The opinion
FILED
JANUARY 20, 2022
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Parentage of A.W. )
) No. 37607-9-III
CATHERINE HERRMAN, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
JACOB WARNER, )
)
Respondent. )
SIDDOWAY, J. — Catherine Herrman appeals the trial court’s entry of a final
parenting plan for her and Jacob Warner’s daughter, A.W.,1 under which Mr. Warner,
1
To protect the privacy interests of minor children, this court identifies them only
through the use of initials. General Order of Division III, In Re the Use of Initials or
Pseudonyms for Child Victims or Child Witnesses (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/?fa=atc.genorders_orddisp&ordnumber
=2012_001&div=III.
No. 37607-9-III
Herrman v. Warner
rather than Ms. Herrman, serves as the primary residential parent. For the first time on
appeal, Ms. Herrman raises legal challenges to the procedure followed by the trial court.
She also challenges the sufficiency of the findings and evidence to support the plan’s
residential provisions. Because she fails to demonstrate any preserved error and the
findings and evidence are sufficient, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Catherine Herrman and Jacob Warner have a child together, A.W., who was born
in late 2009. About a year and a half later, Ms. Herrman completed and filed a petition
for establishment of parentage that identified Mr. Warner as A.W.’s alleged and
presumed father. A temporary parenting plan was entered a few weeks later that
identified Ms. Herrman as A.W.’s primary residential parent. Mr. Warner was given long
weekend visitation every other week, with shortened weekends when A.W. started
school. Because Ms. Herrman lived in Davenport and Mr. Warner lived in Moses Lake,
Ritzville was designated as the pickup and drop-off location for visitation.
A second temporary parenting plan was entered in January 2015, when A.W.
became enrolled in school. Ms. Herrman remained the primary residential parent.
The parties had some disagreements operating under the parenting plan thereafter,
but the issue in this appeal was not presented until the summer of 2018, when Mr. Warner
petitioned to change the parenting plan, proposing a residential schedule under which
A.W. would reside primarily with him and he would have major decision making
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authority. His petition was supported by declarations from Mr. Warner, his wife, his
parents, and a close family friend. The declarations expressed concern about A.W.’s
safety and well-being. All asserted a belief that A.W. was living with her maternal
grandmother, Julie Lawson, rather than with Ms. Herrman. Ms. Herrman opposed the
petition, filing a declaration of her own and one from Ms. Lawson.
After reviewing the submissions, the trial court entered an order finding adequate
cause for a hearing to address whether A.W. was residing with her mother or
grandmother.
Almost a year later, Mr. Warner filed a further declaration and a proposed
parenting plan after he was contacted by Child Protective Services (CPS) and invited to
attend a safety team meeting triggered by two incidents where Ms. Herrman’s then 3-
year-old son had walked away from Ms. Herrman’s home. His declaration expressed
heightened concern for A.W.’s health and safety. Mr. Warner’s proposed parenting plan
accused Ms. Herrman of neglect and child abuse. Ms. Herrman responded with her own
declaration, evidently at a hearing held in August 2019. According to statements later
made by the trial court, it was at the August 2019 hearing that it “told everyone that
there’s only a temporary parenting plan, there’s no final parenting plan to modify,” and
they “need[ed] to set up a trial date for the final parenting plan.” Report of Proceedings
(RP) at 38-39.
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The trial was conducted in March 2020. Mr. Warner was represented by counsel.
Ms. Herrman appeared pro se. At the outset of the trial, the court again stated that Mr.
Warner erred when he framed his petition as one for modification, because no final
parenting plan was ever entered. Ms. Herrman told the court she thought she received
something indicating that a final parenting plan was entered. She was unable to produce
it, she said, because she was temporarily excluded from her apartment following damage
from a fire.
Mr. Warner called Ms. Herrman as his first witness, after which he and his wife
testified in support of his proposed parenting plan. Ms. Hermann provided testimony in
the form of a statement to the court following Mr. Warner’s case, and was her only
witness.
In Ms. Hermann’s direct examination, she was presented with school records
revealing that A.W. was consistently performing poorly in school. The records also
revealed that A.W. had more excused and unexcused absences than was admitted by Ms.
Herrman, who had testified that A.W.’s attendance was “good.” RP at 13. Ms. Herrman
conceded that she had not attended A.W.’s parent/teacher conferences attended by Mr.
Warner, but claimed it was because A.W.’s teacher held a separate conference with her.
She did not recognize a breakdown of A.W.’s test scores that was offered by Mr. Warner
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as exhibit R-101, saying she had never seen it.2 Mr. Warner identified it as a document
given to him at the parent/teacher conference by A.W.’s teacher, who he said was “really
concerned about her math[,] that she needs extra work at home.” RP at 51.
Ms. Herrman conceded that it was Ms. Lawson, rather than her, who handled the
visitation handoffs in Ritzville, in part because Ms. Herrman and the Warners “don’t get
along.” RP at 25. Ms. Herrman conceded that Ms. Lawson most often accompanied
A.W. to A.W.’s doctor’s visits. She later explained that A.W.’s doctor in Davenport is
Ralph Panke, “[a]nd I don’t go to doctor appointments with Ralph Panke because Ralph
Panke and I have a personal conflict.” RP at 65.
Ms. Herrman conceded during the trial that after being court-ordered to provide
Mr. Warner with her telephone number the prior fall, “he got out of line and I changed
my phone number.” RP at 67. She discounted the requirement that Mr. Warner have the
ability to contact her, stating that “it’s just not necessary.” RP at 68. She agreed that Mr.
Warner has to “contact[ her] mom for everything.” Id.
Ms. Herrman denied that A.W. lived with Ms. Lawson, but conceded that the
apartment she rented for herself, her two young sons, and, allegedly, A.W., had only two
bedrooms.
2
For the first time on appeal, Ms. Herrman questions the authenticity of exhibits
admitted at trial. We decline to review her unpreserved objections. RAP 2.5(a).
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Mr. and Ms. Warner testified to reasons they were convinced that A.W. was living
with her grandmother rather than her mother. They included that A.W. had her own
bedroom at Ms. Lawson’s home that included a dresser for her clothing, and that
whenever they had seen A.W. while in Davenport, it had always been at Ms. Lawson’s
home, and never at Ms. Herrman’s apartment.
At the conclusion of the evidence and summations, the trial court announced from
the bench that it would enter a final parenting plan under which Mr. Warner would be the
primary residential parent, summarizing the evidence that supported its decision. Ms.
Herrman appeals.
ANALYSIS
Ms. Herrman, represented by counsel on appeal, has filed an opening brief that
contains no assignments of error as required by RAP 10.3(a)(4). It rarely cites to the
record for the factual assertions in her statement of the case, as required by RAP 10.3(5).
The brief does identify “issues presented,” and given our preference to decide cases on
the merits, see RAP 1.2(a), we will not reject the brief out of hand. We do impose
sanctions of $100 on Ms. Herrman’s counsel.
We first address Ms. Herrman’s contention that the trial court conducted the trial
under the wrong procedure. We then turn to the adequacy of the court’s findings and the
evidence in support.
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I. MS. HERRMAN’S CHALLENGES TO THE PROCEDURE FOLLOWED BY THE TRIAL
COURT WERE NOT PRESERVED AND ARE NOT DOCUMENTED
The first issue presented by Ms. Herrman—that trial was conducted under the
wrong procedure—suggests why she failed to make assignments of error: she never
raised her legal objections during the trial, so there are no rulings to which she can assign
error. For the first time on appeal, she contends (1) the 2011 petition for establishment of
parentage was defective, (2) a February 2015 order consolidating this case with another
case reveals that the second temporary parenting plan was made final, and (3) a final
parentage order should be deemed a final residential placement under our Supreme
Court’s decision in In re Parentage of C.M.F., 179 Wn.2d 411, 314 P.3d 1109 (2013).
A. The error in identifying Mr. Warner as a “presumed” parent was invited
First, Ms. Herrman contends that the 2011 petition for establishment of parentage
that commenced this proceeding was faulty because it listed Mr. Warner as a presumed
parent. An individual is “presumed” to be a parent of a child only if the individual and
the woman who gave birth to the child are married to or in a state registered domestic
partnership with each other, and the circumstances identified by RCW 26.26A.115(1) are
present. That was not the case here.
The petition is a handwritten completion of the mandatory family law “Petition for
Establishment of Parentage” form, signed by Ms. Herrman. By all appearances, it was
prepared by her. Either way, the identification of Mr. Warner as a “presumed” parent
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was hers. (Elsewhere in the petition, Mr. Warner is identified as an “alleged” parent,
which is the case. See CP at 3, 5; RCW 26.26A.010(3)).
We need not reach the fact that Ms. Herrman failed to preserve error under RAP
2.5(a), because this error was invited. Under the invited error doctrine, a party cannot set
up an error at trial and then complain of it on appeal. In re Dependency of K.R., 128
Wn.2d 129, 147, 904 P.2d 1132 (1995).
B. Ms. Herrman provides no evidentiary support for her contention that a
consolidation order should be construed as finalizing the temporary
parenting plan
Ms. Herrman next contends that “[i]n February 2015, the court, on its own motion,
consolidated two parentage cases and entered a note that the case was resolved, entering a
Judgment and Order on Parentage from case number 13-5-00025-5.” Appellant’s
Opening Br. at 3. She cites “CP 16” as the basis for this factual assertion, but page 16 of
the clerk’s papers is page 7 of the temporary parenting plan filed in September 2011. It
has nothing to do with case number 13-5-00025-5 or consolidation.
The words “consolidate” and “consolidated” do not appear anywhere in the clerk’s
papers. The only mention of Lincoln County case number 13-5-00025-5 is by Mr.
Warner, in his modification petition. He attaches to his petition a February 6, 2014 final
order of child support entered in that case, which was an action by the State of
Washington against Mr. Warner. See Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 49-55.
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Elsewhere, Ms. Herrman represents that the order of consolidation “filed under
clerks papers 16 . . . references that in 2015 the court expected the parties to enter
necessary findings of fact and conclusions of law, a Judgment and Order Determining
Parentage and a final parenting [plan] with child support and worksheets to conclude the
case in 2015” but she goes on to admit that “no final parenting plan, child support, or
findings and conclusions were entered.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 10-11. She
represents that the court “entered a note on 2/4/15 stating ‘case resolution Uncontested
Resolution’ which would appear to mean that the Petition on Parentage was finalized and
the case was resolved.” Id. at 11. Relying on her characterization of this alleged order
and alleged note, she contends the trial court should have heard Mr. Warner’s request as
one to modify a final parenting plan.
Ms. Herrman never made these arguments in the trial court, despite knowing from
the August 2019 hearing that the trial court viewed the issue presented by Mr. Warner as
entry of a final parenting plan, not modification. RAP 2.5(a) states the general rule for
appellate disposition of issues not raised in the trial court: appellate courts will not
entertain them. State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 685, 757 P.2d 492 (1988). The reason for
this rule is to afford the trial court an opportunity to correct errors as they are raised,
thereby preserving the use of judicial resources. Id.
Even if we viewed Ms. Herrman as preserving error by stating at trial that she
believed she received paperwork making the second parenting plan final—and we do
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not—she would be required to identify the critical “paperwork” in the record or
supplement the record with it. Neither the alleged order nor the alleged note on which
she relies is part of the record.
“The party presenting an issue for review has the burden of providing an adequate
record to establish such error, and should seek to supplement the record when necessary.”
State v. Sisouvanh, 175 Wn.2d 607, 619, 290 P.3d 942 (2012) (citation omitted).
“Although this court may seek to supplement the record on its own initiative when
appropriate, we may instead ‘decline to address a claimed error when faced with a
material omission in the record,’ or we may simply affirm the challenged decision if the
incomplete record before us is sufficient to support the decision, or at least fails to
affirmatively establish an abuse of discretion.” Id. (citations omitted) (quoting State v.
Wade, 138 Wn.2d 460, 465, 979 P.2d 850 (1999)). This unpreserved, undocumented
argument does not warrant consideration on appeal.
C. In re Parentage of C.M.F.
Finally, Ms. Herrman contends that our Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in C.M.F.
is controlling authority that the trial court should have treated the order establishing Mr.
Warner’s parentage as a final parenting plan, and required Mr. Warner to demonstrate
grounds for modification.
In C.M.F., the father’s parentage was established by a final parentage order that
clearly designated the mother as the child’s custodian, subject to either party pursuing a
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parenting plan. The father subsequently petitioned the court to enter a parenting plan.
179 Wn.2d at 416. The mother argued that by designating the mother as custodian, the
order establishing the father’s parentage was a “custody decree” within the meaning of
RCW 26.09.260(1), which applies the heightened standards for modification of “a prior
custody decree or a parenting plan.” 179 Wn.2d at 419 (emphasis added and omitted).
The court viewed the case as presenting an issue of statutory construction: the meaning of
“custody decree.” Id. at 421. Applying then-current statutes, the court held that a
“custody decree” is an order that designates one parent a custodian for purposes of state
and federal laws that attach significance to custodian status. Id. at 422. The order
establishing C.M.F.’s parentage sufficed under that definition. Id. at 423.
In C.M.F., not only did the mother raise a timely challenge to the procedure being
followed by the court, she also presented the final parenting order on which she relied,
which the Supreme Court held qualified as a custody decree. Here, the argument was not
raised and the trial court was not given the opportunity to determine whether any order
qualifying as a custody decree was ever entered. It appears that no order establishing Mr.
Warner’s parentage was needed; the record suggests that Mr. Warner’s parentage was
established through an acknowledgement of parentage instead. See CP at 150. We have
no reason to believe that such an acknowledgment would qualify as a custody decree.
Here, too, we will not review this unpreserved, undocumented issue.
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II. THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS AND THE EVIDENCE ARE SUFFICIENT
Ms. Herrman’s remaining assignments of error are to the sufficiency of the trial
court’s findings and the evidence. She contends the trial court did not make findings on
factors it is required to consider in making final residential provisions for a child, which
appear at RCW 26.09.187(3)(a). She specifically challenges the trial court’s finding that
the evidence strongly suggests A.W. was primarily living with her grandmother.
RCW 26.09.187(3)(a) provides that “[t]he court shall make residential provisions
for each child which encourage each parent to maintain a loving, stable, and nurturing
relationship with the child, consistent with the child’s developmental level and the
family’s social and economic circumstances.” It requires the court to consider seven
exclusive factors. The first factor—“[t]he relative strength, nature, and stability of the
child’s relationship with each parent”—“shall be given the greatest weight.” RCW
26.09.187(3)(a)(i), (vii).
If the trial court does not enter written findings addressing the residential factors,
this court may review the trial court’s oral ruling. In re Marriage of Murray, 28 Wn.
App. 187, 189, 622 P.2d 1288 (1981). When evidence of the factors is presented, thus
making them available for consideration by the trial court and for review by an appellate
court, specific findings are not required on each. In re Marriage of Croley, 91 Wn.2d
288, 292, 588 P.2d 738 (1978). “In [the] absence of evidence to the contrary, we assume
the trial court discharged its duty and considered all evidence before it.” Id. at 291.
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A trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed to determine if they are supported by
substantial evidence. In re of Custody of SA-M, 17 Wn. App. 2d 939, 952, 489 P.3d 259
(2021). “Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair and rational person
of the truth of a premise.” Id. In reviewing the evidence, we do not make credibility
determinations and do not weigh the evidence presented at trial. Id. at 952. That is the
province of the trial court, which enjoys the unique opportunity to personally observe the
parties. Id. (citing In re Custody of Stell, 56 Wn. App. 356, 366, 783 P.2d 615 (1989)).
Instead, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party—here,
Mr. Warner. Id. Stated differently, we assume that the evidence supporting Mr.
Warner’s position was viewed as more credible and entitled to more weight. “If there is
substantial evidence to support a finding, it does not matter if there is contradictory
evidence in the record.” Id.
The trial court delivered a lengthy oral ruling in which it outlined the evidence
presented by the parties. Its overarching concerns appear to have been that Ms. Herrman
had unilaterally concluded that (1) she did not need to communicate with Mr. Warner,
and, (2) having been given the primary residential role under the temporary orders, she
had the prerogative of turning that over to Ms. Lawson. The trial court incorporated all
of its oral findings in its written order, which emphasized, “Mother deferred her parenting
responsibilities to maternal grandmother including residential care, communication with
Father and all transportation.” CP at 151.
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While the trial court did not call out each of the residential factors for discrete
analysis when ruling orally, it did make findings to support most of them.
As to factor one, “the relative strength, nature, and stability of the child’s
relationship with each parent,” RCW 26.09.187(3)(a)(i), the trial court found that both
parents “get a long . . . well” [sic] with A.W. RP at 91. More importantly, however, it
commented on the extent to which Ms. Herrman had abdicated her role to A.W.’s
grandmother. It identified the evidence that “strongly suggests that the child [is]
primarily living with the grandmother.” RP at 86. It was troubled that “all
communications, medical, dental, activities, everything seems to go through the
grandmother,” characterizing Ms. Lawson as “a de facto parent.” Id. Ms. Herrman
would like us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to her, but we do not.
Viewing the evidence in the light favorable to Mr. Warner, here was strong evidence that
A.W. primarily resided with her grandmother.
In challenging this finding, Ms. Herrman also cites two cases, but neither is
relevant. She cites In re Marriage of Lemke, 120 Wn. App. 536, 85 P.3d 966 (2004), but
that case involved a petition for modification, in which the father was required to show
that for the mother to leave the parties’ children with their maternal grandmother was
detrimental to their physical, mental, or emotional health. The mother in that case relied
on the grandmother for child care only when work took her out of town, and this court
observed that the evidence “[did] not show, or even suggest, that [the grandmother]’s
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home is detrimental to the children.” Id. at 541. In this case, by contrast, not only was
Mr. Warner not required to show a detrimental effect on A.W., but the trial court did not
view Ms. Herrman as enlisting her mother’s help in only limited, necessary
circumstances. It viewed her as unilaterally substituting her mother as a de facto parent.
Ms. Herrman also cites In re Marriage of Chandola, but that decision reversed a
trial court’s order that a father’s parents be present for no more than 20 percent of the
father’s residential time. 180 Wn.2d 632, 653, 327 P.3d 644 (2014). Mr. Warner never
sought to restrict A.W.’s time spent with her grandmother during Ms. Herrman’s
residential time, nor did the trial court impose any limit.
The trial court’s oral ruling reveals that it viewed this factor as favoring Mr.
Warner.
As to factor two, “[t]he agreements of the parties, provided they were entered into
knowingly and voluntarily,” RCW 26.09.187(3)(a)(ii), the trial court noted that as Ms.
Herrman testified, the court had directed her to give Mr. Warner her telephone number so
that the parties could communicate about A.W.’s well-being. The court was critical of
Ms. Herrman’s unilaterally cutting off communications with Mr. Herrman because she
did not like his text messages, and without seeking the court’s permission to cease
complying with that part of its order. Ms. Herrman does not dispute that she agreed to
exchange phone numbers and then unilaterally made it impossible for Mr. Warner to
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contact her directly. The trial court’s oral ruling reveals its view that this factor favored
Mr. Warner.
As to factor three, “[e]ach parent’s past and potential for future performance of
parenting functions . . . including whether a parent has taken greater responsibility for
performing parenting functions relating to the daily needs of the child,” RCW
26.09.187(3)(a)(iii), the trial court commented on proof that Mr. Warner attended
parent/teacher conferences. It was skeptical of Ms. Herrman’s testimony—her only
evidence—that she attended separately-conducted parent/teacher conferences, observing
that documentary evidence contradicted her testimony about how A.W. was doing in
school, and Ms. Herrman had never seen a record of the sort provided to Mr. Warner
during such a conference.3 It expressed concern about A.W. having accumulated seven
and a half excused and unexcused absences from school during the last quarter, noting
that Ms. Herrman had testified that A.W. was in “perfect health.” RP at 83. It observed
that the fact that A.W.’s grandmother takes her to the doctor because Ms. Herrman and
the doctor do not get along was “a little unique itself,” and further evidence that the
mother had tasked the grandmother as “the de facto parent . . . for the mother.” RP at 89.
3
In a declaration earlier filed by Ms. Herrman, she admitted missing a
parent/teacher conference, but attributed it to an auto accident and testified she had asked
her mother to attend.
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The court commented on Mr. Warner’s testimony that once he became aware of
A.W.’s interest in soccer, he—being a soccer player himself—had become a local soccer
referee. Ms. Herrman accused Mr. Warner of causing A.W. to miss volleyball meets, but
Mr. Warner explained that A.W. had missed only one, during a weekend visitation. He
testified that it was only a school tournament, not an extracurricular team, and he texted
Ms. Lawson to let her know that A.W. did not want to return to Davenport for it. The
trial court expressed the view that “the parent’s relationship with the child is more
important than a ten-year-old’s missing a volleyball game unless there’s something
unique about the situation.” RP at 88.
The parties testified to disagreements and misunderstandings about a couple of
medical and dental issues and Mr. Warner testified that CPS had notified him about a
concern for A.W.’s health. The trial court did not view the health issues themselves as
serious concerns, but did express concern that information was not being shared under the
current residential placement. In response to Ms. Herrman’s interjection that the CPS
case was closed with A.W. remaining in her care, the court commented, “[M]ost people
don’t get a [CPS] referral in the first place.” RP at 87.
The court’s oral ruling reveals that it viewed this factor as favoring Mr. Warner.
As to factor four, “[t]he emotional needs and developmental level of the child,”
RCW 26.09.187(3)(a)(iv), we repeat the trial court’s findings that Mr. Warner
demonstrated that he cared about and informed himself about how A.W. was doing in
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school, while Ms. Herrman was disengaged. The court also found that A.W. had her own
bedroom in the Warners’ two-bedroom home, and the Warners were looking for a three
bedroom home to accommodate the couple’s new baby. Its comments indicate that the
court viewed this factor as favoring Mr. Warner.
As to factor five, “[t]he child’s relationship with siblings and with other significant
adults, as well as the child’s involvement with his or her physical surroundings, school,
or other significant activities,” RCW 26.09.187(3)(a)(v), the trial court found Mr. Warner
had a lot of family support with his mother and father, three brothers, and nephews and
nieces. The court also found Ms. Herrman had family support because her mother lived
nearby. The court’s ruling indicates that it viewed this factor as neutral.
The subject matters addressed by factors six and seven were not touched on by the
trial court during its oral ruling, arguably because they were undisputed. As earlier
observed, specific findings are not required on each factor. As to factor six, “[t]he wishes
of the parents and the wishes of a child who is sufficiently mature to express reasoned
and independent preferences as to his or her residential schedule,” RCW
26.09.187(3)(a)(vi), it can be inferred from the evidence in the record that Ms. Herrman
wanted to continue with the temporary parenting plan, while Mr. Warner wanted primary
custody of A.W.
As to factor seven, “[e]ach parent’s employment schedule, [with] accommodations
consistent with those schedules,” RCW 26.09.187(3)(a)(vii), the declarations submitted
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to the court made repeated references to Mr. Warner’s employment as a manager at the
Moses Lake Walmart. While no evidence was presented as to whether Ms. Herrman was
employed, she repeatedly told the trial court that it was difficult for her to participate in
visitation exchanges or prepare for and participate in the trial because she was a full-time
parent to her four- and one-year-old sons.
We are able to determine from the trial court’s oral ruling that it considered the
evidence presented by the parties under the relevant statutory factors, and that substantial
evidence supported its findings. Ms. Herrman’s arguments from evidence viewed in the
light most favorable to her are unavailing.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
_____________________________
Siddoway, J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________________ _____________________________
Pennell, C.J. Lawrence-Berrey, J.
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