The opinion
03/03/2022
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
October 26, 2021 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. EMILY LEANNE BROOKS
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
No. 303669 Don W. Poole, Judge
No. E2020-01563-CCA-R3-CD
The Defendant, Emily Leanne Brooks, entered an open guilty plea to second degree
murder. Prior to sentencing, she obtained new counsel and filed a motion to withdraw her
plea one week after it was entered. That motion, along with her subsequent motion to
reconsider, was denied following the trial court’s balancing analysis of the factors set forth
in State v. Phelps, 329 S.W.3d 436, 446 (Tenn. 2010), and its determination that the
Defendant was not a credible witness. The Defendant was, thereafter, sentenced to twenty-
one years. She appeals as of right, noting that she immediately sought to withdraw her plea
and arguing (1) that the significance of her traumatic brain injury on her decision-making
process was underappreciated by her prior attorneys and the trial court, and (2) that given
her difficulties, she should have been allowed to speak with her parents who were present
in the courtroom before being required to accept the take-it-or-leave plea deal that was
presented that day. Following our review, we affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R.
MCMULLEN and JILL BARTEE AYERS, JJ., joined.
Charles Leland Davis, Janie Parks Varnell, and Logan Davis (on motion to withdraw and
on appeal), Chattanooga, Tennessee; and Steven E. Smith, District Public Defender, and
Boyd Patterson and Steve Brown, Assistant District Public Defenders (at guilty plea
hearing), for the appellant, Emily Leanne Brooks.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Cody N. Brandon, Assistant
Attorney General; Neal Pinkston, District Attorney General; and Crystle Carrion, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On December 13, 2017, the Hamilton County Grand Jury charged the Defendant
with the first-degree premeditated murder of Eric Burchfield (“the victim”) after the
Defendant allegedly shot the victim in the back of the head at a local Chattanooga gas
station on July 21, 2017. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202. Thereafter, on January 23,
2020, the Defendant agreed to enter an open plea as a Range I, standard offender, to second
degree murder with a sentencing range of fifteen to twenty-five years. See Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 39-13-210, 40-35-112(a)(1). The Defendant completed a written petition
acknowledging the consequences of her plea and waiving her rights.
At the January 23, 2020 guilty plea hearing, the State provided a detailed recitation
of the facts underlying the offense. According to the State, an eyewitness stated that while
on her way inside the gas station store, she saw a white female standing near the vehicle
by which the victim was found lying, that the female had shoulder-length hair with blonde
highlights, that the female was on the phone “ranting about a boyfriend and drugs,” and
that when the witness came out of the convenience store, the female was gone. When
officers went to the victim’s mother’s house to inform her of the victim’s death, the victim’s
mother indicated that the Defendant had shot the victim and that when the victim’s mother
provided a description of the Defendant, it closely matched the description given by the
gas station eyewitness. The victim’s cell phone was examined, and it displayed text
messages reflecting that the Defendant and the victim were at odds. Officers went to the
Defendant’s residence, and when the Defendant arrived, she was arrested. Officers
observed that the Defendant appeared to have new freshly-cut, freshly-dyed hair in an
“attempt to change her appearance.” The Defendant attempted to escape her handcuffs and
flee on foot but was captured a short distance away. While attempting to flee, the
Defendant tried to retrieve something from her backpack. Officers found a handgun in the
backpack that was subsequently determined to match the .380 casing found near the
victim’s body at the gas station. The Defendant’s lawyers were asked if they had anything
to add, and they replied in the negative.
It was noted that the parents of the victim and the Defendant were both present in
the courtroom for the guilty plea and that they had both been frequently present for court
proceedings. The trial court first instructed the twenty-eight-year-old Defendant about the
seriousness of pleading guilty and the importance of answering its questions truthfully.
The trial court told the Defendant that failure to answer its questions truthfully could result
in a perjury charge, and the Defendant indicated that she understood the concept of perjury.
The trial court requested of the Defendant that she ask her attorneys or the trial court if she
did not understand something, and the Defendant responded affirmatively.
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The Defendant affirmed that she had read and reviewed the plea agreement
paperwork and that she had discussed it “completely” with her lawyers. When asked if she
had any questions about the paperwork, the Defendant replied in the negative. The trial
court reminded the Defendant to tell the trial court if she had any questions. The Defendant
then confirmed that she had signed the petition to enter a guilty plea, that she had initialed
each paragraph, and that she had read and discussed each paragraph with her attorneys.
She affirmed that she understood the document.
The Defendant informed the trial court that she had finished part of her senior year
of high school and obtained her General Educational Development diploma (“G.E.D.”).
She also confirmed that she had pleaded guilty in other cases and understood her rights on
those occasions. The Defendant confirmed that she had received a copy of the indictment
and discussed it “completely” with her attorneys. She understood that she was charged
with first-degree murder and the life imprisonment punishment she was facing if she
proceeded to trial. She further understood that her plea would result in a conviction that
would be on her criminal record and could later be used against her. She acknowledged
that as a result of her conviction, she would lose the rights to vote and own a firearm. The
Defendant’s rights were then explained to her, including her right to a jury trial, to have
counsel at that trial, to the presumption of innocence, to call and confront witnesses against
her, to select a jury, to testify in her own defense, and to appeal any jury conviction. The
Defendant stated that she understood those rights and that by entering a guilty plea, she
was waiving all those rights, though she would still have a sentencing hearing.
The Defendant indicated that she had no questions, that she “completely”
understood what she was doing by pleading guilty, and that she had no reason to believe
her reasoning was impaired. The Defendant stated that she had been in custody for thirty-
one months prior to entry of her plea. She affirmed that she was not impaired by alcohol
or drugs, that she had taken her prescription medication that day, and that her medication
did not impede her decision-making ability. She agreed that she was pleading guilty freely
and voluntarily and that no one had forced or coerced her to do so. She confirmed that she
had not been promised any specific sentence and knew that her plea would result in a
sentence of anywhere between fifteen to twenty-five years, which would be determined by
the trial court at a later sentencing hearing. She affirmed that she was satisfied with her
attorneys’ representation. The trial court once again asked the Defendant if she had any
question before accepting her plea, to which she replied in the negative. The trial court
thereafter determined that the Defendant was entering her plea freely and voluntarily and
accepted the plea.
The next day after the guilty plea hearing, the Defendant phoned her mother from
jail, and the two women discussed the circumstances that took place at the plea hearing.
That conversation was recorded. In the recording, the Defendant asked her mother if it
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“was a good idea” for her to plead guilty, and her mother expressed that she was unsure.
The Defendant’s mother said that she wished it would have raised “a red flag” for the
Defendant when the Defendant’s lawyers informed the Defendant that she could not speak
with her parents because “they [were] not on board with” the plea.
The Defendant and her mother discussed their dissatisfaction with the Defendant’s
attorneys and their belief that the lawyers did not have the Defendant’s best interest at
heart. The Defendant asserted that she was “flying solely” on her lawyers’ opinions when
she decided to plead and remarked that she did not “know how this stuff work[ed].” The
Defendant expressed that she could not fight the case and her lawyers too, though she
affirmed that she had been adamant with her lawyers that she was not accepting the twenty-
year plea agreement that had been offered to her previously. According to the Defendant,
her lawyers had not done anything she wanted them to do but instead did whatever they
wanted.
The Defendant’s mother said that “trial was the leverage” and claimed that the
Defendant’s lawyers did not explain to her and the Defendant’s father what an open plea
entailed and that the Defendant was waiving her appeal rights. According to the
Defendant’s mother, the Defendant’s lawyers said to her that the Defendant was a grown
adult who could make her own decisions. She indicated that her request to speak with the
Defendant was denied. The Defendant’s mother expressed that she was still “trying to
make sense of” what happened in the courtroom; that it was possible the Defendant could
get a lesser sentence at the sentencing hearing, though she was uncertain; and that the
process was confusing to her and the Defendant’s father.
The Defendant affirmed that she could “make [her] own decisions,” but she
observed that she was “stuck relying on two people” who did not care about her. The
Defendant said that she had only had a few months to think about the twenty-year plea
offer and that she was unfamiliar with her “choices and options.” The Defendant further
indicated that her fellow inmates were telling her not to proceed to trial.
According to the Defendant, her lawyers told her on the day of the guilty plea
hearing that she had “to sign right then.” The Defendant’s mother replied that the lawyers
“just took away [the Defendant’s] rights” and “her leverage” to possibly get a lower offer
of seventeen or eighteen years. Her mother then stated that they would explore the
Defendant’s options.
After the Defendant hired new counsel, she filed a motion to withdraw her guilty
plea on January 30, 2020, one week following her guilty plea. In the motion, the Defendant
alleged that she felt pressured to enter her guilty plea, that she was not afforded an
opportunity to discuss the plea with her parents, that the effects of a 2011 traumatic brain
injury impaired her decision-making ability, and that she “did not understand the full
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impact of an open guilty plea nor the limitations placed upon her to any subsequent appeal
of her sentence.” Affidavits from the Defendant and both of the Defendant’s parents were
attached to the motion. According to the affidavits, the Defendant believed she was in
court on January 23, 2020, to set a trial date; the Defendant wished to proceed to trial; the
Defendant was not allowed to speak with her parents prior to entering the plea despite
mutual requests to do so; the Defendant suffered a serious brain injury following a car
accident that made it difficult for her to make decisions under pressure; the Defendant took
required medication for her brain injury and “mental condition”; the Defendant felt
pressured to plead guilty; the Defendant did not “completely understand” the consequences
of an open plea; and the Defendant wished to withdraw her plea. A hearing was held on
the motion to withdraw on June 4, 2020.
At the motion to withdraw hearing, the Defendant testified that prior to coming to
court on January 23, 2020, she had been offered a twenty-year plea deal “on multiple other
occasions” and that she expected to be setting a trial date in court that day because she did
not intend to accept that offer. The Defendant indicated that she “was terrified in making
this decision and . . . was just having a really hard time.” Sometime later in the day, the
Defendant’s lawyers approached her with the open plea deal to second degree murder,
which she “was ignorant of up until that point.” She said that she asked to speak with her
parents about the new offer prior to accepting it but that her attorneys denied her that
opportunity. She felt “slightly manipulated” and forced to make a decision on the
agreement “within a couple of hours.” She believed that it was “important for [her] to have
been given all of [her] options and choices,” and she thought that she was going to be given
time to decide whether to accept the open plea but was not. She stated that she initially felt
like she “was offered the open plea bargain as a way out, . . . as kind of a saving grace,”
but that she “was kind of left in the dark with a lot of it.” The Defendant said that she was
unaware that she would be required to accept it that day or that she would not be able to
appeal the final decision. When the Defendant returned to jail after entering her plea, she
called her parents, and within a day or two, they decided to look for a new lawyer and try
to withdraw the plea, all believing that the plea was not in her best interest.
The Defendant testified that she was in a car wreck in 2011 that rendered her
unconscious, caused her brain to swell, required numerous surgeries, and left her in the
hospital for about a month. She felt that the injury affected her ability to make decisions.
She explained that she did not tell the judge about her desire to go to trial because she did
not have “enough knowledge.” She persisted in her desire to withdraw her guilty plea
despite the possibility of a jury convicting her of first-degree murder.
On cross-examination, the Defendant acknowledged that she had been in custody
for this crime for over two years prior to entry of her guilty plea. The Defendant confirmed
that she had completed the eleventh grade, had obtained her G.E.D., and could read and
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write. The Defendant agreed that she had previously pled guilty to nine other offenses and
had “some familiarity” with what it meant to have a criminal charge and to plead guilty to
a criminal offense. Copies of her convictions were entered as an exhibit, reflecting
misdemeanor convictions for a violation of boat rules and regulations, possession of a
controlled substance, disorderly conduct, failure to appear, evading arrest, criminal
trespassing, and three thefts.
The Defendant testified that she did not remember signing the plea agreement
paperwork in this case, but she acknowledged that the petition bore her signature, initials,
and identifying information. She recalled “in general” the decision to plead guilty but did
not remember most of the details surrounding that decision. She reaffirmed that she “was
unaware that there was no appeal on the open plea decision,” though she initialed the
portion of the plea agreement explaining to her that she was waiving her right to appeal her
conviction and sentence except to the extent allowed by Tennessee Rule of Procedure
37(b)(2). When asked about her understanding of the questions presently being asked of
her, she said that she was “pretty sure” she understood “everything” that was happening at
the motion to withdraw hearing, explaining that her lawyer had prepared her for the
proceeding.
The Defendant stated that she had no trouble hearing the trial court at the plea
hearing and that she understood the questions she was being asked “for the most part.”
However, she claimed that she did not know what perjury meant despite indicating she
understood perjury at the plea hearing. The Defendant explained that even if she had
indicated at the plea hearing that she understood the consequences of her plea, the fact that
her right to appeal would be circumscribed by a plea “let[ her] know that [she] did not
understand what [she] thought [she] understood at the time.”
In rendering its ruling, the trial court first recalled some of the procedural history of
the Defendant’s case, noting that the Defendant did have a forensic evaluation prior to
proceeding with trial and that the defense filed a motion to suppress, which was denied
after a “rather lengthy hearing.”1 The trial court also noted that the original trial date of
November 12, 2019, was “canceled on motion of the defense.”
The trial court then observed that pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure
32, the proper standard for reviewing the Defendant’s motion was to allow withdrawal for
“any fair and just reason.” The trial court referenced the factors outlined by the Tennessee
1
On June 7, 2019, the Defendant filed a motion to suppress, arguing that her arrest was not supported by a
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and that, therefore, all evidence discovered as a result of that arrest
should be suppressed.
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Supreme Court in State v. Phelps, 329 S.W.3d 436, 446 (Tenn. 2010), and utilized those
factors in deciding the Defendant’s motion to withdraw.
Addressing those various factors,2 the trial court found that the short delay between
the guilty plea hearing and the request to withdraw the plea clearly favored the Defendant.
The trial court found that the explanation for that delay was a neutral factor since the delay
was so short. The trial court also found that the Defendant had never asserted or maintained
her innocence, noting that it did not find the Defendant very credible in regards to her not
remembering the details of the plea paperwork and hearing, both of which were lengthy in
the trial court’s opinion. The trial court further noted that the guilty plea hearing included
a recitation of the facts underlying the offense and repeated inquiry of the Defendant
relative to whether she understood what was taking place. The trial court also referenced
the recording of the jail call between the Defendant and her mother as evidence that the
Defendant never asserted or maintained her innocence. Ultimately, it counted that factor
“very much against” the Defendant. With respect to the circumstances of the plea, the trial
court found it important that the Defendant had previously lost an involved motion to
suppress incriminating evidence and that this was not the Defendant’s first trial date. The
trial court also counted that factor “very much against” the Defendant. As for the
Defendant’s nature and background, the trial court did not believe that the Defendant’s
injury from the car wreck in 2011 had any significant impact on the Defendant’s ability to
understand the plea agreement. The trial court remarked that the Defendant appeared to be
“very intelligent, very street smart,” so it counted the factor “at least, against” her. In
addition, the trial court indicated that the Defendant’s “extensive” experience with the
criminal justice system, including her nine previous guilty pleas, weighed against setting
aside the plea.
In addition to these factors, the trial court observed that the Defendant’s recorded
conversation with her mother was “very revealing” of the Defendant’s intent to work the
system, noting that they discussed using the plea as leverage, the possibility of “doing
better,” and that if they insisted upon a trial, “maybe things [would] get better.” The trial
court found that this conversation indicated that both the Defendant and her mother “were
very street smart” as to what took place in criminal proceedings. Ultimately, the trial court
weighed the conversation “very much against” the Defendant.
The trial court observed that though a change of heart might sometimes warrant the
withdrawal of guilty plea, it did not find that the various factors weighed in the Defendant’s
favor. The trial court indicated that the Defendant’s complaint about lack of access to her
parents was unpersuasive because the case had been pending for over two years and the
Defendant had been able to speak with her parents on many prior occasions, including
2
These factors will be discussed at length in the analysis section of this opinion. For the sake of brevity,
we choose not to restate them in their entirety here.
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reviewing the twenty-year deal that had been offered, and she was not a teenager dependent
on their guidance. The trial court again did not find the Defendant’s statements regarding
her lack of memory of the circumstances surrounding the plea to be credible and concluded
that the Defendant was not entitled to withdraw her plea.
Thereafter, the Defendant filed a motion to reconsider the denial of her motion to
withdraw, arguing that (1) the Defendant’s request to withdraw her plea and proceed to
trial was an assertion of innocence entitling her to withdrawal; (2) the Defendant’s strategic
discussions with her mother after her plea should not have been held against her, and her
mother’s statements regarding “leverage” should not be imputed to her; (3) the trial court
did not appropriately account for the effect of the Defendant’s brain injury on her decision-
making ability; (4) the Defendant should have been allowed to speak with her parents after
being presented with a plea offer that required immediate acceptance or for the Defendant
to likely spend the rest of her life in prison; and (5) her criminal history consisted of
misdemeanor charges in general sessions court and did not adequately equate with the
severity and the consequences of pleading guilty to second degree murder in criminal court.
A hearing was held on the motion to reconsider.
At the motion to reconsider hearing, the Defendant’s attorney indicated that he had
spoken with one of the Defendant’s previous attorneys, an assistant public defender, who
corroborated that the Defendant was first offered the open plea on January 23, 2020. The
Defendant also entered as an exhibit a thirty-four-page medical document, which according
to the Defendant’s attorney, indicated that the Defendant suffered from “increased
impulsivity [and] decreased memory” due to “a traumatic brain injury” following the car
wreck in 2011. The Defendant’s attorney further indicated that the document was in the
public defender’s file at the time the Defendant entered the plea, indicating that the
Defendant’s prior attorneys were aware of her deficits, though the lawyers did not allow
the Defendant to speak with her parents about the take-it-or-leave-it plea deal.
Relative to the brain injury from the car wreck, the State responded that there was
nothing in the medical document that reflected the Defendant suffered from “an ongoing
issue in her decision-making nine years later.” The State also indicated that relying on the
Defendant’s attorney’s paraphrasing an out-of-court conversation with one of the
Defendant’s prior attorneys was improper. Finally, the State averred that the assistant
public defenders were the ones who approached the State with the open plea offer and that
it was not the other way around, as the Defendant’s new attorney now suggested.
The trial court thereafter denied the motion to reconsider. The trial court noted that
the Defendant’s prior lawyers received notice of the 2011 automobile accident and that in
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response, they asked for a psychiatric evaluation to be performed.3 According to the trial
court, the Defendant “was found to be competent at the time of the act and competent to
stand trial.” The trial court further indicated that it had reviewed the thirty-four-page record
from Erlanger Hospital, which reflected (1) that the Defendant was in a serious automobile
accident in November 2011 where she suffered “a closed-head injury, apparently a
fracture,” (2) that she was hospitalized for an extended period of time, and (3) that most of
the injuries and hospitalization were the result of facial fractures.
The trial court again found that the plea was “voluntarily, understandingly,
intelligently, and appropriately made,” that the Defendant was “not emotional at all” during
the guilty plea hearing, and that she appeared to understand the entire process. The trial
court further noted that the Defendant “was a willing participant in all of that discussion
about leverage and so forth, . . . that she knew completely what was going on and . . . never
asserted anything about innocence at the time, [and that] it was more maybe for leverage
or to get a better deal or something like that.” Regarding the Defendant’s nature and
background, the trial court noted that shortly after the shooting, the Defendant “showed up
in a car with her hair cut and her coloring changed,” which indicated her ability to be
purposeful and calculating. The trial court noted that although the Defendant’s criminal
record consisted of misdemeanors only, she entered a guilty plea on nine different
occasions providing her with “a lot of experience in the criminal justice system.” The trial
court again concluded that there was no fair and just reason to allow the Defendant to
withdraw her plea.
In its written order that followed, the trial court again reaffirmed its prior findings
and denied the Defendant’s motion to reconsider her request to withdraw her guilty plea.
The trial court observed that “there was nothing about the records from 2011 that would
indicate that the [D]efendant had a difficult time making decisions” and that “the
[D]efendant had never indicated actual innocence based upon her voluntary, understanding
and intelligent entry of the guilty plea itself and by the jailhouse call between herself and
mother.” The trial court cited to State v. Terry L. Brazzell, No. M2016-00603-CA-R3-CD,
2016 WL 6803894 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 17, 2016), in support of its decision to deny
her motion to reconsider and request to withdraw her plea.
Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court entered judgments on November 17,
2020, reflecting the Defendant’s conviction for second degree murder and twenty-one-year
sentence. The Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
3
The record reflects that in April 2018, the trial court entered an Order Directing Forensic Evaluation by
the Community Mental Health Center Under Tennessee Code Annotated section 33-7-301(a), instructing
that the Defendant was to be evaluated regarding her competency to stand trial, her mental condition at the
time of crime, and whether she suffered from diminished capacity.
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ANALYSIS
On appeal, the Defendant asserts that the trial court should have allowed her to
withdraw her plea after a proper consideration of the Phelps factors. Specifically, she notes
that she immediately sought to withdraw her plea and submits that the significance of her
traumatic brain injury on her decision-making process was underappreciated by her prior
attorneys and the trial court, and that given her difficulties, she should have been allowed
to speak with her parents who were present in the courtroom before being required to accept
the take-it-or-leave plea deal that was presented that day. The State responds that the trial
court appropriately exercised its discretion balancing the evidence in denying the
Defendant’s request to withdraw her guilty plea, noting that only one Phelps factor favored
withdrawal and that the trial court found that the Defendant’s motion was little more than
a tactical tool for negotiation.
A trial court’s decision regarding a defendant’s motion to withdraw a plea is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Phelps, 329 S.W.3d at 443 (citing State v. Crowe, 168
S.W.3d 731, 740 (Tenn. 2005)). “An abuse of discretion exists if the record lacks
substantial evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion.” Crowe, 168 S.W.3d at 740
(citing Goosby v. State, 917 S.W.2d 700, 705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)). A trial court also
abuses its discretion “when it applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an illogical
conclusion, bases its ruling on a clearly erroneous assessment of the proof, . . . applies
reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party[, or] . . . fail[s] to consider the
relevant factors provided by higher courts as guidance for determining an issue.” Phelps,
329 S.W.3d at 443 (internal citations omitted).
A defendant who has entered a guilty plea does not have a right to unilaterally
withdraw the plea. Phelps, 329 S.W.3d at 444. However, Tennessee Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32(f)(1) provides that “[b]efore sentence is imposed, the court may grant a
motion to withdraw a guilty plea for any fair and just reason.” The Tennessee Supreme
Court has concluded that in the absence of a definition of “fair and just” in the Rules of
Criminal Procedure, trial courts should use “the federal courts’ non-exclusive multi-factor
approach” in determining whether to permit a defendant to withdraw a plea. Id. at 447.
Those factors include:
(1) the amount of time that elapsed between the plea and the motion to
withdraw it; (2) the presence (or absence) of a valid reason for the failure to
move for withdrawal earlier in the proceedings; (3) whether the defendant
has asserted or maintained his innocence; (4) the circumstances underlying
the entry of the guilty plea; (5) the defendant’s nature and background; (6)
the degree to which the defendant has had prior experience with the criminal
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justice system; (7) potential prejudice to the government if the motion to
withdraw is granted.
Id. at 446 (quoting United States v. Haygood, 549 F.3d 1049, 1052 (6th Cir. 2008)). “[N]o
single factor is dispositive,” and “the relevance of each factor varies according to the
circumstances surrounding both the plea and the motion to withdraw.” Id. (citing Haygood,
549 F.3d at 1052). The list of factors is not exclusive, and “a trial court need not consider
the seventh factor unless and until the defendant establishes a fair and just reason for
permitting withdrawal.” Id. at 446-47 (citing United States v. Ellis, 470 F.3d 275, 286 (6th
Cir. 2006)). A defendant bears the burden of establishing grounds for withdrawing his or
her plea. Id. at 444.
“[T]he purpose of the ‘any fair and just reason’ standard ‘is to allow a hastily entered
plea made with unsure heart and confused mind to be undone.’” Phelps, 329 S.W.3d at
448 (quoting United States v. Alexander, 948 F.2d 1002, 1004 (6th Cir. 1991)). This
standard reflects that “[b]efore sentencing, the inconvenience to court and prosecution
resulting from a change of plea is ordinarily slight as compared with the public interest in
protecting the right of the accused to trial by jury.” Crowe, 168 S.W.3d at 741 (quoting
Kadwell v. United States, 315 F.2d 667, 670 (9th Cir. 1963)). Thus, where the balance of
the factors weighs in the defendant’s favor, the trial court should permit a defendant to
withdraw a plea “even if the defendant’s reasons could be characterized as a ‘change of
heart.’” Phelps, 329 S.W.3d at 448. “[T]he trial judge should always exercise his
discretion with caution in refusing to set aside a plea of guilty, to the end that one accused
of crime may have a fair and impartial trial.” Id. at 443 (quoting Henning v. State, 201
S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tenn. 1947)). However, “a defendant should not be allowed to pervert
this process into a tactical tool for purposes of delay or other improper purpose.” Id. at
448.
In this case, the trial court engaged in the relevant analysis, weighed the factors
against each other and the other evidence presented to the trial court, and determined the
balance was against allowing the Defendant to withdraw her plea. Therefore, we will
review that decision for an abuse of discretion.
The trial court found that the first Phelps factor—the amount of time that elapsed
between the plea and the motion to withdraw it—“clearly” favored the Defendant because
the motion was filed a week after the plea was entered. During the one-week time period
after entry of the Defendant’s plea, she procured new counsel to file her motion to
withdraw.
The Defendant argues that the trial court failed to give this factor its proper import
because within twenty-four hours of her plea, after the first opportunity to speak with her
parents, the Defendant decided to withdraw the plea. According to the Defendant, this is
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significant proof that she did not understand the consequences of her plea and provided
“proof of the internal turmoil she faced when forced to enter a plea without speaking to her
parents and under pressure.” The State does not dispute that this factor clearly favored the
Defendant, and we agree with the State and the trial court. However, to accept the
Defendant’s argument would place this factor above all others and render the additional
Phelps factors meaningless, which cannot be what our supreme court intended.
The second factor looks to the presence or absence of a valid reason for the delay in
filing the motion. The trial court determined that this factor was neutral because there was
no real delay given that the motion was filed so quickly.
The State asks that we agree with the trial court. However, the Defendant asserts
that this factor significantly weighs in her favor “because she immediately expressed her
clear desire to withdraw her guilty plea,” which indicated that “she did not understand the
consequences of her plea.” We agree with the trial court and the State that this factor is
neutral because there was no delay for the Defendant to explain. This factor focuses on
the reason provided for the delay rather than the underlying reasons for filing the motion,
and no considerable delay was present here. The Defendant’s argument would again have
us place the expediency of the Defendant’s filing her motion above all other Phelps factors.
The third factor addresses the Defendant’s assertion or maintaining of innocence.
The trial court determined that the factor weighed “very much against” the Defendant,
finding the Defendant not credible. The trial court did not accredit the Defendant’s
testimony that she failed to recollect most of the details of the plea paperwork and hearing
because both of them were lengthy in the trial court’s opinion and because the guilty plea
hearing included a recitation of the facts of the offense and repeated inquiry of the
Defendant whether she understood what was taking place. The trial court also referenced
the recording of the jail call between the Defendant and her mother as evidence that the
Defendant never asserted or maintained her innocence.
The Defendant contends the trial court misapplied this factor because “[t]here is no
clearer evidence of an assertion of actual innocence” than filing a motion to withdraw her
plea and expressing a desire to proceed to trial. She also submits that her strategic
discussions with her mother after her plea should not be held against her and that her
mother’s statements regarding “leverage” should not be imputed to her. However, we
agree with the State that the Defendant cannot claim that this factor weighs in her favor
simply because she filed a motion to withdraw her plea. To adopt the Defendant’s
reasoning would eliminate the utility of this factor and allow every defendant to claim this
benefit simply by filing a motion to withdraw. Cf. State v. Jamie Todd Birdwell, No.
M2017-01620-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 5847289, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 7, 2019)
(holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding that the third factor
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weighed against the defendant who only asserted his innocence when he sought to
withdraw his pleas).
Furthermore, nowhere in the record does the Defendant affirmatively assert her
innocence. At the guilty plea hearing, the State gave a detailed recitation of the facts, and
the Defendant was thoroughly questioned about her understanding before pleading guilty
and never indicated that she was not guilty or entering only a best interest plea. There is
certainly no assertion in the phone call between the Defendant and her mother while they
were talking about the events that took place at the guilty plea hearing that a travesty had
occurred because the Defendant was innocent, but rather they discussed what to do merely
in terms of strategy or “leverage.” Based upon the phone call, the Defendant and her
mother appear to be concerned with whether the Defendant could have received a better
plea offer. Following the motion to reconsider, the trial court determined that the
Defendant “was a willing participant in all of that discussion about leverage and so forth, .
. . that she knew completely what was going on and . . . never asserted anything about
innocence at the time, [and that] it was more maybe for leverage or to get a better deal or
something like that.” In its written order, the trial court found that “the [D]efendant had
never indicated actual innocence based upon her voluntary, understanding and intelligent
entry of the guilty plea itself and by the jailhouse call between herself and mother.” We
agree. Cf. State v. Mitchell Nathaniel Scott, No. M2013-01169-CC-R3-CD, 2014 WL
1669964, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 25, 2014) (holding that simply because the
defendant entered into a best interest plea did not establish that he had asserted or
maintained his innocence) (citation omitted).
Moreover, the Defendant never asserted her innocence during her testimony at the
motion to withdraw hearing, stating only that she was unaware by pleading guilty she was
waiving her right to appeal the final decision and wished to proceed to trial. The Defendant
was specifically advised at the guilty plea hearing that she was waiving her right to appeal
her conviction, though she would still have a sentencing hearing, and she indicated her
agreement. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by weighing this factor
heavily against the Defendant.
The fourth and fifth factors address the circumstances underlying the guilty plea and
the Defendant’s nature and background. The trial court counted the fourth factor relative
to the circumstances of the plea “very much against” the Defendant, noting that the
Defendant had previously lost an involved motion to suppress incriminating evidence and
that this was not the Defendant’s first trial date. As for the Defendant’s nature and
background, the trial court did not believe that the Defendant’s injury from the car wreck
in 2011 had any significant impact on the Defendant’s ability to understand the plea
agreement. The trial court remarked that the Defendant appeared to be “very intelligent,
very street smart,” so it counted the factor “at least, against” her.
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Following the motion to reconsider, the trial court noted that the Defendant’s prior
lawyers had received notice of the 2011 automobile accident, that they had asked for a
psychiatric evaluation to be performed, and that the Defendant “was found to be competent
at the time of the act and competent to stand trial.” The trial court also stated that it had
reviewed the thirty-four-page hospital record that the Defendant had provided. In its
written order, the trial court observed that “there was nothing about the records from 2011
that would indicate that the [D]efendant had a difficult time making decisions.” The trial
court also indicated that the Defendant’s complaints about lack of access to her parents
were unpersuasive because the case had been pending for over two years and the Defendant
had been able to speak with her parents on many prior occasions, including reviewing the
twenty-year deal that had been offered. The trial court further noted that she was not a
teenager dependent on their guidance. The trial court did not find the Defendant’s
statements regarding her lack of memory of the circumstances surrounding the plea to be
credible. The trial court found that the plea was “voluntarily, understandingly,
intelligently, and appropriately made,” that the Defendant was “not emotional at all” during
the guilty plea hearing, and that she appeared to understand the entire process. Regarding
the Defendant’s nature and background, the trial court noted that shortly after the shooting,
the Defendant “showed up in a car with her hair cut and her coloring changed,” which
indicated her ability to be purposeful and calculating.
The Defendant submits that the trial court failed to account for any of the arguments
or testimony raised by her during the motion to withdraw proceedings with regard to the
circumstances underlying her guilty plea. The Defendant contends that she “offered
substantial proof about how rushed she felt in making this decision,” noting that she went
to court on January 23, 2020, to pick a trial date, that she presented uncontested medical
records of her preexisting traumatic brain injury, and that she was not permitted to talk
with her parents before accepting the take-it-or-leave it plea. The State responds that the
trial court properly weighed these factors against the Defendant.
We once again agree with the State and the trial court. The trial court thoroughly
reviewed the plea colloquy; the procedural history of the case, which included a mental
evaluation; and the Defendant’s allegations regarding her traumatic injury, as well as the
medical document she submitted. The twenty-eight-year-old Defendant completed the
eleventh grade and later obtained her G.E.D. She had been in custody for over two years
at the time she entered her plea and had plenty of time to review a repeated offer of a
twenty-year sentence to second degree murder. She reviewed and signed a detailed petition
informing her of the consequences of her plea and the rights she was waiving. The
transcript of the guilty plea hearing reflected that the Defendant was fully aware of the plea
process and the consequences of entering a guilty plea. The trial court repeatedly ensured
that the Defendant understood the process and consequences of pleading guilty and had
discussed the agreement fully with her attorneys.
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Although the Defendant claimed that her history of a traumatic brain injury
prevented her from understanding the plea process, she presented insufficient evidence to
substantiate her claim. Though the medical document she submitted indicated that she
suffered a traumatic brain injury in 2011, it did not confirm her claim that the car accident
nine years earlier than the hearing hindered her decision-making ability or compromised
her ability to understand her guilty plea in 2020, after consultation with her attorneys and
extensive questioning by the trial court. See Brazzell, 2016 WL 6803894, at *5 (finding
that though the defendant claimed his history of mental illness prevented his understanding
the plea process, he presented no evidence to substantiate his claim, so his nature and
background weighed against permitting him to withdraw his plea). She also failed to
present any evidence of what medications she was taking for her “medical condition.” At
the guilty plea hearing, she indicated that these medications did not impair her decision-
making process. In addition, the trial court found her claims of forgetfulness incredible.
Following a mental evaluation, the Defendant had been found competent at the time
of the act and competent to stand trial. The standard is the same for determining the
competency of the accused to plead guilty. See Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 399
(1993); State v. Berndt, 733 S.W.2d 119, 123 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). For all of these
reasons, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion by weighing these two factors
against the Defendant.
The sixth factor addresses the degree of experience the Defendant has with the court
system. The trial court indicated that the Defendant’s “extensive” experience with the
criminal justice system, including her nine previous guilty pleas to misdemeanors, weighed
against setting aside the plea. The Defendant argues that the trial court erred because the
Defendant’s criminal history consisted of misdemeanor charges in general sessions court
and did not adequately equate with the severity and the consequences of pleading guilty to
second degree murder in criminal court. At the guilty plea hearing, the Defendant informed
the trial court that she had pleaded guilty in other cases and understood her rights on those
occasions. At the motion to withdraw hearing, the Defendant agreed that she had
previously pled guilty to nine other offenses and had “some familiarity” with what it meant
to have a criminal charge and to plead guilty to a criminal offense. The Defendant, by her
own admission, was experienced with the criminal justice system. We agree with the trial
court and the State that the Defendant was aware of the plea process and the consequences
of entering a guilty plea because she had done so nine times before despite the fact that the
prior convictions were only for misdemeanors. See Brazzell, 2016 WL 6803894, at *5.
We observe that only one of the first six Phelps factors favored the Defendant—that
being the expediency with which she obtained new counsel and filed her motion to
withdraw her guilty plea. In Phelps, the court held that the potential prejudice to the
prosecution factor only becomes relevant when the record shows that “at least some of the
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factors” indicate that there may be a “fair and just reason” to allowing the withdrawal of
the guilty plea prior to sentencing. See 329 S.W.3d at 451. Relative to potential prejudice
to the State, the trial court made no findings in this regard. Neither party makes any
argument regarding this factor on appeal. There has never been any specific allegation
from the State that any of its proof is now spoiled or unavailable in this case. It would
appear that the evidence against the Defendant remains within the State’s possession and
available for a trial. See State v. Rodney Alan Kiefner, No. W2017-02096-CCA-R3-CD,
2018 WL 5920502, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 9, 2018). Therefore, just as in Phelps,
this factor would be neutral, not favoring either party. See id.
Furthermore, in addition to the non-exclusive Phelps factors, the trial court observed
that the Defendant’s recorded conversation with her mother was “very revealing” of the
Defendant’s intent to work the system, noting that they discussed using the plea as
leverage, the possibility of “doing better,” and that if they insisted upon a trial, “maybe
things [would] get better.” The trial court found that this conversation indicated that both
the Defendant and her mother “were very street smart” as to what took place in criminal
proceedings. The trial court observed that though a change of heart might sometimes
warrant the withdrawal of guilty plea, it did not find that the various factors weighed in the
Defendant’s favor. The trial court’s ruling indicates its belief that the Defendant was
seeking to withdraw her plea merely to gain a tactical advantage. See Phelps, 329 S.W.3d
at 448. Following our review of the recording, we reject the Defendant’s claim that the
trial court erred by placing this conversation between the Defendant and her mother in such
a context.
We conclude that the trial court properly considered the Phelps factors and found
that the Defendant did not provide sufficient justification of a fair and just reason for the
withdrawal of her plea. The seventh factor is neutral. We agree with the trial court that
the balance of the factors did not weigh in favor of the Defendant. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion by denying the Defendant’s request to withdraw her guilty plea, and
she is not entitled to relief.
CONCLUSION
After consideration of the Phelps factors, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by denying the Defendant’s request to withdraw her plea. The
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE
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