The opinion
Mangano, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
The question of the custody of children is ordinarily a matter of discretion for the trial court and only rarely can be upset by an appellate court. (Matter of Darlene T., 28 NY2d 391, 395 ; see also, Matter of Ray A.M., 37 NY2d 619, 622 ; Matter of Jewish Child Care Assn. of N. Y. [San ders], 5 NY2d 222, 228 ; People ex rel. Portnoy v Strasser, 303 NY 539, 542 ; Bunim v Bunim, 298 NY 391, 393 .) This principle is not only a rule of practical necessity, but one sensitive to the realities of human growth and development, and responsive to the emotional and psychological needs of children.
*79 In custody matters, trial courts decide today on yesterday’s facts in order to fashion meaningful tomorrows. These decisions find value not only in their substantial content, but also in the finality they impose upon the disputes they conclude. To a certain degree, turmoil is ended and a solution to the insoluble is formulated. It may not be the only solution, nor the most acceptable, but, nonetheless, it becomes a means of achieving a commonly espoused goal—the child’s best interests. And to that end, it is an affirmative step toward building new relationships, which, in one form or another, are inevitable after the disruptive experience of parental separation and custodial contest.
If a custody decision is rationally supported by substantial evidence that has been developed in a manner consistent with due process, it should not be disturbed on appeal. 1 For in doing so, an appellate court’s search for a better solution, which, of necessity, will be based on outdated information and limited by the constant factors of time and change, may destroy whatever stability and direction have been introduced into the subject child’s life. Delayed once again will be the journey to a new life-style, since the battle for custody may well be prolonged in an effort to find the better parent. And better, which is usually slightly more than equally good, will ultimately reveal itself as the same, and possibly worse, because it will only come after too much uncertainty and too much pain. Quite simply, it will come too late. 2
In the case at bar, the Family Court’s decision and order of custody was based not only on the hearing testimony, but also on the probation and mental health reports from both Steuben and Westchester Counties. Those reports contained information about each party and his or her relationship *80 with the subject child. Unfortunately, no single investigator or interviewer saw both of the parties. Thus, comparisons, if made in a particular report, were of little value. Nevertheless, the Family Court was capable of analyzing all of this information and making its own comparisons. In reaching its ultimate conclusions, the court was also capable of combining this information with the evidence adduced at the fact-finding hearing and the impressions created by the demeanor of the various witnesses, especially the parties.
This is likewise true regarding the testimony of respondent’s expert psychiatric witness, who had only examined respondent, respondent’s present wife, his stepson, and the subject child. This testimony, in conjunction with that of other witnesses and other expert opinion material, could readily be given proper weight. It should be noted that petitioner presented no expert witnesses, though she had every opportunity to do so.
In its decision, the Family Court found that both parties were fit custodians; that both loved and wanted their son. Nevertheless, based on all of the information in the reports, which included summaries of interviews with the child, based on the testimony of the witnesses and the impressions created by their demeanor, and based on a strong concern for continuity and stability in the child’s life, the court concluded that the child’s best interests dictated that custody be awarded to the father. In doing so, it found that the child was faring well in his father’s home; that he had settled into a comfortable life-style there among people who loved him; that his father’s home seemed to afford a more stable environment than his mother’s; and that it gave him a better chance of adjusting to the difficult situation of living apart from one of his parents. In the end, the Family Court opted to maintain the child in circumstances that had been proven amenable to his growth and development, rather than change the present custodial arrangement.
Although it cannot be said that no other inferences could have been drawn from the evidence adduced, so as to support a contrary decision, neither can it be said that the inferences drawn were unreasonable. The instant custody decision was therefore rational, and since it was rendered *81 in accordance with due process, it constituted a proper exercise of discretion. 3
The majority concludes, however, that the Family Court’s determination of custody lacked a sound and substantial basis in the record. In reaching this conclusion, it reviews the testimony at the fact-finding hearing, but fails to point out, and thus resolve, the conflicting nature of some of the hearing testimony, while not considering other testimony at all.
The majority notes petitioner’s claim that prior to separating from respondent and while under threat of physical abuse by him she signed an agreement granting him custody of their son. It also notes that respondent could not recall ever striking petitioner and had no knowledge of her signing the agreement under duress. The majority fails, however, to inquire into the confusing testimony by petitioner on this subject. She testified that she had been under both physical and mental strain and that respondent had always threatened to hit her. And yet, she also stated that respondent had never threatened to hit her, but that it was something she just knew he would do.
There was also conflicting testimony on a related matter, which raises questions concerning respondent’s abuse of petitioner. Petitioner claimed that, in order to threaten her, respondent had fired a gun in their house while they were living there with their son. Respondent flatly denied this, testifying that, before moving into the house and while it was still under repair, he had accidentally discharged a rifle in the house where bats had been seen.
This testimony is not mentioned by the majority, nor is respondent’s evidence that petitioner had admitted to having bad dreams, hearing voices and having fears of an early death, which, except for the dreams, petitioner denied. *82 There is also no mention of petitioner’s own testimony that, for summer employment, her present husband, a schoolteacher, had driven crosscountry for North American Van Lines, and that, in the summer of 1978, she had accompanied him. She claimed, however, in a self-serving statement, that he would no longer be doing this kind of summer work.
Petitioner departed the parties’ home to take up residence with her present husband in October, 1977, leaving the subject child in respondent’s custody, and respondent cared for the child for the next four months until he had to leave the area to find work. According to the majority, petitioner was then given custody of the child, while respondent visited every three or four weeks. No reference is made to the contrary testimony given by respondent that he returned from his job in Danbury, Connecticut, every weekend to be with and care for his son at the parties’ former home. Nor is any reference made to respondent’s testimony that the parties understood this to be a temporary arrangement for the purpose of allowing their son to complete the school year without interruption, and that their original written agreement that respondent would have custody remained in force. Thus, when the child went to his father’s new home in Westchester County at the end of the school year, it could have been inferred that he was rejoining his father who had sole custody pursuant to the parties’ written agreement. The majority, however, without comment, ignores respondent’s explanation of events and uncritically accepts petitioner’s conclusion that her son was taken from her custody in June, 1978.
Moreover, the majority ignores the Family Court’s findings that both parties were fit and loving parents. It also ignores the impression created by the fact-finding hearing that the father’s home was more stable, that the child felt loved in that home, that he was settled and comfortable there and that no good reason existed for disrupting this situation.
None of this is denied by the majority, but it holds, based on petitioner’s conclusive evidence alone, that respondent deceptively removed her son in June, 1978, and then en *83 gaged in a course of conduct calculated to cut off contact between the child and his mother. Seemingly, it is this conduct that renders respondent less fit than petitioner as a parent. And yet, the facts concerning this removal were clearly in dispute. Furthermore, there was no evidence that respondent ever denied petitioner visitation rights, except when petitioner herself failed to return the child in January, 1979, in violation of a court order. Thereafter, pursuant to agreement, respondent denied petitioner visitation pending further court order, which petitioner never sought. It is true that respondent subsequently moved to Florida with the child. He did not inform petitioner of his new address, nor did he notify the court of this relocation. Nonetheless, contrary to the majority’s suggestion, this move was not in violation of any court order nor did it require the court’s leave. It was also not an attempt to avoid the Family Court’s jurisdiction to which respondent always submitted himself throughout these proceedings. Moreover, when ordered to permit telephone contact between the child and petitioner, respondent complied, although it is disputed whether he niggardly permitted three telephone conversations out of 76 attempts by petitioner in two weeks, or whether he permitted his son, whenever he was home, to accept all calls, although only after an initial hesitation to do so. Respondent explained that he had refused to put these calls through without first speaking to petitioner, a procedure advised by his counsel and resisted by petitioner. He finally submitted to her resistance.
Once again, however, the majority, without revealing its reasoning, rejects respondent’s evidence and the inferences to be drawn therefrom, believes petitioner and finds that respondent is unable to act according to the child’s best interests.
I cannot say that the Family Court made the only decision possible herein, or even the best decision. Nevertheless, I cannot say its decision was without support in the record, and thus an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, I vote to affirm the Family Court’s determination of custody and visitation, and to that extent, I disagree with the majority.
I concur with the majority, however, on remanding this matter for the entry of an order of filiation.
*84 I note that the subject child was born out of wedlock and that respondent, who freely admitted his paternity of the child in these proceedings, had never been adjudicated the father. I note further that petitioner did not question respondent’s paternity and that both parties agreed that until their separation they had lived together as one family with their son, who was then seven years of age. A question might arise, therefore, whether the proper standard was applied by the Family Court in adjudicating the issue of custody between these natural parents of a child born out of wedlock. I would like to explore that question briefly and explain my reasons for a remand.
In People ex rel. Meredith v Meredith ( 272 App Div 79 , 82, affd 297 NY 692 ), this court held: “The rule is that the mother has the right to the custody of an illegitimate child as against the father, though the father has the right to the custody as against a stranger. (2 Kent’s Comm. [14th ed.], 317; Matter of Doyle, 1 Clarke Ch. 154 ; People ex rel. Trainer v. Cooper, 8 How. Pr. 288, 293.) The very statement of the rule shows that, under certain circumstances, the father has a right to the custody of his illegitimate child. Where, as in the case at bar, it appears that the mother is not a proper and suitable person the court, in behalf of the child, will interfere with the mother’s custody of an illegitimate child and direct that it be placed elsewhere. (Robalina v. Armstrong, 15 Barb. 247 ; People v. Landt, 2 Johns. 375 .) The proper statement of the rule is that the mother of an illegitimate child is prima facie entitled to its custody and, when she is a proper and suitable person, the court will award its custody to her as against the father or anyone else. (10 Carmody on New York Pleading and Practice, § 45, and cases cited.) ” The Meredith rule was reaffirmed in Matter of Norcia v Richard ( 32 AD2d 656 , affd sub nom. Matter of Anonymous v Anonymous, 26 NY2d 740 ). In the Court of Appeals, Judge Scileppi dissented and stated (pp 745-746) that:
“the Appellate Division erroneously took the position, citing People ex rel. Meredith v. Meredith [supra] that the mother of an illegitimate child is prima facie entitled to custody.
*85 “Section 70 of the Domestic Relations Law provides that: ‘In all cases, there shall be no prima facie right to the custody of the child in either parent, but the court shall determine solely what is for the best interest of the child, and what will best promote its welfare and happiness, and make award accordingly.’ (emphasis added).
“The respondent, however, without citing any authority, has urged and apparently successfully in the courts below that section 70 only contemplates the rights and obligations of parents of children born of lawful wedlock and is not applicable to the facts presented herein. This argument is without merit for there is nothing in the legislative history of the statute to justify the drawing of such a distinction. In fact the history of the statute would seem to indicate just the contrary for, in 1964, the statute was amended, changing the phrase ‘A husband or wife’ to its present form of ‘either parent’, thus indicating the application of the statute to a proceeding determining custody of a child born in or out of wedlock.”
In Matter of Barry W. v Barbara K. ( 55 AD2d 607 ), this court again cited People ex rel. Meredith v Meredith (supra), but for the proposition that “[t]he rule which makes the welfare of the child of paramount importance and the paramount consideration in determining who is entitled to its custody applies to illegitimate, as well as to legitimate children”. No mention was made in Matter of Barry W. v Barbara K. (supra), of the Meredith rule establishing the prima facie right to the custody of an illegitimate child in its mother. The implication was that the best interests standard is the only standard to be applied in custody disputes involving children born out of wedlock. (See, also, Matter of Juan R. v Necta V., 55 AD2d 33 .)
This was the understanding of the state of the law expressed by Justice Suozzi in his dissenting memorandum in Richard D. v Wendy P. ( 64 AD2d 882 ), wherein the court affirmed a custody award of an illegitimate child to its natural father. The dissenter stated (p 883): “I recognize that the principle which holds that the mother of a child born out of wedlock is prima facie entitled to custody even as against the natural father unless found to be unfit * * * *86 gives way, whenever the question of custody is before the court, to the principle of best interests of the child * * * Any presumption in favor of custody in one parent is essentially limited to a situation where (1) custody has been awarded to one parent and the other parent seeks a change thereof * * * or (2) absent extraordinary circumstances, the contest is between a parent and nonparent (Matter of Bennett v Jeffreys, 40 NY2d 543 ).”
It would appear that this court has abandoned the Meredith rule establishing a prima facie right of custody of an illegitimate child with the mother. This position is consistent with the constitutional rights of unwed fathers to be treated equally with married fathers and on a gender-neutral basis with mothers. The United States Supreme Court has recognized these constitutional rights and has proscribed the classification of “unwed fathers as being invariably less qualified and entitled than mothers to exercise a concerned judgment as to the fate of their children.” (Caban v Mohammed, 441 US 380, 394 ; see, also, Quilloin v Walcott, 434 US 246 ; Stanley v Illinois, 405 US 645 .)
A similar concern for the constitutional rights of unwed fathers was reflected in New York’s 1964 amendment of section 70 of the Domestic Relations Law (L 1964, ch 564, §1). Formerly this section had mandated that neither “spouse” had a prima facie right to the custody of his or her child. The section now reads, in relevant part: “In all cases there shall be no prima facie right to the custody of the child in either parent, but the court shall determine solely what is for the best interest of the child, and what will best promote its welfare and happiness, and make award accordingly.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, the statute makes no distinction between married and unmarried parents as to the standard to be applied in adjudicating custody. (See Matter of Anonymous, 97 Misc 2d 927 ; Matter of Boatwright v Otero, 91 Misc 2d 653 .)
Wherefore, between natural parents of an illegitimate child, the same standard for adjudicating the custody of said child applies, as in custody matters between the natural parents of a legitimate child. That standard is the best interests of the child, unfettered by any presumption in favor *87 of either parent. (Matter of Barkley v Barkley, 60 AD2d 954 , affd 45 NY2d 936 ; Braiman v Braiman, 44 NY2d 584 ; Matter of Ebert v Ebert, 38 NY2d 700 ; Obey v Degling, 37 NY2d 768 ; Matter of Lincoln v Lincoln, 24 NY2d 270 ; Finlay v Finlay, 240 NY 429 .)
In the case at bar, the Family Court applied the correct standard in determining the issue of custody. The fact that respondent was the unadjudicated putative father of the subject child placed him at no disadvantage vis-a-vis petitioner, nor did it in any way stand as a bar to his assertion of custody rights. (Raysor v Gabbey, 57 AD2d 437 ; Matter of Ricky M. v Sharon B., 49 AD2d 1035 ; Matter of Boatwright v Otero, supra.)
Nevertheless, I agree that this matter should be remanded to the Family Court for the entry of an order of filiation, respondent having admitted paternity upon petitioner’s allegation thereof. This remand should not imply that an adjudication of paternity is a precondition to the assertion of custody by a putative father, nor that its absence undermines a custody award in favor of the putative father. It merely recognizes that whenever there is a custody dispute between natural parents of an out-of-wedlock child, the unadjudicated putative father will necessarily admit paternity in claiming his parental right to custody. If there is no challenge to that admission, as was the case in the instant matter, or if paternity is proven despite denials by the opposing party, the trial court can proceed to the issue of custody, applying the best interests standard. At that point, paternity need, not be formally adjudicated. And yet, a finding of fact as to paternity will, of necessity, be made in the custody proceeding. Therefore, for reasons of judicial economy, and more importantly, out of concern for the child’s long-term interests and needs, in all custody cases in which a putative father admits paternity without objection or proves himself to be the father of the child, an order of filiation should be entered by the court.
Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, I vote to affirm the Family Court’s award of custody and remand the matter for the entry of an order of filiation declaring respondent the father of the subject child.
*88 Mollen, P. J., and Hargett, J., concur with Weinstein, J.; Mangano, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, in a separate opinion.
Order of the Family Court, Westchester County, dated August 15,1979, reversed, on the law and the facts, without costs or disbursements, custody is awarded to petitioner, and the proceeding -is remitted to the Family Court for a determination of respondent’s visitation and for entry of an order of filiation.
. “Face to face' with living witnesses the original trier of the facts holds a position of advantage from which appellate judges are excluded * * * To the sophistication and sagacity of the trial judge the law confides the duty of appraisal * * * His was the opportunity, the responsibility and the power to decide.” (Boyd v Boyd, 252 NY 422, 429 ; see, also, People ex rel. Herzog v Morgan, 287 NY 317 .)
. Judicial restraint by appellate courts in reviewing custody matters is consistent with the overriding policy in this State, that “[t]he rearing of a child requires greater stability than a roller-coaster treatment of custody. (Matter of Lang v. Lang, 9 A D 2d 401, affd. 7 N Y 2d 1029; Matter of Wont v. Wont, 32 A D 2d 709.)” (Dintruff v McGreevy, 34 NY2d 887, 888 ; see, also, The Family and the Law [edited by Goldstein and Katz].)
. Furthermore, considering the distance between the parties’ respective homes and the fact that the child is in school, the court’s grant of visitation to petitioner was likewise reasonable and should not be disturbed. In effect, petitioner was given one half of either the Christmas or Easter vacations and half of the summer vacation to spend with her son. More than that would have rendered the child’s home the place where he lives and attends school, and the noncustodial parent’s home a place of holiday fun. It is understandable that the Family Court wanted to avoid such a result.