The opinion
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-1315
SHUANG DAI,
Petitioner,
v.
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General of the United States,
Respondent.
____________________
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals.
No. A201-054-344
____________________
ARGUED OCTOBER 28, 2021 — DECIDED JANUARY 24, 2022
____________________
Before RIPPLE, HAMILTON, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Shuang Dai, a Chinese citizen, was
admitted to the United States on a student visa on December
18, 2010. She later applied for asylum, withholding of re-
moval, and protection under the Convention Against Torture
(“CAT”) on the basis of religious persecution. Following a
merits hearing, an immigration judge (“IJ”) denied relief,
finding that Ms. Dai was not credible and that the evidence
2 No. 21-1315
she produced in support of her application failed to establish
past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed without
opinion, and Ms. Dai filed a petition for review. Because the
IJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, we deny
the petition.
I
BACKGROUND
A.
In Ms. Dai’s written asylum application, she set forth the
following factual basis for her claim. In July 2009, while
Ms. Dai was away from home, her grandmother was hit by a
motorcycle. When Ms. Dai went to the hospital to visit her,
1
she met “Aunt Wang,” her grandmother’s neighbor, who
was taking care of her grandmother. According to Ms. Dai,
Aunt Wang told her stories from the Bible and prayed with
her. After that encounter, she began to participate in gather-
ings with Aunt Wang’s church members. She stated that she
was formally baptized and became a Christian on April 18,
2010.
On November 7, 2010, while the church members were
gathered in Ms. Dai’s home, police broke in, confiscated the
Bibles and other religious material, and took all of the church
members to the police station. The police separated the con-
gregants into different rooms, and two police officers interro-
gated Ms. Dai. They “ordered [her] to admit that [the group]
carried out activities against the Party and the Government,”
1 A.R. 187. Ms. Dai refers to “Aunt Wang” in her written asylum applica-
tion, but “Auntie Wong” in her hearing testimony.
No. 21-1315 3
2
but Ms. Dai only would admit to being a Christian. Accord-
ing to Ms. Dai, “[t]he police became very angry and grasped
[her] hair and banged [her] head on the wall and ordered [her]
3
to confess.” At this point, her nose was bleeding, but the po-
lice ignored it. They then “ordered [her] to kneel down on the
4
ground and criticize [her]self.” They further ordered her to
give the names of her fellow churchgoers; when she re-
sponded that she did not know who they were, the police
5
“kept slapping [her] on [her] face.” Ms. Dai “felt dizzy and
fell down on the ground,” at which point her interrogators
6
“kicked [her] hard.” After this encounter, she was placed in
a detention room for five days with little food and water. She
was released after her family paid a fine and after she signed
a statement promising not to participate in religious activities
and to report to the police on a regular basis.
B.
Ms. Dai next had an interview with an asylum officer. The
officer concluded that Ms. Dai was not credible for several
reasons. First, Ms. Dai’s statements about her religious prac-
tices were inconsistent. She gave varying dates for when she
started attending church and, when asked to explain the dis-
crepancy, she “was non-responsive and continued to
2 Id. at 189.
3 Id.
4 Id.
5 Id.
6 Id.
4 No. 21-1315
7
contradict herself.” Second, Ms. Dai was unable to provide
details as to what occurred during the church meetings she
attended. Nor was she able to recount in detail the Bible sto-
ries that Aunt Wang had shared with her and the Bible pas-
sages she had read and studied. Third, Ms. Dai was unable to
describe her encounter with the police in any detail. The asy-
lum officer, therefore, denied Ms. Dai’s application. Ms. Dai’s
case was referred to an IJ.
C.
At a merits hearing held on April 16, 2018, Ms. Dai offered
the following testimony. She explained that she came to the
United States to attend school but could not afford to do so.
She did not return to China because she had been “arrested
by the communist party and then … was beaten up” for “at-
8
tend[ing] [an] underground family gathering church.” She
further testified that she started “practic[ing] the Christian re-
ligion” in July 2009 when “Auntie Wong” “shared the Gos-
9
pel” with her.
Turning to the events of November 7, 2010, she testified
that the police “rush[ed] in” to a church meeting at her
10
house. The police ordered everyone against the wall and
searched her home. According to Ms. Dai, the police took eve-
ryone to the station, except her grandmother, who “ha[d]
7 Id. at 133.
8 Id. at 85.
9 Id. at 86.
10 Id. at 90.
No. 21-1315 5
11
issues with her legs.” Ms. Dai testified that, once at the sta-
tion, two police officers interrogated her, “insulted [her],
12
yelled at [her], and then beat [her] up.” The police asked her
why she was using Christianity “to do something against the
government and the party”; they also asked her for the names
of the group’s members and the source of their religious ma-
13
terial. According to Ms. Dai, when she would not reveal the
names of her fellow members, “the police were very upset,”
“[g]rabbed her hair[,] and banged [her] head against the
14
wall.” She said that she “was injured” during the interroga-
15
tion and then spent five days in detention.
She was released when her mother, who had been con-
tacted by the police, paid a fine. Following her release, she did
not seek treatment for her injuries because she had been
warned by the police not to go to a hospital; instead, her
mother brought topical medication for her to use. As in-
structed, Ms. Dai reported to the police station four times. She
did not meet with church members again before leaving for
the United States on a student visa in December 2010.
Ms. Dai further testified that, when she arrived in the
United States, she attended church in Los Angeles and was
11 Id. at 93.
12 Id. at 95.
13 Id.
14 Id. at 97.
15 Id.
6 No. 21-1315
baptized there. Upon moving to Chicago, she attended the
Chinese Union Church once a week.
Upon further questioning by the Government’s counsel,
Ms. Dai initially stated that her grandmother had attended
16
church services with her. However, Ms. Dai later changed
her testimony and stated that, given her grandmother’s leg
17
injury, her grandmother did not attend services with her. In
response to questions about the type of injuries she suffered
at the hands of the police, she stated that her “body [was]
18
bruised,” and there was “swelling.” Ms. Dai also acknowl-
edged that she had applied for her student visa before the in-
cident with the police; she stated that she wanted a visa
“[b]ecause U.S. is more freedom, more religious freedom
country” and that she “want[ed] to come here to attend
19
school.” Ms. Dai admitted that, since she had left China, her
parents had not been harmed. When questioned regarding
why her fellow churchgoers in Chicago had not testified or
submitted statements on her behalf, she responded that she
did not ask them to attend her hearing because she did not
know them well enough.
In addition to her testimony, Ms. Dai submitted a letter
from her mother in support of her application. The letter
stated that the police had come to her parents’ house several
16 See id. at 109–10.
17 See id. at 111–12.
18 Id. at 115.
19 Id. at 118. Ms. Dai had begun the process of applying for the visa on
September 12, 2010.
No. 21-1315 7
times looking for her, but that they had not “ma[d]e it too dif-
20
ficult” for her parents. The letter warned that Ms. Dai
21
“should not come back though!”
D.
Following the hearing, the IJ took the case under advise-
ment and later issued a written decision. In her decision, the
IJ recounted Ms. Dai’s testimony and concluded that it “was
internally inconsistent and inconsistent with other evidence
in the record, including with the notes from the respondent’s
22
asylum interview.” The IJ also noted that there were “omis-
sions in her testimony,” that it “was often vague,” and that
23
she “failed to explain discrepancies.”
The IJ then identified the material inconsistences between
Ms. Dai’s testimony and her former statements as well as in-
ternal inconsistencies in her hearing testimony. First, Ms. Dai
had given different dates on which she had started attending
church services. At the hearing, Ms. Dai testified that she had
begun attending church in July 2009. However, in her inter-
view with the asylum officer, she first stated that she had at-
tended only one gathering prior to her November 2010 arrest,
but later stated that she began attending weekly gatherings in
September 2009. The IJ also noted that Ms. Dai had not been
consistent in her testimony regarding her grandmother at-
tending church services with her. Finally, the IJ found the
20 Id. at 135.
21 Id.
22 Id. at 54.
23 Id.
8 No. 21-1315
description of her encounter with the police inconsistent and
lacking important details. In both her declaration in support
of her asylum application and her hearing testimony, she had
said that the police grabbed her by the hair and hit her head
against the wall; however, in her declaration in support of her
asylum application, she also had stated that the police forced
her to kneel, slapped her repeatedly, and kicked her after she
had fallen to the floor. The nature of her injuries differed as
well. In her asylum declaration, she recounted that she had
suffered a bloody nose and had become dizzy. However, in
her testimony she said only that she was bruised and swollen.
The IJ noted that “the respondent was asked both during di-
rect and cross-examination to explain the assault and extent
of her injuries, but [had] failed to provide details consistent
24
with her written declaration.” “In sum,” the IJ concluded,
the respondent’s testimony was internally in-
consistent and inconsistent with other evidence
in the record, including with the notes from the
respondent’s asylum interview. The court addi-
tionally note[d] certain omissions in her testi-
mony. Moreover her testimony was often vague
and failed to explain discrepancies. While the
court acknowledge[d] that each of these find-
ings alone might [have been] insufficient to war-
rant an adverse credibility finding, the court
[wa]s concerned with the cumulative effect of
25
these inconsistencies.
24 Id. at 55.
25 Id.
No. 21-1315 9
The IJ also determined that there was a lack of corrobora-
tion regarding the “harm she allegedly suffered in China
based on her religious practice, or her continued practice of
26
her religion in Chicago.” Specifically, the letter from
Ms. Dai’s mother did not mention the harm Ms. Dai previ-
ously had suffered. Ms. Dai had not submitted letters of sup-
port from members of her church or Auntie Wong, nor were
there letters from her fellow churchgoers in Chicago corrobo-
rating her attendance and participation. Consequently, the IJ
denied relief.
The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision without a separate opin-
ion, and Ms. Dai filed a timely petition for review.
II
DISCUSSION
Where, as here, the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision without
opinion, we review the IJ’s analysis “under the highly defer-
ential substantial evidence test.” See Balogun v. Ashcroft, 374
27
F.3d 492, 498 (7th Cir. 2004). Under this standard, “we must
uphold the IJ’s findings if they are supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered
as a whole; we may reverse the IJ’s determinations only if we
determine that the evidence compels a different result.” Id.
26 Id. at 56.
27 In her brief, Ms. Dai asks us to review both the decision of the BIA and
the IJ. However, the BIA clearly affirmed the IJ’s opinion without an opin-
ion of its own. See id. at 3. Consequently, the operative agency decision is
that of the IJ.
10 No. 21-1315
The burden of proof is on the applicant to establish that
she qualifies for asylum. See Cojocari v. Sessions, 863 F.3d 616,
620 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)). To be el-
igible for asylum, an applicant must “demonstrat[e] that [s]he
is ‘unable or unwilling to return’ to the country of h[er] na-
tionality ‘because of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, member-
ship in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” Orel-
lana-Arias v. Sessions, 865 F.3d 476, 484 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting
28
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). “In some cases, the applicant may
carry the burden through testimony alone, but only if the im-
migration judge finds the testimony credible and persuasive.”
Cojocari, 863 F.3d at 620 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii)).
Thus, asylum cases “often turn on the IJ’s credibility determi-
nation; an adverse credibility determination will doom the
applicant’s claimed eligibility.” Alvarenga-Flores v. Sessions,
901 F.3d 922, 925 (7th Cir. 2018) (quoting Musollari v. Mukasey,
545 F.3d 505, 508–09 (7th Cir. 2008)).
An IJ’s “credibility determination assesses the claim for
consistency, detail, and the inherent plausibility of the appli-
cant’s account.” Id. (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). Be-
cause Ms. Dai’s case is governed by the REAL ID Act, the IJ
28 For withholding of removal, the applicant “must establish a clear prob-
ability that his life or freedom will be threatened upon his return to his
country.” Lozano-Zuniga v. Lynch, 832 F.3d 822, 826–27 (7th Cir. 2016). For
relief under the CAT, “the applicant must show ‘that it is more likely than
not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country
of removal.’” Id. at 830 (quoting Sarhan v. Holder, 658 F.3d 649, 653 (7th Cir.
2011)). Because an “asylum claim ha[s] the lowest burden of proof,” an
applicant’s “failure to establish eligibility for asylum necessarily means
that she cannot prevail on her withholding of removal and CAT claims.”
N.Y.C.C. v. Barr, 930 F.3d 884, 890 (7th Cir. 2019).
No. 21-1315 11
“may base an adverse credibility finding on any inconsisten-
cies or falsehoods in the applicant’s testimony, without re-
gard to whether such inconsistencies or falsehoods go to the
‘heart of the applicant’s claim.’” Cojocari, 863 F.3d at 620
(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). Nevertheless, the IJ
must “distinguish between inconsistencies … that are mate-
rial and those that are not.” Krishnapillai v. Holder, 563 F.3d
606, 617 (7th Cir. 2009). Our review of an IJ’s credibility deter-
mination “is highly deferential” and will be disturbed “[o]nly
in extraordinary circumstances.” Omowole v. Garland, 6 F.4th
734, 742 (7th Cir. 2021). Even if the IJ determines that an ap-
plicant is credible, she may still require corroborative evi-
dence “unless the applicant does not have the evidence and
cannot reasonably obtain the evidence.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii).
In Ms. Dai’s case, the central issue is whether the IJ’s con-
clusion that Ms. Dai was not credible is supported by substan-
tial evidence. Ms. Dai acknowledges that there are some dif-
ferences and discrepancies among (and within) her asylum
application, her statements to the asylum officer, and her tes-
timony at the merits hearing. Nevertheless, she maintains that
these discrepancies are either reconcilable or so trivial that
they cannot support an adverse credibility determination.
Ms. Dai maintains that the first discrepancy identified by
the IJ—how long she had been practicing her faith—is illu-
sory. She states:
[T]he Petitioner ultimately stated during her
asylum interview that she had attended weekly
gatherings since September of 2009. The Peti-
tioner testified that she learned about Christian-
ity from her next door neighbor in July 2009 and
12 No. 21-1315
attended her first gathering. However, it is not
inconsistent for Petitioner to attend her first
gathering in July, and then subsequently attend
29
weekly gatherings starting in September.
Although Ms. Dai presents one way to reconcile the testi-
mony, “[w]e will not overturn a credibility determination
‘simply because the evidence might support an alternate find-
ing.’” Tawuo v. Lynch, 799 F.3d 725, 728 (7th Cir. 2015) (quot-
ing Xiao v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2008)). Instead,
“[w]e need only assure ourselves that the IJ … provided spe-
cific reasons based on the evidence for [he]r credibility deter-
minations.” Id. at 728–29.
Here, the evidence in the record supports the IJ’s conclu-
sion that the date on which Ms. Dai began to attend under-
ground church services was a moving target. Ms. Dai testified
that she “start[ed] to practice the Christian religion” and at-
30
tended her first service in July of 2009. She also stated that
31
“whenever there [wa]s a gathering,” she would go. This ac-
count is different from her testimony before the asylum of-
ficer in which she stated, initially, that she only had attended
one meeting prior to her arrest in 2010, and later that she be-
gan attending weekly meetings in September 2009.
Additionally, as the Government notes, it was not simply
the differences in Ms. Dai’s testimony between the interview
and the merits hearing that was troubling. Rather, during her
29 Petitioner’s Br. 12 (internal citations omitted).
30 See A.R. 86, 108.
31 Id. at 109.
No. 21-1315 13
interview with the asylum officer, she first stated that she had
attended only one church meeting prior to her arrest, but then
stated that she started attending meetings in September
32
2009. Moreover, “[w]hen asked to explain the inconsistency,
[Ms. Dai] was non-responsive and continued to contradict
33
herself.” Thus, the record supports the IJ’s determination
that there were discrepancies regarding how long Ms. Dai
had been practicing her faith before the incident with the po-
lice.
Concerning the second discrepancy—whether her grand-
mother attended church services with her—Ms. Dai acknowl-
34
edges that she gave conflicting testimony. Her counsel sug-
gests that “[w]e cannot speculate as to why the Petitioner ini-
tially answered incorrectly” and maintains that whether
35
Ms. Dai’s grandmother attended church with her is trivial.
However, certainly one reasonable conclusion from Ms. Dai’s
different recollections is that she is prevaricating. Moreover,
the IJ acknowledged that each of the inconsistencies, standing
alone, “might be insufficient to warrant an adverse credibility
finding,” but was “concerned with [their] cumulative ef-
36
fect.”
32 See Petitioner’s Br. 12 (noting that Ms. Dai “ultimately stated during her
asylum interview that she had attended weekly gatherings since Septem-
ber of 2009”).
33 A.R. 133.
34 See Petitioner’s Br. 13.
35 Id.
36 A.R. 55
14 No. 21-1315
Finally, the IJ was concerned by “inconsistencies and
omissions” in the descriptions of Ms. Dai’s encounters with
37
the police. Specifically, in her written asylum application,
Ms. Dai not only stated that the police grabbed her by the hair
and hit her head against the wall, but she also explained that
she was “instructed to kneel, slapped, and kicked by the of-
ficers,” “that her nose bled, … that she felt dizzy,” and that
38
she “fell to the ground after the beating.” However, at the
merits hearing she testified only that the police grabbed her
by the hair and banged her head against the wall. Her result-
39
ing injuries were that she was “bruised and swollen.”
Again, Ms. Dai at least tacitly acknowledges that her testi-
mony at the hearing differed from her prior statement: “The
Petitioner not including the gory details of her traumatic
physical abuse in her testimony should not be used as the ba-
40
sis of an adverse credibility determination.” However, the
severity of Ms. Dai’s abuse was critical to establishing her per-
secution claim. We have explained that persecution requires
“the use of significant physical force against a person’s body
… or nonphysical harm of equal gravity.” Stanojkova v. Holder,
645 F.3d 943, 948 (7th Cir. 2011). Even one attack may consti-
tute persecution, but the force used or the resulting harm
must reflect severe abuse. Moreover, especially where there is
no corroboration, the alien must supply the specifics about
37 Id.
38 Id.
39 Id.
40 Petitioner’s Br. 13–14.
No. 21-1315 15
the force used or injuries sustained because “it is the details
that reveal the severity of the particular situation.” Liu v. Ash-
croft, 380 F.3d 307, 313 (7th Cir. 2004).
The testimony that Ms. Dai gave at her merits hearing re-
garding her encounter with the police differed both in sever-
ity (and resulting injury) from the encounter she described in
her asylum application. The IJ accurately identified the differ-
ences in Ms. Dai’s recitation of events. At her merits hearing,
where she was represented by counsel, Ms. Dai stated only
that the police “[g]rabbed her hair and banged [her] head
41
against the wall.” Her resulting injuries were bruising and
swelling. However, in her asylum application, she described
a more violent encounter: police not only grabbed her by the
hair and banged her head against the wall, but “kept slapping
42
… [her] face.” She was bleeding, “felt dizzy[,] and fell down
to the ground,” at which point her interrogators “kicked [her]
43
hard.” That Ms. Dai left out these important details raises
additional questions concerning Ms. Dai’s credibility and fur-
ther supports the IJ’s conclusion.
Moreover, the IJ found that Ms. Dai had not “adequately
corroborate[d] her claim, and, therefore, her credibility ha[d]
44
not been rehabilitated with documentary evidence.” As we
already have noted, even if the IJ had determined that Ms. Dai
was credible, the IJ still could have required corroborative
41 A.R. 97.
42 Id. at 189.
43 Id.
44 Id. at 56.
16 No. 21-1315
evidence “unless the applicant d[id] not have the evidence
and [could not] reasonably [have] obtain[ed] the evidence.”
8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Here Ms. Dai maintains that she
could not reasonably have obtained any corroborating evi-
dence. According to Ms. Dai, she could not have provided
corroborative evidence of her injuries because the police had
warned her against going to the hospital. Additionally, she
could not have provided corroborative evidence that she
practiced her faith in China because other churchgoers are be-
ing watched by the Chinese government.
The IJ, however, did not fault Ms. Dai for failing to provide
hospital records. The IJ explicitly acknowledged that there
45
would not be hospital records related to Ms. Dai’s injuries.
Nevertheless, the IJ believed that Ms. Dai’s mother, who had
submitted a letter in support of her asylum application, could
have provided corroborating evidence regarding Ms. Dai’s
“arrest, interrogation, or injuries,” but her mother was silent
46
as to those matters. Moreover, the IJ noted that there was no
evidence in the record to corroborate that Ms. Dai had contin-
ued to practice her faith after her move to Chicago in 2014.
Thus, the record supports the IJ’s conclusion that Ms. Dai
did not shoulder her burden of establishing her eligibility for
45 See id.
46 Id. Although it is less reasonable to expect that Ms. Dai could have ob-
tained corroborating documentation from her fellow churchgoers, who
may have been under the watchful eye of the local police, the IJ was clear
that more detailed information from Ms. Dai’s parents would have suf-
ficed. See id. (“She also failed to supply affidavits or sworn statements
from her parents. She does not contend that she was unable to contact her
family to request affidavits or other documents.”).
No. 21-1315 17
47
asylum given the discrepancies in her testimony and the
lack of corroborative evidence.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Ms. Dai’s petition for review of
the decision of the BIA is denied.
PETITION DENIED
47 Because Ms. Dai did not establish her eligibility for asylum, she cannot
meet the higher burden for withholding of removal. See supra note 28.
Ms. Dai did not make any argument before this court regarding relief un-
der the CAT; she therefore has forfeited any argument regarding that re-
lief. See Silais v. Sessions, 855 F.3d 736, 742 n.5 (7th Cir. 2017).