The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
UNPUBLISHED
In re LAFRENIERE/HILDEBRANDT/BRUNETTE, April 28, 2022
Minors.
No. 358351
Delta Circuit Court
Family Division
LC Nos. 20-000532-NA
20-000533-NA
20-000534-NA
In re N. HILDEBRANDT, Minor. No. 358353
Delta Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 20-000533-NA
Before: CAMERON, P.J., and CAVANAGH and GADOLA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In these consolidated appeals, respondent-mother, A. Hildebrandt, appeals as of right the
trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to her minor children, RL, NH, and SB, and
respondent-father, R. Hildebrandt, appeals as of right the order terminating his parental rights to
his daughter, NH. The trial court terminated respondents’ parental rights under
MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (j). For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
I. STATUTORY GROUNDS
Respondents argue that the trial court erred when it found statutory grounds to terminate
their parental rights. We disagree.
To terminate parental rights, the trial court must find that at least one of the statutory
grounds for termination has been established by clear and convincing evidence. In re Powers, 244
Mich App 111, 117; 624 NW2d 472 (2000). This Court reviews the trial court’s findings under
the clearly erroneous standard. MCR 3.977(K). A finding is clearly erroneous if the reviewing
court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. In re Miller,
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433 Mich 331, 337; 445 NW2d 161 (1989). After reviewing the record, we are not convinced that
the trial court clearly erred.
The court terminated respondents’ parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (j),
which provide:
The court may terminate a parent’s parental rights to a child if the court
finds, by clear and convincing evidence, 1 or more of the following:
* * *
(c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this chapter,
182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial dispositional order,
and the court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either of the following:
(i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is
no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable
time considering the child’s age.
* * *
(j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the
child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of
the parent.
The trial court did not clearly err when it terminated respondents’ parental rights under these
grounds.
In July 2020, respondents were married and living together in Escanaba, Michigan, with
their two-month-old daughter, NH, and respondent-mother’s six-year-old son, RL. It appears that
respondent-mother’s oldest son, SB, who was 12 years old, was then living with his biological
father, L. Brunette. RL’s legal father, J. Lafreniere, was serving a sentence related to a criminal
sexual conduct conviction. All three children have special needs because of various genetic
disorders involving chromosomal deletion. RL has the most significant impairments; he is both
developmentally delayed and nonverbal.
In July 2020, Children’s Protective Services (CPS) received a complaint that respondents
were forcing or encouraging RL to smoke marijuana from a pipe. A CPS investigation ensued and
a drug screen indicated that RL tested “positive for cannabis/marijuana.” Respondents pleaded no
contest to allegations that they smoked marijuana in front of the children and made RL smoke
marijuana out of a pipe because they thought it would calm him down.1 After accepting the pleas,
the trial court assumed jurisdiction over the children and then ordered respondents to comply with
1
In addition to this child protective proceeding, respondents were criminally charged with fourth-
degree child abuse, neglect, and attempted delivery of marijuana to a minor. In March 2021, both
respondents entered no-contest pleas to one count of fourth-degree child abuse.
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and benefit from a case-service plan. Petitioner offered respondents services designed to address
their substance-abuse issues, mental health concerns, housing insecurity, and poor parenting skills.
Petitioner also provided respondents with resources to assist them in obtaining employment.
Despite these efforts, the evidence established that respondents did not substantially comply with
or benefit from the services offered.
The primary barriers to reunification were respondents’ mental health issues, related
substance abuse, and their poor parenting skills. The caseworker testified that respondents did
participate in a psychological evaluation and a substance-abuse assessment, after which the
clinicians recommended that respondents participate in therapy to address chronic marijuana use
and emotional instability. There is some evidence that respondents enrolled in the recommended
therapy, but after that, their cooperation ended. Despite being ordered by the court, respondents
refused to execute necessary releases to permit petitioner and the court to review respondents’
therapy records and ascertain whether respondents were addressing the relevant issues,
establishing goals, and meeting the treatment objectives. At the conclusion of the termination
hearing, there was little evidence from which the court could conclude that the issues that led to
the adjudication had been appropriately resolved. Indeed, the evidence available to the court
convincingly demonstrated that respondents had not adequately addressed their mental health
issues or their continued marijuana use.
The caseworker testified that respondents continued to exhibit emotional instability.
Respondent-father, in particular, was aggressive, argumentative, and uncooperative. Respondent-
mother would frequently follow respondent-father’s lead. Neither respondent demonstrated the
emotional stability necessary to parent three special-needs children. Further, they consistently
tested positive for marijuana nearly the entire time the children were in care. At the outset, the
court granted respondents supervised parenting time, contingent on them testing negative for
controlled substances. At the time of termination, respondents had not seen their children in
approximately seven months because, between January 2021 and August 2021, they consistently
tested positive for marijuana. Early on, the court entered an order precluding respondents from
using marijuana, even if prescribed or permitted by a medical marijuana card, unless respondents
filed a motion and, following a hearing, the court determined that marijuana use was beneficial to
reunification efforts and in the children’s best interests. Respondents never filed such a motion
and there was no evidence that either respondent was using marijuana under the supervision of a
medical professional. There was clear and convincing evidence from which the court could
conclude that respondents had not adequately addressed their mental health and substance-abuse
issues.
Respondents’ poor parenting and profound lack of judgment were factors that directly led
to the children’s removal. Accordingly, improving their parenting skills was an integral
component of the treatment plan. In an effort to improve their parenting, petitioner referred
respondents to two parenting education classes. Respondents did not qualify for one of the classes
because visitation was a prerequisite to participating in the program and respondents’ parenting
time was suspended because of their continued substance abuse. Petitioner also referred
respondents to Pregnancy Services for parenting education. Respondent-father initially
participated in some of the online parenting classes through this program, but after a few classes
he just stopped participating. Respondent-mother participated in a few more online classes than
respondent-father, but she too eventually stopped. There was clear and convincing evidence from
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which the court could find that respondents did not substantially comply with this element of their
treatment plan. To the extent that they did comply, it is clear that they did not benefit from the
services offered. Throughout the case, respondents continued to put their needs ahead of their
children’s needs. This is evident by the fact that, for approximately seven months, they forfeited
the opportunity to spend time with their children because they were unwilling and unmotivated to
live a substance-free lifestyle.
In addition to failing to address their emotional instability, drug use, and parenting skills,
respondents also failed to obtain suitable housing. At the time of termination, respondent-father
was in jail and respondent-mother was living with a friend. Had reunification occurred,
respondents planned to live with the children at a campground. They believed that living in this
manner would allow them to save money so that, by the fall or winter, they would have
accumulated the funds necessary to pay the security deposit and rent on a house. Ignoring the
glaring unsuitability of their plans, had respondents taken advantage of the resources provided to
them, it would have been unnecessary for them to even contemplate living at a free campground.
The caseworker testified that she provided respondents with housing resources and attempted to
work with them on a budget so that they could afford suitable housing. Despite these efforts,
respondents continued to spend money in ways that did not benefit their family. Perhaps more
concerning, respondents indicated to the caseworker that they had no intention of looking for
housing until after their related criminal matters were resolved.
The evidence demonstrated that respondents did not substantially comply with their
treatment plan and, to the extent that respondents did participate in some services, they did not
benefit from them. As a consequence, respondents were in no better position to parent their
special-needs children than when the children were removed from their care 13 months earlier.
The record also supports the trial court’s finding that there was no reasonable likelihood
that respondents would be in a position to safely parent their children within a reasonable time.
Respondents refused to cooperate with services. They denied that they had a substance-abuse
problem and they were unwilling and unmotivated to lead a substance-free lifestyle for the benefit
of their children. The caseworker opined that considering respondents’ resistance to treatment,
allowing them additional time to work toward reunification would not result in a different outcome.
Termination of parental rights is appropriate under § 19b(3)(c)(i) when “the totality of the
evidence amply supports” that the parent has not accomplished “any meaningful change in the
conditions” that led to the court assuming jurisdiction of the child. In re Williams, 286 Mich App
253, 272; 779 NW2d 286 (2009). Further, a parent’s failure to participate in and benefit from a
service plan is evidence that the parent will not be able to provide a child proper care and custody
and that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the parent’s home. In re White, 303
Mich App 701, 710-711; 846 NW2d 61 (2014). Applying these well-accepted principles to the
existing record, the trial court did not clearly err when it determined that the conditions that led to
the adjudication continued to exist and that the children would be a risk of harm in respondents’
care. Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly err by finding that the evidence supported grounds
for termination under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (j).
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Notwithstanding this conclusion, respondent-mother asserts that the trial court violated the
Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act (MRTMA), MCL 333.27951 et seq., by
relying on her marijuana use when terminating her parental rights. We disagree.
The MRTMA provides, in pertinent part:
A person shall not be denied custody of or visitation with a minor for
conduct that is permitted by this act, unless the person’s behavior is such that it
creates an unreasonable danger to the minor that can be clearly articulated and
substantiated. [MCL 333.27955(3).]
The plain language of this statute confirms that if a person’s use of marijuana creates an
unreasonable danger to a minor “that can be clearly articulated and substantiated,” the person can
be “denied custody of or visitation with a minor.” This conclusion is consistent with this Court’s
consideration of an analogous issue, namely, a parent’s alcohol use in child protective proceedings.
Although alcohol use is legal for persons over 21 years of age, the abuse of alcohol can be grounds
for termination of parental rights. See, e.g., In re Powers, 244 Mich App at 119; In re Conley, 216
Mich App 41, 43-44; 549 NW2d 353 (1996). The relevant inquiry is whether use of the substance
will have a negative effect on a parent’s ability to parent, or will cause a risk of harm to the child.
In re Richardson, 329 Mich App 232, 252; 961 NW2d 499 (2019).
Contrary to respondent-mother’s position, respondents’ behavior created an unreasonable
danger to the minor children. The evidence established that respondents forced a six-year old child
with special needs to ingest marijuana because they believed it would calm the child down.
Because of this conduct, respondents were convicted of fourth-degree child abuse. It is unlikely
that respondents would have abused the child in this manner but for the fact of their own substance
use. Put another way, respondents’ drug use was directly related to the abuse and neglect. Further,
respondents’ actions evidenced a profound lack of judgment and exceedingly poor parenting skills.
Respondents then did nothing throughout this case to improve their ability to safely parent their
children. Indeed, respondents’ inability to cease using marijuana reflected an unwillingness to put
the needs of the children ahead of their substance use. As a direct consequence of respondents’
substance abuse, one child was injured. Moreover, as a consequence of respondents’ failure to
make any meaningful changes in their lives, respondents have created for RL and his siblings an
unreasonable risk of harm in the future should the children be returned to respondents’ care. Under
the doctrine of anticipatory neglect, “[h]ow a parent treats one child is certainly probative of how
that parent may treat other children.” In re AH, 245 Mich App 77, 84; 627 NW2d 33 (2001)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Under the circumstances of this case, the fact that
marijuana use was permitted by law did not preclude the trial court from considering that use as a
factor in the termination of respondents’ parental rights.
Unlike respondent-mother, respondent-father does not take issue with the trial court’s
consideration of his marijuana use. Indeed, he acknowledges that “there were issues with [his]
drug use.” He further concedes that his conviction of fourth-degree child abuse exacerbated the
situation. Instead, respondent-father asserts that termination of his parental rights was premature
because he was participating in services. Respondent-father notes that he submitted to a substance-
abuse assessment and a psychological evaluation. He also met with a substance-abuse counselor.
Respondent-father further contends that he “did not have the ability to work the full case service
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plan” because of his status as a registered sex offender and the “unreasonableness” of the plan.
Respondent-father contends that he should have been granted additional time to work toward
reunification. We disagree.
The record clearly demonstrates that during the 13 months the children were in care,
respondent-father was provided several services designed to address the barriers to reunification.
Instead of any meaningful engagement in the treatment plan, respondent-father resisted treatment
and was argumentative and uncooperative. Respondent-father contends that he was unable to
access services because of his status as a convicted sex offender. While it is true that some of the
housing resources were unavailable to him because of this status, that was not the reason why
respondent-father was unable to find suitable housing for his child. Both respondent-father and
respondent-mother refused to make any effort to obtain housing until after they were sentenced on
the child abuse charges. Essentially, respondent-father could not be bothered to make any effort
because there was a possibility that he might not need the housing sometime in the future. Further,
when respondents stated their position, the caseworker then attempted to assist respondents in
budgeting and saving for their future housing needs. However, respondent-father did not cooperate
in these efforts, and instead, spent financial resources in a way that would not benefit his family.
Respondent-father’s failure to benefit from the treatment plan was solely a circumstance of his
own making. Respondent-father was simply unwilling to put his child’s needs ahead of his own
desires. The court did not clearly err when it refused to allow respondent-father additional time to
work toward reunification.
II. BEST INTERESTS
Respondents also challenge the trial court’s finding that termination of their parental rights
was in the children’s best interests. We find no error in this regard.
“If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order termination of the
parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not be
made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). The court may consider several factors when deciding if termination
of parental rights is in a child’s best interests, including the child’s bond to the parent, the parent’s
parenting ability, the child’s need for permanency, stability, and finality, and the advantages of a
foster home over the parent’s home. In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App 35, 41-42; 823 NW2d 144
(2012). The court may also consider psychological evaluations, the child’s age, continued
involvement in domestic violence, and a parent’s history. In re Jones, 286 Mich App 126, 131;
777 NW2d 728 (2009). “The trial court should weigh all the evidence available to determine the
children’s best interests.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 713. In considering the child’s best
interests, the trial court’s focus must be on the child and not the parent. In re Moss, 301 Mich App
76, 87; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). Whether termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests
must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 90. This Court reviews for clear error
a trial court’s finding that termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests. In re Jones,
286 Mich App at 129.
The trial court did not clearly err when it found that termination of respondents’ parental
rights was in the children’s best interests. The trial court correctly observed that the three children
were not similarly situated, and therefore, their best interests needed to be considered individually.
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SB was placed with his legal father. RL and NH were placed together in a nonrelative licensed
foster home, but RL’s father was working toward reunification and petitioner hoped to place RL
with his legal father soon. The foster parents had expressed an interest in adopting NH. Although
the trial court correctly noted that the three children were not similarly situated and that their best
interests needed to be considered individually, there were common elements pertinent to
evaluating their best interests.
All three children suffered from genetic conditions involving chromosomal deletion. Both
RL and SB exhibited developmental delays and required specialized services, including speech
and occupational therapy. Both had individualized learning plans to assist in their educational
needs. NH was tested and found to have a chromosomal deletion, but different than that of her
brothers. Because she was an infant when the children came into care, it was too early to know
how her genetic condition would express itself. Consequently, NH’s prognosis was uncertain.
What was not uncertain was respondents’ inability to meet their children’s special needs.
Respondents did not benefit from services and they both lacked suitable housing. While the
children were in care, neither respondent-mother nor respondent-father were able to achieve
stability in their own lives, without the added responsibility of caring for their children. Ample
evidence demonstrated that they lacked the stability to provide a safe environment for their
children’s special needs. By contrast, the testimony established that all three children were with
caregivers who were meeting their needs and willing to provide them with the permanency and
stability they required.
Regarding NH, in particular, she was two months old when she was removed from
respondents’ care. The only home she had ever truly known was provided by her foster parents,
who had expressed a willingness to adopt her. A court may consider the advantages of a foster
home over the parent’s home. In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App at 42. In this case, NH’s placement
in a pre-adoptive home weighed in favor of terminating respondents’ parental rights.
Respondents assert that termination of their parental rights was not in the children’s best
interests because a parent-child bond existed. However, there was no reliable evidence of a healthy
parent-child bond between respondents and their respective children. Indeed, evidence
demonstrated that because of respondents’ own defiant conduct, any bond that may have existed
was significantly weakened, if not severed. Respondents had not visited their children during the
seven months that preceded the termination hearing because they could not pass a drug screen.
Respondent-father contends that he was precluded from seeing his child because of this
unreasonable condition of the case-service plan. However, respondent-father was not denied
parenting time because of an unreasonable condition imposed by the court, but because he was
unwilling to put his children’s interests ahead of his substance use. In any event, a parent’s bond
with a child is just one factor for a court to consider in its best-interest analysis and, in this case,
whatever bond existed between respondents and their children did not outweigh the children’s
need for a safe and stable home environment.
Respondent-mother argues that termination of her parental rights to her sons was improper
because SB was placed with his biological father and RL was soon to be placed with his father.
She argues that these placements mitigated in favor of preserving her parental rights. While
respondent-mother is correct that a child’s placement with a relative weighs against termination,
MCL 712A.19a(8)(a), the boys’ biological fathers are not “relatives” as defined under
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MCL 712A.13a(1)(j). Accordingly, the trial court was not required to weigh the children’s
placement with their fathers against termination. See In re Schadler, 315 Mich App 406, 413; 890
NW2d 676 (2016). The trial court did not err by concluding that this factor should not be weighed
when determining the boys’ best interests.
In a similar vein, respondent-mother argues that because her sons are in, or soon will be in,
the stable custody of their legal fathers, terminating her parental rights would do nothing toward
ensuring permanency and stability for the boys. Respondent-mother provides little analysis and
has neglected to provide any relevant legal authority for this argument. “A party cannot simply
assert an error or announce a position and then leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the
basis for [her] claims, or unravel and elaborate for [her her] argument, and then search for authority
either to sustain or reject [her] position.” In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 712; 859 NW2d 208 (2014)
(quotation marks an citation omitted). In any event, this Court rejected a similar argument in In
re Marin, 198 Mich App 560, 565-567; 499 NW2d 400 (1993). In that case, this Court
acknowledged, as respondent-mother argues here, that
[i]t can be reasonably argued that there is no need to terminate the parental rights
of one parent where the child remains in the care and custody of the other parent
and there is no basis for removing the child from the custodial parent’s care. While
the noncustodial parent may not be a fit parent and may, in fact, as is the case here,
pose a threat to the child, those concerns could be addressed through traditional
custody and visitation proceedings in the circuit court, as well as, through the
criminal justice system, as occurred here. [Id. at 565.]
This Court explicitly rejected this argument, finding instead that “the Legislature envisioned and
intended that the probate court could terminate the parental rights of just one parent.” Id. at 566.
Accordingly, the fact that RL and SB would be in the custody of their legal fathers did not preclude
termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights. Indeed, terminating her parental rights would
ensure that she did not have the authority or ability to interfere with the children’s stability.
Finally, respondent-mother asserts that it was improper for the court to consider her
marijuana use when evaluating the children’s best interests. We disagree. As discussed earlier,
because respondent-mother’s use of marijuana impaired her ability to parent her children, the court
properly weighed this factor when considering the children’s best interests.
Despite respondents’ assertions to the contrary, a preponderance of the evidence
demonstrated that termination of their parental rights was in the children’s best interests. There
was no evidence that respondents could safely parent their children or that they would be able to
do so within a reasonable time. Respondents were unwilling to put their children’s needs ahead
of their own. Further, because of the children’s special needs, it was readily apparent that they
would be at risk of harm in respondents’ care. Termination of respondents’ parental rights was
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the only avenue by which the children could achieve the permanence, stability, safety, and finality
they required.
Affirmed.
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Michael F. Gadola
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