The opinion
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0976-18
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
LUIS DELCARMEN,
a/k/a LUIS DEL CARMEN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Submitted February 3, 2022 – Decided February 23, 2022
Before Judges Mawla and Mitterhoff.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Passaic County, Indictment No. 16-02-0150.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Alyssa Aiello, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, of counsel and on the briefs).
Camelia M. Valdes, Passaic County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Ali Y. Ozbek, Assistant
Prosecutor, of counsel and on the briefs).
Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM
Defendant Luis Delcarmen was convicted by a jury of two counts of first-
degree murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) and (a)(2) (counts one and seven); two
counts of felony murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(3) (counts two and eight); one
count of first-degree attempted murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and 2C:11-3(a)(1)
(count ten); one count of first-degree robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1(a)(1) (count
three); three counts of second-degree possession of a weapon for an unlawful
purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a) (counts five, nine, and eleven); and one count of
second-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b) (count
six). After his motion for a new trial was denied, defendant was sentenced to an
aggregate 118 years of imprisonment subject to an eighty-five percent parole
disqualification, pursuant to the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-
7.2. Defendant challenges his convictions and sentence, which we now affirm.
This case arises from a June 20, 2015 shooting in front of a Passaic lounge,
which left two dead and one seriously injured. That night, Amin Rivas was
celebrating his twenty-fourth birthday at the lounge with friends, including
EnPaul Cantero, Denise Gonzalez, Ivan Santiago, Eric Gonzalez, and Angelica
Arias. Cantero wore a gold-colored chain. During the night, Rivas and Cantero
were approached by people at the bar who asked whether their jewelry was real.
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2
Rivas and his friends left the club after 2:00 a.m., as it was closing, and lingered
in the front.
Defendant, and co-defendants, Johan Gonzalez, and Augusto Solano, were
also at the club. Defendant wore capri pants, a t-shirt featuring the American
flag and an American Indian woman, and black and white sneakers. Defendant
left the lounge before it closed.
Surveillance footage from the club showed a shooting occurred at 2:47
a.m.; the shooter wore a hooded sweatshirt with artwork on the front, capris with
white trimming, black and white sneakers, and something covering the top half
of his head. The shooter walked up to Cantero, shot him in the abdomen, and
struggled with Cantero while taking his chain. The video also showed the
shooter fire at Rivas, and the bullet exit through his back and hit Denise.1
Cantero and Denise were declared dead at the hospital; Rivas survived. Rivas
was unable to identify the shooter but noted he was wearing a red hoodie.
Santiago identified the shooter as wearing red and a do-rag.
Based on the footage and from community interactions, detective Rinaldo
Arroyo identified defendant as the shooter. A few hours after the shooting,
1
We use first names for Denise, Johan, and Eric because they have the same
surname. We intend no disrespect.
A-0976-18
3
defendant and Johan were involved in another shooting in Clifton. Police
suspected that Johan and defendant were together and went to Johan's home to
look for them.
Police found defendant in the bathroom at Johan's house. Johan's mother
consented to a search of her home and police found the black and white sneakers
and the t-shirt the shooter wore in the surveillance footage. Police also
recovered defendant's phone and passport.
Detective John Rodriguez interviewed Sandy Carrasco who worked
security for the lounge the night of the incident. Carrasco stated he recognized
defendant, whose nickname was Kimba, from the surveillance footage and
identified him from his pants and shirt as the shooter. Carrasco said he saw
defendant outside the club wearing a hoodie and something covering his
forehead. Carrasco further identified defendant from his shoes and distinctive
walk.
While in police custody defendant said the following to Solano: "[Y]ou
don't say anything, you hear." Officer Alex Ortiz heard the statement and
Rodriguez directed him to write a contemporaneous report of what they
overheard.
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4
Admir Hoornaert was an inmate during defendant's jail stay. Hoornaert
assisted other inmates with their legal matters and met with defendant a handful
of times to review his case. During a conversation with Hoornaert, defendant
admitted to the murders and expressed an interest in "getting rid of" a witness.
Hoornaert wrote a letter to the Prosecutor's office to this effect. Nash Williams,
also an inmate, overheard defendant's statement, but did not report it.
During the twelve-day trial, the State presented testimony from over
twenty fact and expert witnesses. Rivas testified that on the night of the
shooting, a man came up to him at the bar and asked if his watch was real. When
Cantero joined Rivas at the bar, the man also asked Cantero where he was from
and whether his necklace was real and how much it cost. Rivas described the
shooting consistent with the video footage and recounted his description of the
shooter's clothing as he told police during his interview.
Arias testified and described the scene outside the lounge at closing time
and the shooting. She said she talked to police following the incident and
identified the shooter as a male with a dark complexion wearing a red hoodie
motioning like he had a gun.
Santiago testified that throughout the evening, there was a group of people
who kept looking at him and his friends and whispering. He stated that after
A-0976-18
5
leaving the club he was talking to Cantero for about fifteen minutes when "a guy
came up with a gun and let it off." Santiago said the shooter hovered over
Cantero, shooting a couple more times and wore red with a do-rag on his head.
Officer Roberto Cancel testified he responded to the shooting, rendered
first aid to one of the victims, canvased the area, and discovered four shell
casings. Officer Alex Flores testified he was one of the officers who went to
Johan's house and found defendant in the bathroom. A Passaic County crime
scene investigation expert testified the gunshot residue test on defendant's hands
was negative.
Detective Rodriguez's testimony recounted Carrasco's identification of
defendant and defendant's comment during booking. Rodriguez also testified he
conducted a photo array for Santiago, which included defendant's picture, but
Santiago was unable identify anyone as the shooter.
Detective Arroyo testified he identified Carrasco and defendant from the
surveillance footage 2 as individuals he knew from the community. Defense
counsel objected to the testimony of how Arroyo knew defendant, arguing the
jury would infer Arroyo knew defendant from prior criminal conduct. The trial
2
Arroyo explained he first tried to view the footage on the lounge owner's phone
but could not see anything. However, when the footage was transferred to DVD
and projected onto a bigger screen, he was able to recognize the shooter.
A-0976-18
6
judge overruled the objection, noting the jury did not need to know how Arroyo
specifically distinguishes defendant, only that he knows him from the
community. The judge also instructed the jury as follows:
You've heard testimony that law enforcement knows or
is familiar with the defendant . . . from the community.
With reference to this testimony, be reminded that as
with all evidence presented in the trial, you may or may
not find it credible. You are not to consider the fact
that a member . . . of law enforcement testified that they
know [defendant] as prejudicing him in any way.
Members of local law enforcement routinely
come in contact with many members of the community
in a variety of situations, including, but not limited to
participating in school events, sports events, and other
community events, as well as meeting members of the
community by spending time in the community, or from
a variety of other situations totally unconnected with
criminal activity. Recognition of the defendant from
the community . . . by a law enforcement officer who
works in that community is not evidence that the
defendant has ever been arrested or convicted of a
crime.
Arroyo testified he knew defendant's nickname and knew him for
approximately ten years. He identified defendant and the clothing he was
wearing in the video. He noted defendant had a "little beard" on the chin.
Testifying from still photographs of the video footage, Arroyo stated:
I see [defendant] wearing the same hoodie with
the [do-rag] on. As you can see, he has a [do-rag] on
with the same capri pants and with the white and black
A-0976-18
7
Jordan sneakers with his hands in his pockets inside of
his hoodie.
....
[H]e had the [do-rag] on. You can still see the beard
that he has there. And he changed and put a sweater on
with some type of graphics in the front.
The State played the surveillance footage for Arroyo, and he identified
defendant, wearing the same clothing he previously identified, outside the club
at 2:26:42 a.m. Arroyo narrated the video showing Johan and Solano walking
down the street next to defendant. He noted defendant had nothing on his head
at 2:31 a.m. Arroyo indicated the video showed defendant with "both his hands
inside the hoodie with some artwork in the front, with the capri[] pants, the white
trimming and the white and black sneakers, approaching my victims, Denise
. . . and . . . Cantero." Arroyo explained defendant then shot Cantero in the
stomach, struggled with him, and grabbed his chain after Cantero fell. Arroyo
also identified defendant from the video by "[t]he way he walks, he has a certain
walk to him. . . . [W]hen he's walking, his feet go like side to side . . . ." Arroyo
explained he found the shoes and shirt defendant wore during the shooting at
Johan's mother's house.
Carrasco testified he knew defendant from playing sports in Passaic. He
contradicted his statements to police from the night of the event in which he
A-0976-18
8
identified defendant as wearing capris. He claimed he did not recognize
defendant in the image from the surveillance footage. The trial judge granted
the State's motion to treat Carrasco as a hostile witness and conducted a Gross3
hearing. The trial judge heard testimony from Carrasco and concluded the Gross
factors were met, and the video of Carrasco's statement to the police could be
presented to the jury depending on Carrasco's answers. Following the hearing,
trial resumed, and Carrasco testified consistently with what he told police during
his interview and identified defendant as the shooter from the surveillance video
by his clothing and the way he walked.
Hoornaert testified as a jailhouse informant and explained he sent a letter
to the Passaic County Prosecutor's office before the trial, notifying the
prosecutor defendant "had indicated . . . that he had committed two murders. He
had killed two kids and an additional person was shot in the process." He said
he told defendant his case was weak because there were witnesses, and
defendant responded "well, what if the witness is out." Hoornaert stated
defendant proposed $10,000 in exchange for "tak[ing] care of a witness." He
also said defendant admitted to taking the chain off one of the victims.
3
State v. Gross, 121 N.J. 1 (1990).
A-0976-18
9
Hoornaert testified this frightened him and caused him to wait nearly two
weeks before deciding to write to the prosecutor. He testified he did not ask for
anything from the prosecutor's office in return for the testimony aside from
immunity.
Williams also testified and confirmed he received no promises or
favorable treatment in return for his testimony. He testified he was in the jail
library and overheard the conversation between Hoornaert and defendant.
Williams did not notify the authorities because Hoornaert indicated he was
possibly going to write the letter and Williams feared the consequences.
During the charge conference, the State requested the court include the
eyewitness factors in the identification charge under State v. Henderson.4 The
judge declined, finding there was no eyewitness identification. The defense
agreed Henderson did not apply.
The judge instructed the jury as follows:
The State has presented [the] testimony of . . .
Arroyo, . . . Carrasco, and . . . Rodriguez. You will
recall that these witnesses identified the defendant as
the person who committed the offense or offenses. It's
your function to determine whether the witness's
identifications of the defendant are reliable and
believable or whether they're based on a mistake or, for
any reason, not worthy of belief. You must decide
4
208 N.J. 208 (2011).
A-0976-18
10
whether all, some, or none of the identifications are
sufficiently reliable evidence that this defendant is the
person who committed the offense or offenses charged.
You may consider whether the witness was
exposed to opinions, descriptions, or identifications
given by other witnesses, to photographs or videos or
to any other information or influence that may have
affected the independence of the identification. Such
information can affect the independent nature and
reliability of a witness's identification and inflate the
witness's confidence in the identification.
You're also free to consider any other factor
based on the evidence or lack of evidence in the case
that you consider relevant to your determination
whether the identifications were reliable. Keep in mind
that the presence of any single factor or combination of
factors, however, is not an identification that a
particular witness is incorrect. Instead, you may
consider all of the . . . circumstances of the case,
including all of the testimony and documentary
evidence, in determining whether a particular
identification made by a witness is accurate and thus
worthy of your consideration as you decide whether the
State has met its burden to prove identification beyond
a reasonable doubt. The ultimate issue of the
trustworthiness of an identification is for you to decide.
After the judge instructed the jury, defense counsel stated he was "satisfied"
with the instruction.
After the trial, Williams sent several letters to the judge and the
prosecutor. He stated although he was not promised anything in exchange for
his testimony, he thought the State would help him. In some letters, he asked
A-0976-18
11
for assistance in a change of custody motion. He stated: "[He] was
uncomfortable with the situation and . . . was interested in some sort of safety "
for himself.
The trial judge conducted a hearing. Williams testified the State made no
promises to him in exchange for his testimony and was not promised witness
protection or offer sentencing help. He testified he wrote the letter when he was
"very, very frustrated" and "used some wrong words and gave the wrong
impression, but nobody ever promised [him] anything . . . . [He] just expected
somebody . . . to get back to [him] . . . ." He merely asked the prosecutor for "a
good word" in his change of custody motion.
The State produced additional letters from Williams requesting the State's
help regarding a lighter sentence on an out-of-state charge. He claimed his
letters were a request for assistance, but that he was not expecting any help and
reiterated no promises were ever expressed to him. Detective Angel Perales,
whom Williams said would investigate providing protection, testified Williams
did not ask for anything in exchange for speaking with the detectives.
Defendant moved for a new trial on grounds Williams' letters were newly
discovered evidence which the judge denied. She addressed the Carter5 factors
5
State v. Carter, 85 N.J. 300 (1981).
A-0976-18
12
and ruled that while the evidence was newly discovered because some of the
letters were transmitted after the trial and the pre-trial letters were sent only to
the State, they would not have changed Williams' testimony. The judge ruled
"although . . . Williams' letters may have expressed a hope and desire for
protection or assistance, he was not expressing an expectation of same either
before or after testifying." The judge found Williams' testimony was cumulative
to Hoornaert's. She noted even without the testimony, there was "overwhelming
evidence of the defendant's guilt, making it improbable that the jury would have
otherwise reached a different verdict."
The trial judge sentenced defendant. She found aggravating factor one,
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(1), the nature and circumstances of the offense. She noted
the grievous injuries sustained by Rivas and the death of two young people. The
judge found aggravating factor two, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(2), gravity of the harm,
because of the severe injury to Rivas. She found aggravating factor three,
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), risk of re-offense, because the evidence established a
plot to kill a witness. The judge also found aggravating factor six, N.J.S.A.
2C:44-1(a)(6), defendant's prior criminal record and seriousness of offenses,
noting defendant had a prior record, albeit not a significant one. The judge also
found aggravating factor nine, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9), the need for deterring
A-0976-18
13
defendant and others from committing a future offense noting "a clear concern
for public safety." The trial judge found no mitigating factors.
The judge analyzed the Yarbough6 factors and concluded consecutive
sentences were appropriate because most of the factors favored the State. She
noted the crimes were not predominantly independent of one another given the
timing of the robbery and murders. She found the crimes involved separate acts
of violence. She stated:
[T]he second shooting may appear to be one act,
because one bullet struck both victims. But this [c]ourt,
however, analyzes the second act as one bullet striking
two people and compares it in essence to a death by
auto case with more than one victim. Yes, it's one
event, but there are multiple victims. So here one firing
resulted in two victims. One death and the second
grievous injuries. It was an intentional firing. In a
death by auto case the Supreme Court of New Jersey
has held that consecutive sentences are permissible. 7
She found the crimes were not committed at different times or places but
involved multiple victims.
Defendant was sentenced to fifty years, subject to NERA, for the murder
of Cantero, and a consecutive fifty-year term subject to NERA for Denise's
6
State v. Yarbough, 100 N.J. 627 (1985).
7
State v. Carey, 168 N.J. 413 (2001).
A-0976-18
14
murder. Defendant received an eighteen-year term subject to NERA for the
attempted murder of Rivas, consecutive to the murder sentences. The judge
sentenced defendant to a concurrent sixteen-year term, subject to NERA, for the
robbery. Defendant received ten years pursuant to the Graves Act 8 for unlawful
possession of a weapon. The judge merged counts two, four, seven, eight, and
ten with the substantive offenses. She noted the five-year parole supervision on
counts one, nine, and six would run consecutively.
On appeal, defendant argues:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING
. . . ARROYO TO TESTIFY ABOUT WHAT HE SAW
ON THE SURVEILLANCE FOOTAGE AND
REPEATEDLY IDENTIFY [DEFENDANT] AS THE
SHOOTER.
A. The Identification Was Not Sufficiently
Reliable.
B. Arroyo's Testimony As To The Contents
Of The Surveillance Footage And The Identity Of
The Shooter Was Improper Lay-Witness
Opinion.
C. Even If Familiarity Renders A
Video/Photo Identification Admissible In Some
Situations, The Probative Value Of Arroyo's
Identification Was Outweighed By The Resulting
Prejudice.
8
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c).
A-0976-18
15
II. THE JURY DID NOT HAVE THE
NECESSARY TOOLS TO PROPERLY EVALUATE
CARRASCO'S OUT-OF-COURT IDENTIFICATION,
BECAUSE THE IDENTIFICATION CHARGE
FAILED TO INCLUDE ANY INSTRUCTION ON
THE NATURE OF MEMORY AND THE FACTORS
THAT AFFECT THE RELIABILITY OF
EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION.
III. THE MATTER MUST BE REMANDED
BECAUSE THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS
DISCRETION IN RUNNING THE SENTENCES ON
COUNTS SEVEN AND TEN CONSECUTIVELY,
AND FOR RECONSIDERATION OF SENTENCE IN
LIGHT OF DEFENDANT'S YOUTH.
Defendant raises the following points in his pro se brief:
I. [DEFENDANT'S] CONVICTION MUST BE
VACATED BECAUSE THE STATE PRESENTED
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT A
CONVICTION.
II. CUMULATIVE TRIAL ERRORS IN THE
CONTEXT OF THE PROCEEDINGS BELOW
DEPRIVED [DEFENDANT] OF A FAIR TRIAL AND
WARRANT REVERSAL.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT
DENIED [DEFENDANT'S] MOTION FOR A NEW
TRIAL BASED ON NEWLY DISCOVERED
EVIDENCE WHEN THE PROSECUTION FAILED
TO DISCLOSE TO THE DEFENSE LETTERS
WRITTEN BY THE INFORMANTS AFTER TRIAL
REGARDING BENEFITS DISCUSSED BETWEEN
INFORMANTS AND THE PROSECUTOR.
MOREOVER, RECENT DIRECTIVE FROM THE
ATTORNEY GENERAL REGARDING TESTIMONY
A-0976-18
16
OF JAILHOUSE INFORMANTS REQUIRES
REVIEW FOR COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS TO
ENSURE THE RELIABILITY OF JAILHOUSE
INFORMANTS' TESTIMONY WARRANTS
REVERSAL.
I.
Defendant claims the trial judge erred by allowing Arroyo to testify about
the surveillance footage and repeatedly identify defendant as the shooter where
the video had poor quality. He asserts Arroyo's testimony exceeded his role as
a fact witness because he was permitted to express an opinion about the video's
content, including that defendant left the club and returned wearing a different
top, despite the State not seeking a clarification. He argues it was prejudicial
error to allow Arroyo to tell the jury he knew defendant from the community,
and the judge compounded the error by forbidding defense counsel to cross-
examine Arroyo about the basis of his knowledge.
A.
N.J.R.E. 701 states: "If a witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness'
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences may be admitted if it: (a) is
rationally based on the witness's perception; and (b) will assist in understanding
the witness' testimony or in determining a fact in issue." An officer testifying
as a lay witness can provide fact testimony. State v. McLean, 205 N.J. 438, 460
A-0976-18
17
(2011). A lay "witness must have actual knowledge, acquired through his or her
senses, of the matter to which he or she testifies." State v. LaBrutto, 114 N.J.
187, 197 (1989).
Once a video is established as relevant, it is generally admissible under
N.J.R.E. 801(e). State v. Wilson, 135 N.J. 4, 16 (1994). "The witness need not
have witnessed the crime or been present when the photograph or video
recording was made in order to offer admissible testimony." State v. Sanchez,
247 N.J. 450, 469 (2021).
Where a party does not object, we review the trial court's admission of
testimony or evidence under the plain error standard. See State v. Bueso, 225
N.J. 193, 202-03 (2016). Plain error is defined as "legal impropriety . . .
prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of the defendant and sufficiently
grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and to convince the court that
of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to bring about an unjust result."
State v. Hock, 54 N.J. 526, 538 (1969). "To determine whether an alleged error
rises to the level of plain error, it 'must be evaluated "in light of the overall
strength of the State's case."'" State v. Singh, 245 N.J. 1, 13-14 (2021) (quoting
State v. Sanchez-Medina, 231 N.J. 452, 468 (2018)).
A-0976-18
18
Recently, the Court held a defendant's parole officer could provide
testimony identifying the defendant from a photograph still of a surveillance
video. Sanchez, 247 N.J. at 458-59. The Court found the following factors
relevant to whether to admit the testimony: 1) the nature, duration, and timing
of the witness's contacts with the defendant; 2) if there has been a change in the
defendant's appearance since the offense at issue; 3) whether there are additional
witnesses available to identify the defendant at trial; and 4) the quality of the
photograph or video. Id. at 472-73.
Pursuant to these principles, we perceive no reversible error in allowing
Arroyo to testify regarding what he observed in the surveillance video. We note
defendant never objected to the admission of the video evidence. Even so,
Arroyo's testimony established he knew defendant from prior interactions in the
community and he tied this knowledge to his observations of the video by
identifying defendant's tattoo and unique walk. Arroyo also testified regarding
defendant's facial hair, which corroborated defendant's passport picture. As the
lead detective, Arroyo's explained how he identified defendant and provided a
rational basis for his testimony. The Sanchez factors were met. Moreover, the
testimony was relevant and not prejudicial because it was corroborated by other
evidence and the overall strength of the State's case.
A-0976-18
19
B.
N.J.R.E. 403 excludes relevant evidence when "its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the risk of . . . undue prejudice . . . ." Trial courts
have considerable discretion when deciding to exclude potentially prejudicial
evidence. State v. McDougald, 120 N.J. 523, 577-78 (1990). An abuse of
discretion occurs when the admission of prejudicial evidence prevents jurors
"from a reasonable and fair evaluation of the basic issue of guilt or innocence."
State v. Moore, 122 N.J. 420, 467 (1991) (quoting State v. Sanchez, 224 N.J.
Super. 231, 249-50 (App. Div. 1988)).
The trial judge did not err when she ruled defendant could not elicit further
testimony of how Arroyo knew defendant. Arroyo's limited testimony
explaining he knew defendant from the community was enough to provide a
rational basis to explain how he identified defendant using the other evidence
collected. Delving further into the nature of Arroyo's interactions with
defendant would be irrelevant and prejudicial. Furthermore, the judge's curative
instruction to the jury following defense counsel's objection was timely and
appropriate. Jurors are expected to follow curative instructions. See State v.
Manley, 54 N.J. 259, 270 (1969).
A-0976-18
20
II.
Defendant argues the jury instruction on identification did not include
language on the factors that affect the reliability of eyewitness identification.
He claims the judge should have instructed the jury to consider whether Carrasco
knew defendant well enough to identify him; his opportunity to view the person
he recognized as defendant inside the lounge; Carrasco's degree of attention to
defendant inside the lounge; and whether viewing the surveillance video
affected his identification. He asserts this prevented the jury from evaluating
the reliability of Carrasco's out-of-court identification of defendant as the
shooter and deprived him of a fair trial.
"Appropriate and proper charges to a jury are essential for a fair trial."
State v. Green, 86 N.J. 281, 287 (1981). However, we will not "reverse if an
erroneous jury instruction was incapable of producing an unjust result or
prejudicing substantial rights." State v. Lora, 465 N.J. Super. 477, 498 (2020)
(quoting Washington v. Perez, 219 N.J. 338, 351 (2014)). We review the
challenged instruction in the context of the entire charge. State v. Simon, 161
N.J. 416, 477 (1999). All that is required is that the charge be accurate as a
whole. State v. Baum, 224 N.J. 147, 167 (2016).
A-0976-18
21
"[I]nsofar as consistent with and modified to meet the facts adduced at
trial, model jury charges should be followed and read in their entirety to the
jury." State v. R.B., 183 N.J. 308, 325 (2005). "When a jury instruction follows
the model jury charge, although not determinative, 'it is a persuasive argument
in favor of the charge as delivered.'" State v. Whitaker, 402 N.J. Super. 495,
513-14 (App. Div. 2008) (quoting State v. Angoy, 329 N.J. Super. 79, 84 (App.
Div. 2000)). However, it is not enough to "simply to read the applicable
provision of the Criminal Code, define the terminology, and set forth the
elements of the crime," but instead, the court should "mold the instruction in a
manner that explains the law to the jury in the context of the material facts of
the case." State v. Concepcion, 111 N.J. 373, 379 (1988).
"The appropriate time to object to a jury charge is 'before the jury retires
to consider its verdict.'" State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016) (quoting
R. 1:7-2). A defendant "waives the right to contest an instruction on appeal if
he does not object to the instruction." State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554, 564 (2005)
(citing R. 1:7-2). Here, because the defense did not object after the charges were
read, but instead expressly agreed with them, our review is under a plain error
standard. Rule 2:10-2.
A-0976-18
22
"[W]hen eyewitness identification is a 'key issue,' the trial court must
instruct the jury how to assess the evidence—even if defendant does not request
the charge." Sanchez-Medina, 231 N.J. at 466 (citing State v. Cotto, 182 N.J.
316, 325 (2005)). "[A] model identification charge should be given in every
case in which identification is a legitimate issue." State v. Davis, 363 N.J.
Super. 556, 561 (App. Div. 2003). Identification charges must p rovide the jury
"specific instruction[s] that provide[] appropriate guidelines to focus the jury's
attention on how to analyze and consider the trustworthiness of eyewitness
identification." State v. Cromedy, 158 N.J. 112, 128 (1999).
Here, the trial judge proposed fashioning an identification charge based
on the model charge, excluding the "human factors" relating to the reliability of
identification set forth in Henderson9 because there were no eyewitnesses to the
murders. Defense counsel agreed the Henderson factors "d[id] not apply at all."
The instructions given here were proper because the jury was told to assess
the reliability of the identifications through an assessment of the circumstances
of the identification. Carrasco was not an eyewitness who was testifying from
memory because he testified he recognized defendant by observing him inside
9
In Henderson, the Court addressed the variables that affect human memory.
208 N.J. at 245-48.
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the club, but did not identify defendant as the shooter until he viewed the video.
Therefore, rather than focus on memory, the instructions allowed the jury to
assess the reliability of Carrasco's identification inside the club and via the
video. Furthermore, there was no evidence Carrasco was subject to suggestive
procedures or that he knew defendant was already arrested at the time of his
identification. Therefore, Henderson variables did not apply and the instruction
did not constitute plain error.
III.
Defendant argues the judge erred in ordering consecutive sentences
because she relied on State v. Carey, where a defendant received consecutive
sentences after he was convicted of vehicular homicide and assault by auto for
striking multiple victims with his car. 168 N.J. at 419-20. Defendant argues
Carey is inapplicable because the judge justified the consecutive sentences, in
part, by likening a single bullet he fired striking multiple victims to the motor
vehicle in Carey. Defendant also argues his sentence should be remanded to
consider his youth as a mitigating factor, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(14).
"Appellate review of a criminal sentence is limited; a reviewing court
decides whether there is a 'clear showing of abuse of discretion.'" State v.
Bolvito, 217 N.J. 221, 228 (2014) (quoting State v. Whitaker, 79 N.J. 503, 512
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(1979)). We will affirm the sentence unless: (1) the trial court did not follow
the sentencing guidelines; (2) the aggravating and mitigating factors were not
supported by the record; (3) the sentence shocks the judicial conscience. Ibid.
In Carey the Court stated: "Crimes involving multiples deaths or victims
who have sustained serious bodily injuries represent especially suitable
circumstances for the imposition of consecutive sentences." 168 N.J. at 428.
"[T]hat principle resonates most clearly in cases in which a perpetrator
intentionally targets multiple victims (e.g., a double murder or robbery) . . . ."
Id. at 429. Moreover, culpability may be influenced "by the number of victims
killed or caused to sustain serious bodily injuries the singular criminal event
generates." Ibid.
Here, defendant fired a gun more than once. The fact that one bullet found
two victims does not convince us the trial judge should have withheld a
consecutive sentence because defendant did not fire at three separate targets.
The trial judge did not abuse her discretion by considering the number of victims
since defendant killed two people and injured a third. The sentence is sound in
all other respects; the judge properly applied and analyzed the aggravating and
mitigating factors and the Yarbough factors.
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Defendant's argument his sentence should be remanded to consider
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(14) lacks merit. This factor is applied prospectively or
where a matter has been remanded for resentencing. State v. Bellamy, 468 N.J.
Super. 29, 48 (App. Div. 2021).
IV.
In his pro se brief, defendant asserts there was insufficient evidence to
support a conviction because there was no physical evidence linking him to the
crime and the video evidence was grainy. Defendant argues the following errors
cumulatively warrant a reversal: 1) Arroyo testified he could identify defendant
from a DVD, but not the lounge owner's phone which contained the same
footage; 2) the judge admitted the video into evidence even though the witness
who transcribed it could not authenticate it; 3) the judge allowed a witness to
testify who was not on the witness list; 4) the judge failed to instruct Hoornaert
to answer questions in a yes or no format and permitted him to testify in narrative
fashion; and 5) Rodriguez's testimony differed from his report regarding
defendant's statement to Solano because Rodriguez "claims to have heard
[defendant] incriminate himself, but then asked another officer to write the
report."
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Defendant also argues the judge erred by not granting his motion for a
new trial based on newly discovered evidence regarding promises made to
Hoornaert and Williams. He contends the State did not adhere to the Attorney
General's directive on the reliability of jailhouse informant testimony and did
not comply with its discovery obligation under the directive.
A.
Where a defendant asserts there was insufficient evidence to convict, we
ask
whether, viewing the State's evidence in its entirety, be
that evidence direct or circumstantial, and giving the
State the benefit of all its favorable testimony as well
as all of the favorable inferences which reasonably
could be drawn therefrom, a reasonable jury could find
guilt of the charge beyond a reasonable doubt.
[State v. Reyes, 50 N.J. 454, 459 (1967) (citing State v.
Fiorella, 36 N.J. 80, 90-91 (1961)).]
"In considering circumstantial evidence, we follow an approach 'of logic and
common sense. When each of the interconnected inferences [necessary to
support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt] is reasonable on the
evidence as a whole, judgment of acquittal is not warranted.'" State v. Jones,
242 N.J. 156, 168 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Samuels, 189
N.J. 236, 246 (2007)).
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Here, there was ample evidence to support defendant's conviction on all
the charges. The State adduced testimony from over twenty witnesses, including
a victim, club patrons, club employees, detectives, police officers, medical
experts, identification witnesses, and jailhouse informants. The State also
provided physical evidence, including defendant's clothing from the night of the
incident, his sneakers, phone, and passport. Surveillance footage and stills from
the video were also provided to the jury.
B.
Error that may be harmless by itself, when combined with another error,
may have a "cumulative effect [that] can cast sufficient doubt on a verdict to
require reversal." State v. Jenewicz, 193 N.J. 440, 473 (2008). "Where the
aggregation of legal errors renders a trial unfair, a new trial is required." State
v. T.J.M., 220 N.J. 220, 238 (2015). A new trial is not needed however, "where
no error was prejudicial[,] and the trial was fair." Ibid. (quoting State v. Weaver,
219 N.J. 131, 155 (2014)). Our Supreme Court has stated, "no trial can ever be
entirely free of even the smallest defect. Our goal, nonetheless, must always be
fairness. A defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one." Weaver,
219 N.J. at 155 (quoting State v. Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397, 537 (2007)).
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We reject defendant's assertion there was cumulative error warranting
reversal. Defendant's attack on Arroyo's testimony was a credibility issue for
the jury to decide. When a witness could not authenticate the video, the State
called a different witness to authenticate it. The statement Rodriguez heard and
instructed Ortiz to put in his report was properly admitted as a statement by a
party opponent and did not constitute reversible error. 10 Hoornaert testified in
narrative fashion briefly and only once. We are unconvinced there was
reversible error let alone cumulative error warranting a reversal.
C.
"A jury verdict rendered after a fair trial should not be disturbed except
for the clearest of reasons." State v. Ways, 180 N.J. 171, 187 (2004). A motion
for new trial "is decided in the court's discretion in light of the credible evidence
and with deference to the trial judge's feel for the case and observation of
witnesses." State v. Terrell, 452 N.J. Super. 226, 268-69 (App. Div. 2016).
Newly discovered evidence warrants granting a new trial when it is:
(1) material to the issue and not merely cumulative or
impeaching or contradictory; (2) discovered since the
trial and not discoverable by reasonable diligence
beforehand; and (3) of the sort that would probably
change the jury's verdict if a new trial were granted.
10
This appears to be defendant's argument the judge improperly allowed a
witness to testify who was not on the witness list.
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[Carter, 85 N.J. at 314.]
"A motion for a new trial upon the ground of newly discovered evidence is not
favored and should be granted with caution by a trial court since it disrupts the
judicial process." State v. Conway, 193 N.J. Super. 133, 171 (App. Div. 1984).
On October 9, 2020, the Attorney General issued a directive regarding the
testimony of jailhouse informants, which took effect November 1, 2020. Off.
of the Att'y Gen., Directive No. 2021-11, Directive Regarding Testimony of
Jailhouse Informants, (2021). The directive outlines steps the prosecution must
take before calling jailhouse informants as witnesses, including informing the
County Prosecutor or Director of "[a]ny benefit offered or provided to a
jailhouse informant, or that may be offered to the jailhouse informant in the
future, in connection with the jailhouse informant's testimony against the
defendant[.]" Id. at 2.
The Directive was inapplicable here because it became effective after the
judge decided the motion for a new trial. Moreover, the trial judge's decision to
deny defendant new trial was not error, and we affirm for the reasons expressed
in the trial judge's thorough and well-reasoned opinion.
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V.
Finally, to the extent we have not addressed an argument raised on appeal
it is because it lacks sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.
R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
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