The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
REBECCA KASPRYK, UNPUBLISHED
May 26, 2022
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 356795
Wayne Circuit Court
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION LLC, LC No. 2020-005543-CD
TERRY PFAFF, THOMAS KENDRICK, WADE
FINNEY, JOE ROCKEL, DREW VARGO, and
CHRIS TEAGAN,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: GLEICHER, C.J., and K. F. KELLY and PATEL, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Granting summary disposition based on MCR 2.116(C)(8) is only appropriate “when a
claim is so clearly unenforceable that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.” El-
Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 Mich 152, 160; 934 NW2d 665 (2019). Plaintiff Rebecca
Kaspryk argues that the trial court erred in dismissing her complaint pre-answer and without giving
her the opportunity to amend. We agree. Most of Kaspryk’s claims meet the low “notice pleading”
threshold under (C)(8). And for the defamation claim, which requires specific pleading,
amendment would have been in the interest of justice. For the reasons stated below, we affirm in
part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND
Because this appeal arises from a dismissal under MCR 2.116(C)(8), the facts are presented
as stated in Kaspryk’s complaint. Kaspryk was employed by defendant General Motors, LLC as a
“Quality/Damage Packaging Supervisor, General Motors Customer Care and After Sales” from
October 2015 to September 2019. She was terminated in September 2019. Defendants Terry Pfaff,
Thomas Kendrick, Wade Finney, Joe Rockel, Drew Vargo, and Chris Teagan were Kaspryk’s
supervisors and/or decisionmakers involved with her termination.
Kaspryk asserts that she was a top performer and received multiple awards and bonuses
during her tenure at General Motors. She contends that defendants attempted to discredit her and
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to force her termination by allegedly publishing defamatory statements suggesting that Kaspryk
fraudulently presented false information to management. These false and defamatory statements
were allegedly made to keep Kaspryk, a 54-year old woman, from job-advancement and promotion
and were motivated by sex, age, and physical/medical condition discrimination. Kaspryk
complained to management about the defamatory statements. She maintains that her complaints
were ignored and, instead, she was fired in retaliation and replaced by a younger male.
Kaspryk filed suit based on her wrongful termination alleging: (a) “intentional and
disparate treatment and sex discrimination and retaliation[,]” (b) “sex harassment[,]” (c) “age
discrimination, intentional, disparate, and retaliation[,]” (d) “retaliation for seeking rights under
the workers [sic] compensation act[,]” (e) defamation, (f) “negligent and intentional infliction of
emotional distress[,]” and (g) “intentional and/or negligent interference with contractual relations
and/or a business interest, relationship, or expectancy[.]” At the behest of defense counsel to cure
a misnomer of a named party, she filed an amended complaint pleading the same allegations.
In lieu of filing an answer, defendants filed a motion for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(8). After briefing by the parties, but without oral argument, the trial court issued a written
opinion and order granting defendants’ motion under (C)(8) and dismissing the entirety of
plaintiff’s complaint. The trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration wherein she
requested leave to amend.
II. ANALYSIS
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by dismissing her action on a pre-answer motion
for summary disposition and without an opportunity to amend. We agree.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition.” El-
Khalil, 504 Mich at 159. “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim
based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” Id. (emphasis in original). “When considering
such a motion, a trial court must accept all factual allegations as true, deciding the motion on the
pleadings alone.” Id. at 160. “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may only be granted when a
claim is so clearly unenforceable that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.” Id.
B. LEGAL STANDARD
Because the trial court granted defendants summary disposition solely under subrule
(C)(8), we examine the pleaded allegations pertaining to each of the asserted torts. Well-
established principles guide our review. “Michigan is a notice-pleading state.” Johnson v QFD,
Inc., 292 Mich App 359, 368; 807 NW2d 719 (2011). “A complaint must contain a statement of
the facts, without repetition, on which the pleader relies in stating the cause of action, with the
specific allegations necessary reasonably to inform the adverse party of the nature of the claims
the adverse party is called on to defend.” Dalley v Dykema Gossett, 287 Mich App 296, 305; 788
NW2d 679, 686 (2010) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “[T]he primary function of a
pleading in Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the claim or defense sufficient to permit the
opposite party to take a responsive position.” Stanke v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 200 Mich App
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307, 317; 503 NW2d 758 (1993), citing 1 Martin, Dean & Webster, Michigan Court Rules Practice,
p. 186. “[I]t is well settled that we will look beyond mere procedural labels and read the complaint
as a whole when ascertaining the exact nature of a plaintiff’s claims.” Johnson, 292 Mich App at
368.
“If a court grants summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) . . . the court must
give the parties an opportunity to amend their pleadings pursuant to MCR 2.118, unless the
amendment would be futile.” Weymers v Khera, 454 Mich 639, 658; 563 NW2d 647, 657 (1997),
citing MCR 2.116(I)(5). “Leave [to amend] shall be freely given when justice so requires.” MCR
2.118(A)(2). See also Michigan Head & Spine Inst, PC v Michigan Assigned Claims Plan, 331
Mich App 262, 277; 951 NW2d 731, 741 (2019) (it is an abuse of discretion to deny leave to
amend where amendment would not be futile and is in the interest of justice).
C. PLAINTIFF’S ELLIOT-LARSEN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT CLAIMS
Counts I – III of Kaspryk’s amended complaint alleges claims of sex and age-based
discrimination, sexual harassment, and retaliation stemming from violation of the Elliott-Larsen
Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101, et seq. Kaspryk argues that the trial court erred by dismissing
these claims under MCR 2.116(C)(8). We agree.
1. DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT BASED ON SEX AND AGE
MCL 37.2202(1)(a) provides that an employer “shall not” “[f]ail or refuse to hire or recruit,
discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment,
compensation, or a term, condition, or privilege of employment, because of religion, race, color,
national origin, age, sex, height, weight, or marital status.” “The ultimate question in an
employment discrimination case is whether the plaintiff was the victim of intentional
discrimination.” Hecht v Natl Heritage Acads, Inc, 499 Mich 586, 606; 886 NW2d 135 (2016)
(quotation marks omitted).
“Proof of discriminatory treatment in violation of the CRA may be established by direct
evidence or by indirect or circumstantial evidence.” Sniecinski v Blue Cross & Blue Shield of
Michigan, 469 Mich 124, 132; 666 NW2d 186 (2003). “In cases involving direct evidence of
discrimination, a plaintiff may prove unlawful discrimination in the same manner as a plaintiff
would prove any other civil case.” Id. “Direct evidence,” in the context of a CRA claim, is
“evidence which, if believed, requires the conclusion that unlawful discrimination was at least a
motivating factor in the employer’s actions.” Hazle v Ford Motor Co, 464 Mich 456, 462, 628
NW2d 515 (2001) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
In a case where direct evidence is lacking, a plaintiff can establish a prima facie case of
age discrimination by proving that “(1) she was a member of the protected class; (2) she suffered
an adverse employment action; (3) she was qualified for the position; and (4) she was replaced by
a younger person.” Lytle v Malady (On Rehearing), 458 Mich 153, 177; 579 NW2d 906 (1998)
(opinion by WEAVER, J.) (citation omitted). “When there is no direct evidence of sex
discrimination, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case by proving that she was a member of
a class entitled to protection under the statute and that, for the same or similar conduct, she was
treated differently than a man.” Major v Vill of Newberry, 316 Mich App 527, 541; 892 NW2d
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402 (2016) “The crux of a sex discrimination case is that similarly situated persons have been
treated differently because of their sex.” Marsh v Dept of Civil Serv (After Remand), 173 Mich
App 72, 79; 433 NW2d 820 (1988).
Kaspryk has sufficiently pleaded sex and age-based discrimination claims under the CRA
in Counts I and III of her amended complaint. In Count I of her complaint, “Intentional and
Disparate Treatment and Sex Discrimination and Retaliation,” Kaspryk pleaded, in relevant part,
that female employees: were subject to intentional discrimination based on sex; were disparately
treated in their terms and conditions of employment; were not promoted and suffered from
disparities in pay, benefits, and duties based on sex; and that Kaspryk was discharged because of
discrimination based on her sex. She further pleaded that she was not properly compensated, her
complaints of discrimination were ignored, she was retaliated against because of her sex, and
ultimately terminated and replaced by a younger man. In Count III, Kaspryk pleaded analogous
allegations based on age discrimination.
The trial court granted summary disposition of these claims on the basis that the amended
complaint failed to present evidence that put defendants on notice of the nature of the claims they
need to defend against. The trial court acknowledged that Kaspryk identified her age and sex and
pleaded that discrimination based on age and sex were the reasons she was terminated. The court,
however, found these allegations insufficient. We disagree.
Kaspryk’s allegations are sufficient because they put defendants on notice of the nature of
the claims against them. “While the lack of an allegation can be fatal under MCR 2.116(C)(8), the
lack of evidence in support of the allegation cannot.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 162 (emphasis added).
Plaintiff alleged that she was fired as a result of discrimination based on age and sex. As our
Supreme Court recognized for allegations in support of CRA claims, “[t]hat is enough to withstand
challenge under MCR 2.116(C)(8).” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 162.
2. SEXUAL HARASSMENT
“In pursuit of equality in the workplace, the [CRA] broadly defines sexual discrimination
to include sexual harassment[.]” Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich 368, 379-380; 501 NW2d 155 (1993).
MCL 37.2103(i) of the CRA provides, in relevant part:
Discrimination because of sex includes sexual harassment. Sexual harassment
means unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or
physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature under the following
conditions:
(i) Submission to the conduct or communication is made a term or
condition either explicitly or implicitly to obtain employment . . . .
(ii) Submission to or rejection of the conduct or communication by
an individual is used as a factor in decisions affecting the
individual’s employment . . . .
(iii) The conduct or communication has the purpose or effect of
substantially interfering with an individual’s employment . . . or
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creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive employment . . .
environment.
“The first two subdivisions of MCL 37.2103(i) describe quid pro quo sexual harassment, while the
third subdivision refers to hostile-environment sexual harassment.” Hamed v Wayne Co, 490 Mich
1, 9-10; 803 NW2d 237 (2011).
Kaspryk only alleges that she was subject to hostile work environment sexual harassment.
Thus, only §2103(i)(iii) is applicable to her hostile work environment sexual harassment claim.
The trial court found that defendants were entitled to summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(8) because, although Kaspryk pleaded that defendants created a hostile and abusive
environment based on sex, her amended complaint failed to allege specific factual support. We
disagree.
Kaspryk sufficiently pleaded a claim for sexual harassment under the notice pleading
standard. She alleged: “Defendants created a hostile and abusive work environment based on sex”
and subjected her to “unwelcome comments and conduct of an offensive and sexual nature directed
at plaintiff and the creation of a hostile work environment.” Defendants thus know the nature of
the claim that they need to defend against—hostile work environment based on sexual harassment.
These allegations are sufficient to withstand a challenge under MCR 2.116(C)(8). El-Khalil, 504
Mich at 162. The trial court’s ruling that factual support was required is simply inconsistent with
the pleading standards incorporated within the court rule.
D. PLAINTIFF’S RETALIATION CLAIM UNDER THE WDCA
Counts IV of the amended complaint alleges a claim for retaliatory discharge under MCL
418.301(13), a part of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act (WDCA). Kaspryk claims
defendants retaliated against her “for seeking rights (needed medical care/treatment for work
related conditions) under the Michigan Workers Disability Act [sic].” The trial court held that
these allegations were insufficient to state a claim under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Again, we disagree.
This Court has held that a “plaintiff ha[s] a right to seek medical consultation concerning
his employment-related injury” under the WDCA. Cuddington v United Health Services, Inc, 298
Mich App 264, 271; 826 NW2d 519 (2012). In order to plead a claim for retaliation, a plaintiff
must allege that that he or she exercised a right protected under the WDCA by seeking medical
treatment for a work-related injury and that defendants violated the Act by retaliating. Id. Kaspryk
alleged just that.
Contrary to the trial court’s holding, Kaspryk was not required to plead specific facts or
establish that she was fired for seeking medical treatment. “Because MCL 418.301(13)
contemplates that an employee may pursue a retaliation claim arising from the exercise of this
right, the trial court improperly granted summary disposition to defendant. Whether retaliation
actually played a role in defendant’s decision to terminate plaintiff’s employment presents a factual
question subject to further development on remand[.]” Id. The trial court erred in dismissing the
retaliation claim under MCR 2.116(C)(8).
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E. DEFAMATION
The trial court held that Kaspryk failed to plead her defamation claim with sufficient
specificity. We agree. But because this case is at the inception of litigation and amendment would
not be futile, the trial court was required to give Kaspryk an opportunity to amend her complaint
instead of dismissing the claim under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Because the court erred by denying
Kaspryk’s request to amend her complaint, we reverse and remand for an opportunity to do so.
In Michigan, a defamation claim requires proof of four elements: “(1) a false and
defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged communication to a third party,
(3) fault amounting at least to negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionability
of the statement irrespective of special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm
caused by publication.” Sarkar v Doe, 318 Mich App 156, 178; 897 NW2d 207 (2016). “A plaintiff
claiming defamation must plead a defamation claim with specificity by identifying the exact
language that the plaintiff alleges to be defamatory.” Thomas M Cooley Law Sch v Doe 1, 300
Mich App 245, 262; 833 NW2d 331, 341 (2013).
In this case, Kaspryk failed to identify the allegedly defamatory language at issue. But the
trial court was required to give an opportunity to amend. “MCR 2.116(I)(5) requires that if
summary disposition is appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(8), as is the case here, plaintiffs shall be
given the opportunity to amend their pleadings, unless the amendment would be futile.” Ghanam
v Does, 303 Mich App 522, 543; 845 NW2d 128 (2014), citing Weymers, 454 Mich at 658.
Kaspryk has not yet had an opportunity to identify the statements she claims are defamatory and
so it is impossible to make an assessment regarding whether the amendment would be futile. Under
these circumstances, Kaspryk is entitled to an opportunity amend her complaint.
F. NEGLIGENT AND INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
Kaspryk argues that the trial court erred by dismissing her claim for intentional infliction
of emotional distress (IIED). We agree.
“To establish a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must prove
the following elements: (1) extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) intent or recklessness, (3)
causation, and (4) severe emotional distress.” Hayley v Allstate Ins Co, 262 Mich App 571, 577;
686 NW2d 273 (2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Liability attaches only when a
plaintiff can demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct is so outrageous in character, and so extreme
in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious and
utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Lewis v LeGrow, 258 Mich App 175, 196; 670 NW2d
675 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Liability does not extend to mere insults,
indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities.” Doe v Mills, 212 Mich
App 73, 91; 536 NW2d 824 (1995). The test is whether “the recitation of the facts to an average
member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim,
‘Outrageous!’ ” Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich 594, 603; 374 NW2d 905 (1985)
(quotation marks and citation omitted).
The amended complaint alleges that defendants’ intentional conduct was extreme and
outrageous and caused Kaspryk severe emotional distress. While these allegations do not describe
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the conduct at-issue with specificity, they do allege that the conduct was extreme and outrageous.
That is sufficient to allege a claim for IIED under the notice pleading standard, and we reverse the
dismissal of the IIED claim.
The trial court, however, did not err in dismissing Kaspryk’s claim for negligent infliction
of emotional distress and we affirm the dismissal of this claim.
A plaintiff may recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress, as a bystander, when
(1) the injury threatened or inflicted on the third person is a serious one, of a nature to cause severe
mental disturbance to the plaintiff; (2) the shock results in actual physical harm; (3) the plaintiff is
a member of the third person's immediate family; and (4) the plaintiff is present at the time of the
accident or suffers shock “fairly contemporaneous” with the accident. Wargelin v Sisters of Mercy
Health Corp, 149 Mich App 75, 81; 385 NW2d 732 (1986). Subsequent to the decision in
Wargelin, this Court expressly declined to extend “the tort of negligent infliction of emotional
distress beyond the situation where a plaintiff witnesses negligent injury to a third person and
suffers mental disturbance as a result.” Duran v Detroit News, Inc, 200 Mich App 622, 629; 504
NW2d 715 (1993).
Kaspryk did not allege that she witnessed a family member being threatened or inflicted
with injury. The allegations are legally insufficient to state a claim under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and
we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of this claim.
G. TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE WITH A BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP OR
EXPECTANCY
Kaspryk lastly disputes the trial court’s grant of summary disposition in defendants’ favor
concerning her claim for tortious interference with a business relationship or expectancy.
The elements of tortious interference with a business relationship are the existence of a
valid business relationship or expectancy, knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part
of the defendant, an intentional interference by the defendant inducing or causing a breach or
termination of the relationship or expectancy, and resultant damage to the plaintiff. BPS Clinical
Labs v Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Michigan, 217 Mich App 687, 698–699; 552 NW2d 919
(1996).
To fulfill the third element, intentional interference inducing or causing a breach of a
business relationship, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant acted both intentionally and
either improperly or without justification. Bonelli v Volkswagen of Am, Inc, 166 Mich App 483,
498; 421 NW2d 213 (1988). To establish that a defendant’s conduct lacked justification and
showed malice, “the plaintiff must demonstrate, with specificity, affirmative acts by the defendant
that corroborate the improper motive of the interference.” BPS Clinical Laboratories, 217 Mich
App at 699. “Where the defendant’s actions were motivated by legitimate business reasons, its
actions would not constitute improper motive or interference.” Id.
Plaintiff’s amended complaint asserts that defendants knew or should have known that their
illegal conduct interfered with plaintiff’s contractual or business relationship with her employer,
General Motors. These allegations set forth a claim for tortious interference with a business
relationship. “[I]n order to succeed under a claim of tortious interference with a business
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relationship, the plaintiffs must allege that the interferer did something illegal, unethical or
fraudulent.” Early Detection Ctr, PC, v New York Life Ins Co, 157 Mich App 618, 631; 403 NW2d
830 (1986) (citation omitted). While the amended complaint is not pleaded with specificity on this
count, it does allege that defendants, by making defamatory and untruthful comments about
plaintiff, illegally interfered with her business relationship with her employer. These allegations
are sufficient to put defendants on notice of the claim that they are asked to defend against and,
thus, are legally sufficient under Michigan’s notice pleading standard.
We reverse the dismissal of the tortious interference with a business relationship claim.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Kaspryk’s negligent infliction of emotional distress
claim. But we reverse the trial court’s dismissal of her claims for sexual discrimination, hostile
work environment sexual harassment, age discrimination, retaliation under WDCA, defamation,
IIED, and tortious interference with a business relationship or expectancy. Kaspryk is also entitled
to an opportunity to amend her defamation claim. We remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ Sima G. Patel
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