorance. The question whether parol proof was admissible in the case was discussed at the bar. Judge Green, who delivered the opinion of the Court, says : “Whether the circumstances of this case would or would not admit of parol proof to explain the written agreement, it is unnecessary to decide. If the written contract be mistaken or equivocal in its terras, the parties may explain it according to their real and original intention either.by a new instrument of writing or by admissions of record. The contract in this case was upon its face equivocal and of doubtful construction.”

By explaining it “by admissions of record” he meant clearly by the pleadings of the parties in the suit; for he at once proceeds to show, that the plaintiff on the face of his bill admits, that the sale was of the entire tract in gross at a certain price, but upon the belief of the parties that it would turn out ten' or twelve thousand acres. A sale by the quantity he says “would have been in effect a warranty by the vendor of the quantity sold. This accords with contemporaneous construction given by the parties in executing and accepting a deed of the entire tract of land without specifications of boundaries or quantities.”

He says afterwards, that “the estimation of the quantity” was made by both parties on the same facts equally known to both. And again “the error in respect to the quantity of land was mutual and not in relation to the substance of the thing contracted for but in relation to the very hazard contemplated by the parties. The question is, whether the disappointed party is entitled to relief; and this was the *511 question, which the vendee with perfect frankness intended to submit to the judgment of the court. These are cases in which the mutual error of parties without default in either may be a just ground for rescinding a contract. As if the error be in a matter, which is the cause of the contract, that is, in the substance of the thing contracted for, so that the purchaser cannot get the thing he contracted for.”

He then gives examples where contracts will be rescinded for mutual mistake referring to Chamberlaine v. Marsh, 6 Munf. 283 and Armstrong v. Hickman, 6 Munf. 287 ; and concludes thus :

“ If relief could be given in such a case as the case at bar, a fortiori it should be given, if the vendor knew of the deficiency and concealed it. So that in both cases, when the vendor knew, and when he was ignorant of the deficiency, relief being given, there could no longer be a contract, in which the purchaser could take the risk of quantity effectually upon himself. The Court of Appeals have uniformily recognized the validity and obligation of such a contract, and in all cases, in which they have given relief, it has been founded on circumstances oj fraud, misrepresentation or concealment, or mistake in part or whole in relation to the substance of the thing contracted for.”

By mistake in relation to the substance of the thing contracted for the judge obviously referred to such cases, as he had just before spoken of, where land lying in a certain locality was, sold, and it turned out, that the vendor had no land in that locality but had in some other, in which cases the court would rescind the contract on account of mutual mistake affecting its substance. The judge concludes: “ It is possible the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief , 2 H. & M. 173 note, does not fall within this observation ; but the grounds of the judgment in that ease are so uncertain, some of the judges who decided it the reporter and the counsel on both sides, who argued the cause, differing so materially in their statements of the reasons, on which the judgment was founded, that it cannot be considered as an obligatory authority to the point now under consideration; and if it were so considered it has been repeatedly overruled.”

In these views all the judges . concurred; and, as I *512 understand the case, there was an express and unanimous decision, that a court of equity can give no relief by an abatement from the purchase-money, where there has been a sale of a tract of land in gross, for a deficiency in quantity, simply because there has been a mutual innocent mistake by both parties as to the quantity of land in the tract. To justify such relief there must be fraud, concealment or misrepresentation-by the vendor. If Quesnel v. Woodlief, &c., can bear another interpretation, it was expressly overruled and indeed was regarded as having been repeatedly overruled before. In examining the previous cases we shall find, that the court was right in saying, that if this was to be regarded as the ground of the decision, it had been often overruled. ' We have seen it was, if so interpreted, overruled in Hite v. Jolliffe, 1 Call 301 .

The reason, why there was a controversy in this case about the admission of parol testimony, and why the court waived the consideration of it, while in the other cases, which we have reviewed, parol evidence was freely received and considered, is obvious. In those cases the controversy was, whether the vendor had committed a fraud on the vendee; but in this case the controversy was as to the meaning of the written contract, and whether an admitted mutual innocent mistake furnished any ground for the relief sought. The court appears to have regarded the contract as sufficiently ambiguous to consider in aid of its construction the admissions of parties in their pleadings and their contemporaneous conduct in carrying into execution the contract, but not to consider any other parol testimony.

The case of Anthony v. Oldacre, 4 Call 489 , decided according to the syllabus: “Although the vendor sells the trad of land, whereon he formerly lived, supposed to contain three hundred acres more or less, as he bought it, if he omits to disclose to the vendee, that he had previously surveyed it, and found it to contain less, than he bought it for, the purchaser will be entitled to a deduction irom the purchase-money equal to the deficiency, notwithstanding he paid part after the deficiency was discovered and gave a new bond for the balance with only an oral declaration, that he would seek compensation for the loss.” No opinion was pronounced by the *513 court; and the case was obviously decided in favor of the vendee because of the fraud practiced on him by suppressio veri.

In the case of Pendleton v. Stewart, 5 Call 1 the syllabus is : “If a tract of land be sold for one thousand one hundred acres more or less at a fixed price, and it turns out, it is less, the purchaser will not be relieved in equity.’’ The bill was brought by the vendee to enforce the specific performance of the contract after a proper abatement was made for the deficiency. The answer shows, that when the deficiency was discovered, the vendor offered to cancel the contract, which the vendee refused to do. The deficiency was one hundred and sixty acres. The price to be paid was £330, which would be £30 per one hundred acres for one thousand one hundred acres, which the bill alleged was the. contract. Judge Tucker on page 6 says: “In this case the contract was drawn by the purchaser, and was founded on a proposal moving from him to the seller, who lived remote from the land and possibly knew no more of it than was expressed in the patent; while the purchaser, whom it joined, might be presumed to have such a knowledge of it, as to enable him to form a competent judgment of its gross value without regard to the specific quantity, which the tract might contain. The evidence, -which seems to have been relied on by both parties, was the patent, which being nearly fifty years old might, as is not unusual, be supposed to comprehend a larger quantity within the lines, than was expressed in the patent. The buyer was probably induced from this circumstance to take the tract in gross, and the seller made no reserve or condition of further compensation in case of excess.”

Judge Roane says: “ If the decision of the case had turned solely upon the written agreement of the 30th of September, 1783, I should probably have heen of opinion under the principle laid down by this court in the decree in the case of Jollife v. Hite, that the appellant was entitled to the abatement for the suggested deficiency, if proved beyond what might reasonably be imputed to small errors from variations of instruments or otherwise, and this rather because the agreement does not profess to relate to a Tract of eleven hundred acres more or less’ but to ‘eleven hundred acres of land more or *514 less.’ ” But on the evidence in the case he took the general views of Judge Tucker and concurred with him in the opinion, that no abatement should be allowed.

Judge Fleming was of opinion, that on its face it was a contract in gross; and as there was no fraud or concealment on the part of the vendor, it was clear, that no abatement should be allowed. Judge Carrington took the same view and both of these judges reiterate their former statement, that Quesnel v. Woodlief was decided, as it was, because of the fraud of Woodlief.

Judge Lyons adhered to his views expressed in Jolliffe v. Hite, that a mere mutual mistake without any fraud on the part of the vendor was a good ground for granting an abatement of the purchase-money in case of a deficiency, and for this reason thought, that there should be an abatement allowed in this case.

This case was obviously á repudiation of the idea, that a court of equity could grant relief by an abatement of the purchase-money, simply because there had been an innocent mutual mistake. It was doubtless one of the cases intended to be referred to in Tucker v. Cocke, 2 Rand. 67 , as overruling Quesnel v. Woodlief , if that was interpreted as deciding, that such relief could be granted merely because of such mutual mistake; and Judge Lyons, who wrote that opinion and was the only judge, who sat in that case, who so construed it, regarded, as he says, this case of Pendlton’s ex’r v. Stewart as overruling that case expressly, as it certainly did, if he was right about what the case of Quesnel v. Woodlief decided. It should be observed, that all the court regarded this contract “to convey one thousand one hnndred acres of land more or less” as a contract in gross. Judge Roane’s view, as I understand it, was that in a contract, in which the vendor asserted, that the quantity of land was one thousand one hundred acres or thereabout, if it turned out otherwise, the vendee could have an abatement for this deficiency because of the vendor’s fraud to be presumed from the face of the contract and the deficiency, which would show, that he had asserted as a fact within his own knowledge, what was not true, and without reference to whether he believed it or not, he would be responsible. And I do not understand the other judges as differing from him *515 in this respect; for he and all the others base their opinion on the ground, that despite this prima facie presumption against him the vendor proved, that the vendee was not in this case induced to purchase by^reason of his statement, that there were about one thousand one hundred acres in the tract, as the evidence showed, that the vendee did not rely on this statement but on the patent and upon his own knowledge of the tract of land, which knowledge was much more thorough in this case than that of the vendor. Parol-evidence was properly received in this case, as the real question or issue was, whether the vendor had defrauded the vendee.

In the case of Nelson v. Mathews, 2 H. & M. 164, the syllabus is: “A vendor, who conveys a tract of land with general warranty as containing by estimation a specified quantity more or less, when in fact his own title-papers call for less than such specified quantity, is bound to make good the deficiency to the purchaser. A deficiency of eight acres in a tract of five hundred and fifty-two acres is no more than a purchaser, who buys more or less, may reasonably expect.” These were the only two points determined in this case bearing on the subject, which we are discussing. The principal question of controversy in the case was as to the proper measure of compensation, when the vendee was entitled to an abatement of the purchase-money. It seems hardly to have been seriously contended, that the vendor was not entitled to compensation. The court evidently proceeded on the ground, that there was actual and intentional fraud in the vendor in the suppression of the fact, that his own title-papers showed, that there was in the tract a much less quantity of land than he represented. The court all treat this contract as a contract in gross.

In the case of Hull v. Cunningham’s ex’r, 1 Munf. 330, the syllabus is calculated to mislead. The case, as the report shows, was as follows: The agreement on the part of the vendor was to make to the vendee “ a good aud sufficient deed for a certain tract of laud known as Crab Bottom lying in Pen-dleton county said to contain three hundred and seventy acres, be it more or less, clear of all incumbrance, to wit, all that tract left him by his father John Cunningham.” The deed was for the same tract of land, setting out its boundaries from *516 a previous deed. The vendee was in the occupation of the land as a tenant. There were on the land, as was supposed, a dwelling-house and improvements, but it turned out, that the actual lines of the vendor’s tract did not include this dwelling-house and ninety acres of land ; but the purchaser was put in possession of it and was never evicted but took up this ninety acres as vacant laud and obtained a patent therefor. On a bill filed to obtain an abatement from the purchase-money because of this deficiency the court allowed the ven-dee an abatement only of the expenditures made by him in procuring the patent with a reasonable allowance for his trouble.

There was a controversy, as to whether the vendee in such a case ought not to have sued at law. The Chancellor below was of opinion, that “ the vendee’s relief was purely equitable, as it is believed, he could neither support an action on the agreement or deed; but that the parties were mistaken as to an important fact cannot be doubted. Had the vendee brought his bill to be relieved from his contract, and could the court place the parties in the same situation, in which they were before the contract took place, the mistake appears to be of sufficient magnitude to justify such measure; but inasmuch as the vendee (the plaintiff) has not prayed to be relieved from his contract, nor could the parties be placed in the situation, in which they stood prior thereto: part of the defendant’s (the vendor’s) lands and improvements, which had been held for many years, and which he might have con- , tinued to hold uninterruptedly (more especially, as from the report of the surveyor the boundaries of the land said to be vacant appear to be marked as boundaries of the said defendant’s claim and, as it may appear, originally were so) are now held by the plaintiff (the vendee) under a different title, the court must endeavor to place the parties in the situation they must have stood, had no mistake taken place, which, it is presumed, is equally consonant with the principles of equity.” The plaintiff (the vendee) was therefore directed to exhibit an account of his expenditures in procuring a title to the vacant lands, and also an account of his trouble therein to be allowed him (when reported to the court) so far as reasonable together with his actual costs in prosecuting his suits. The *517 defendant (the vendor) appealed from this decree; but the decree was affirmed by the court of appeals.

Judge Tucker in his opinion says: “ This case in many of its circumstances so nearly resembles Pendleton v. Stewart , that the same reasons, which governed in that case, appear to apply to this in part. In both the purchaser had a much better opportunity of knowing the land than the seller. Here' the words of the agreement do not amount to a warranty of the quantity inasmuch in speaking thereof there is this caution used ‘said to contain three hundred and seventy acres be it more or less, to wit, all that tract left him by his father, John Cunningham, deceased.’ These circumstances indicate a contract in gross and not by the specific number of acres. Neither the seller nor the buyer seems to have access to any title-deeds. The old marked line and corners noticed by the surveyor may have misled them both, or may in fact be the true lines of the original survey or patent lost or mislaid among the records of the general court; and if so, Cunningham, the vendor, was entitled perhaps to a patent for the surplus under the forty-sixth section of the land-law. Be that as it may, here there was no actual eviction or expulsion of Hall (the vendee) from the lands not comprehended within the lines of Cunningham’s (the vendor’s) deed. What then is the damage he has sustained ? Exactly what the chancellor has supposed.”

Judge Roane says : “ The grounds of the decision of this court in the case of Pendleton v. Stewart, 5 Call 1 , are decisive of the present case and even go beyond it.” After stating that case he says: “ These principles are decisive of the present case, unless we say, that a party is not competent to take upon himself a risk with respect to the manner, in which the lines of a tract may run, as with respect to the actual number of acres contained in the tract. In the case before us it is fully proved, that that risk -was taken upon himself by the vendee, and there was no concealment, fraud, misrepresentation or deception on the part of the vendor. It is also evident, that the vendor was as ignorant of the actual lines of his tract as the vendee (and probably more so) but sold the land by the gross, and was particularly careful not to lay himself responsible for any particular boundaries or num *518 ber of acres. Unless therefore we are prepared to say, it is immoral and inequitable for a man to pay and another to receive money for more land than one parts with under all possible circumstances whatsoever, the vendor was entitled to recover the stipulated price in the case before us. My opinion is the decree should be affirmed.”

Judge Fleming simply says: “This is a very plain case. The decree is right; and I am not for disturbing it.”

The court obviously affirm the principles of Pendleton v. Stewart, 5 Call 1 , which distinctly decided, that when there is no fraud in the vendor but simply an innocent and mutual mistake, in which neither party is more to blame than the other, as to the quantity of the land, and the sale is a sale in gross, there can be no abatement of the purchase-money because of a deficiency in the quantity. It further decides, that if the title to any part of the land is defective, and the ven-dee being in possession of it is put to expense in fortifying the defective title, he is entitled to be compensated for his actual cost and trouble in thus fortifying the defective title of the vendor. Surely there is nothing in the case, which gives any countenance to the idea, that an abatement for a deficiency in the number of acres, when the land is sold in gross, can be made in favor of the vendee, simply because there has been a mutual innocent mistake by the parties as to the number of acres in the tract. The very reverse of this, as I understand the case, was decided. And I presume, that this was one of the cases intended to be referred to in Tucker v. Cocke, 2 Rand. 67 , where the court said, if Quesnel v. Woodlief was to be construed as deciding, that such an abatement for a deficiency was to be made on a sale in gross because of such a mutual mistake, then it had been repeatedly overruled.

In Grantland v. Wight, 2 Munf. 179 . The syllabus states the case so far as it relates to the subject before us sufficiently* .It is : “A piece of ground being sold at public auction ex.pressly according to certain metes and bounds (then and there shown the purchaser before he became the highest bidder) be the same more or less, he is not entitled to any compensation for a deficiency, although the previous advertisement described the tenement as containing more than the actual quantity; neither is the case varied by subsequent articles of agreement *519 under seal (written by the purchaser and signed by the vendor for the purpose of binding the vendor to make a title), in which the terms of the sale are referred to, but the quantity of ground mentioned in the advertisement is specified omitting the words more or less. The vendor is not precluded by such article from proving the terms of sales by parol testimony.” There being no fraud in the ease on the part of the vendor, it was held, that the vendee was not entitled to an abatement for the deficiency. But in this case there could not be said to have been a mistake in the quantity on the day of sale.

In 5 Call page 236 is reported the case of Bedford v. Hickman . Its syllabus is: “If the contract be for nine hundred acres more or less, and the tract be found to contain only seven hundred and sixty-five acres, the purchaser will be relieved, if it appear, that the seller knew of the deficiency at the time of the sale and did not disclose it.” The case shows, that the only question was, whether the vendor had been guilty of a fraud; and it seems by the agreement of counsel, it was not even claimed, that a mere mistake in the quantity without fraud by the vendor would entitle the purchaser at such a sale of land in gross to an abatement. The fraud was established; and the court affirmed the judgment of the court below allowing the abatement without delivering any opinion.

With reference to the jurisdiction of the court the numerous eases, which we have reviewed, show, that a court of equity has clearly jurisdiction to stay the collection of the purchase-money, when by reason of the fraud of the vendor in misrepresenting the quantity of the land the vendee is entitled to an abatement from the purchase-money. Courts of equity have generally concurrent jurisdiction with common law courts in those eases, where common law courts have jurisdiction because of fraud ; and though, where the vendor has fraudulently misrepresented the quantity of land and thus induced the vendee to purchase, a common law suit for deceit would lie, yet this is concurrent with the right of the vendee to stay the collection in a court of equity, till an abatement has been made. It is true, if the misrepresentation was in a matter, about which there was no certain measure of damages as for instance if the vendor had fraudulently represented

*520 that a spring on the land was a constant one, which never went dry, a court of equity would not stay the collection of the money and ascertain and allow an abatement because of such a fraudulent misrepresentation; for this would be allowing as an offset unliquidated damages. See Tucker’s opinion in Robertson v. Hogsheads, 3 Leigh 679 . But if the fraud consists in a misrepresentation as to the number of acres, this objection to a court of equity exercising jurisdiction to make a proper abatement does not exist, as the measure of damages in that case is fixed and certain and can be ascertained with greater ease and certainty in a court of equity than in a court of law. Accordingly it has always been admitted, that a court of equity has jurisdiction, where the claim is for an abatement or for compensation for a deficiency in land. The cases, which we have cited, show this. See also Castleman v. Veitch, 3 Rand. 598 , and Koger v. Kane’s adm’r, 5 Leigh 606 .

In Keyton v. Brawford, 5 Leigh 39 , the syllabus is: “A vendee of land in a sale by the acre is entitled to an abatement from the purchase-money in case of a deficiency of quantity; but in a sale of land in gross, a contract of hazard on both sides, the vendee is not entitled to relief in case of deficiency ; and whether the sale be a sale by the acre or a sale in gross is a question of intention of the parties, to be collected from all the circumstances of the transaction.” There was in this case no written contract of sale. The sale was of an undivided moiety of two tracts of land for the consideration of $1,000.00 to be paid. The deed for the consideration of $1,000.00 to be paid conveyed an undivided moiety of two tracts of land by very erroneous boundaries copied from a preceding deed and described it as two parcels of land, one conveyed to said Steel and Branford by John Trimble’s executors containing three hundred and twenty-five acres and the other conveyed to them by McKnight containing eighteen acres, in all three hundred and forty-three acres. On survey of- the land, as it had been held by the parties, when this sale was made, the first tract was found to contain two hundred and ninety one and one half acres, and the second nineteen and one fourth acres. The vendees’ representatives in their bill claimed, that when the boundaries admitted to be erroneously set out in the bill were corrected, they would include some land held by *521 one McKnight, and asked an abatement from the purchase-money due from the vendee to the vendor’s representatives for the land, which the vendee claimed was really intended to be included in the sale, and which was held by McKnight, but did not expressly claim an abatement for the deficiency in the quantity of land. The court held, that the vendee was entitled to no relief because of the land held by McKnight. On the other question Judge Tucker says :

“ The next ground, on which relief is asked, is the alleged deficiency in the quantity of land sold. This depends upon the question, whether the sale was in gross or by the acre. * *. * * * Before going into an examination of the probable intention of the parties in this Case I shall premise a few remarks on the subject. Contracts of hazard, such as those we are now considering, never have been discountenanced by our law. Where they are clearly established, they are valid and will be respected and enforced, if fair and reasonable. But though such a contract of hazard is valid, it is not readily to be presumed, that the parties designed to enter into such a contract, unless it is clearly sustained by the facts. The courts will not favor such a construction ; but they will rather take it, that a contract is by the acre, whenever it does not clearly appear, that the land was sold by the tract and not by the acre. Hundley v. Lyons, 5 Munf. 342 . Nor will they presume, that an executor, who ought not to sell in gross, has done so, unless the fact is clearly established. Jolliffe v. Hite, 1 Call. 301. Nor do I think it should readily be presumed, that a vendee, who is ignorant of the lines and of the quantity of the land, would enter into such a contract of hazard with the vend'or, who may fairly be presumed to know every thing about it; since in such a contract the hazard is only on one side.

“ In the present case the deed itself, and the circumstances afford the only evidence of the character of this purchase. The deed is for a moiety of two tracts of land, the first containing three hundred and twenty-five acres and the second containing eighteen acres. Whether the specification of the number of acres here should be regarded merely as matter of description or in the stronger light of a warranty of quantity, may well perhaps admit of a difference of opinion. I *522 have looked upon such mention of quantity as in general matter of description only and not of itself as giving the character of a contract by the acre. I am satisfied such a thing is rarely dreamed of by those who execute deeds usually filled up according to a formula without the slightest reference to the real contract of the parties.

“ In the present case the circumstances are very strong to show a purchase in gross instead of by the acre. The presumption against a vendee’s being willing to make such purchase is rebutted by the fact, that Keyton himself was interested in the estate and probably knew as much or more of it than Branford. The tract was in woods and unsettled; its lines were unascertained and but little known to the contracting parties. The value by the acre was small; no previous attempt was made to ascertain the lines or quantity, and no provision for a survey prior to the final adjustment of the purchase-money, though the parties were very uninformed about the lands. The conveyance was for three hundred and twenty-five acres instead of three hundred, as set forth in the grant, under which the land was claimed, whence I infer, that an estimate of quantity was made between the parties in the deed from Trimble’s executors and adopted by Keyton and Branford; the price by the acre is not stated but a round sum $1,000.00 given for this body of unsettled land. These facts all go to satisfy me, that Keyton took the risk of the purchase on himself. In Jolliffe v. Hite, 1 Call 325 , President Pendleton speaking of Quesnel v. Woodlief says : ‘ The original contract there was not in proof; but it is evident to me, that it was a specific quantity, since the purchase-money amounts to eight hundred acres at four pounds per acre. The converse of this proposition may not be equally conclusive, but it is pursuasive evidence, that a contract was not by the acre, when the purchase-money is not an equi-multiple as in this case of the number of acres.’ ”

Upon this case I would remark, that Judge Tucker confounds and treats as the same thing a warranty by the vendor of the number of acres named in the deed and a sale by the acre, while it is obvious, that they are widely different. If it be a sale by the acre, the vendee would have to pay for any surplus, as well as the vendor abate for any deficiency; but *523 if it were a warranty by the vendor, while he would have to abate for any deficiency, he could not require pay for any surplus. In this particular case it would in effect make no difference, as there was a deficiency. Still this confusion of language is unfortunate. The surrounding circumstances were in this case considered in aid of the court in construing the deed. This, as we have seen, is only admissible, when the written contract is ambiguous. Judge Tucker says: “ Whether the specification of the number of acres should be regarded merely as descriptive or in the stronger light of a warranty of the quantity may well perhaps admit of differences of opinion and therefore being ambiguous on its face the solution of the question, whether this contract amounted to a warranty of the specified number of acres might be aided by the circumstances surrounding its execution. As we have seen, this question, whether an affirmation by a vendor does or does not amount to a warranty, is frequently very difficult to determine. But it seems to me, it is much less difficult to determine from the face of a contract, whether the parties intended a sale in gross or by the acre. If there be no ambiguity on this point, none ef the surrounding circumstances could be considered in determining the meaning of the contract. It may well be ambiguous, as to whether a warranty of the quantity, was on the face of the deed intended by the parties, and yet entirely clear, that a sale in gross was intended ; and this, it seems to me, was the case in this deed. There may of course be a sale in gross accompanied by a warranty of the number of acres in the tract. In this case it seems to me on all the authorities it was clear, that on the face of this deed there was a sale in gross and not by the acre; but that it was to some extent ambiguous, as to whether the grantor did or did not intend to warrant the exact number of acres named in the deed. To solve this doubt the court properly looked into the surrounding circumstances. This is what was really done by the court, though unfortunately Judge Tucker confounds this question of warranty with an entirely different question, whether it was a sale by the acre.

In Bierne v. Erskine, 5 Leigh 59 , the vendor by articles of agreement contracted to sell and convey a tract of land particularly described as containing one hundred acres for *524 $2,000.00 payable in instalments, both vendor and vendee being well acquainted with the tract and believing it to contain one hundred acres and no more. Upon a survey after-wards made at the vendee’s instance it turns out to be one hundred and thirteen acres. There is parol evidence, that the intent of the parties was a sale by the acre at $20.00 per acre; and' that when the vendor offered to convey the laud to the vendee.as contaning one hundred acres, the vendee insisted on a survey to ascertain the quantity, before he would complete the purchase, in which the vendor acquiesced. " It was decided, first, that though parol evidence of the intent of the parties is inadmissible to explain or vary the written contract, yet the parol evidence touching the conduct of the parties as to the execution of the contract is admissible, as the contract was ambiguous on its face ; and when this is taken into consideration, this written contract, which was apparently a sale in gross, should be interpreted as a sale by the acre; and this interpretation was reached, because the vendee insisted on a survey before completing1 the' purchase, and the vendor acquiesced showing that both parties understood the written contract to be a sale by the acre; and therefore it was decided that the vendee should pay for the thirteen acres of excess at $20.00 per acre'.

Judge Carr with whom Judges Cabell and Brooke concurred said: “It would be wrong to let in parol evidence to explain or alter the written agreement for the sale of the land. We must take .the agreement uninfluenced by that evidence, since there is no allegation in the pleadings of fraud, surprise or mistake. Yet we may resort to contemporary and subsequent acts of the parties (as the court has said in several cases) to show, how they understood the contract. ' The contract itself impresses me with the i

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