The opinion
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
November 3, 2021
No. 20-61068 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Mary P. Nelson; James C. Nelson,
Petitioners—Appellants,
versus
Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
Respondent—Appellee.
Appeal from a Decision of the
United States Tax Court
Tax Court Nos. 27321-13 and 27313-13
Before King, Smith, and Haynes, Circuit Judges.
King, Circuit Judge:
Mary P. Nelson and James C. Nelson appeal from the Tax Court’s
denial of their petition for a redetermination of a deficiency of gift tax issued
by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for the tax years 2008 and 2009.
For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.
I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Mary P. Nelson (“Mary Pat”) and James Nelson, a married couple
with four daughters, sought to plan their estate. To that end, they formed a
limited partnership, Longspar Partners, Ltd. (“Longspar”), in 2008. Mary
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
Pat and James named themselves general partners of Longspar, each with a
0.5% general partner interest. The limited partners were Mary Pat and
various trusts and accounts that had been established for the Nelsons’
daughters. The majority of Longspar’s assets were shares of stock in Warren
Equipment Company, a holding company for several businesses founded by
Mary Pat’s father.
As part of their estate plan, Mary Pat and James also formed a trust in
2008. Mary Pat was the settlor, James was the trustee, and James and the
Nelsons’ daughters were the beneficiaries. In late 2008 and early 2009, Mary
Pat transferred her limited partner interests in Longspar to the trust in two
separate transactions—a gift and then a sale. The transfer agreement for the
gift stated that:
[Mary Pat] desires to make a gift and to assign to [the trust] her
right, title, and interest in a limited partner interest having a
fair market value of TWO MILLION NINETY-SIX
THOUSAND AND NO/100THS DOLLARS
($2,096,000.00) as of December 31, 2008 (the “Limited
Partner Interest”), as determined by a qualified appraiser
within ninety (90) days of the effective date of this Assignment.
The transfer agreement for the sale used largely similar language, transferring
“a limited partner interest having a fair market value of . . . $20,000,000”
and providing for a determination by appraisal within 180 days.
As called for by the transfer documents, Mary Pat and James (through
their attorney) contracted with an accountant to appraise the value of a 1%
limited partnership interest in Longspar. On September 1, 2009 (outside of
the time period required by each transfer document), the accountant
provided a report valuing a 1% limited partner interest in Longspar at
$341,000. The Nelsons’ attorney then used the fair market value as
2
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 3 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
determined by the accountant to convert the dollar values in the transfer
agreements to percentages of limited partner interests—6.14% for the gift and
58.65% for the sale. Those percentages were then listed on Longspar’s
records, included in Longspar’s amended partnership agreement, and listed
on the Nelsons’ Form 709 gift tax returns. 1
The IRS then audited the Nelsons’ tax returns. In anticipation of a
settlement that would have included a higher valuation of the Longspar
interests, the Nelsons amended the relevant records and reallocated previous
distributions to match that valuation. However, when no settlement was
actually reached, the Commissioner issued Notices of Deficiency listing
$611,708 in gift tax owed for 2008 and $6,123,168 for 2009. The Nelsons
challenged the deficiencies in the Tax Court. They argued that their initial
valuation was correct and, even if it was not, that they had sought to transfer
specific dollar amounts through a formula clause and that the amount of
interests transferred should be reallocated should the valuation change.
The Tax Court rejected both arguments. It first found that the proper
valuation of a 1% limited partner interest in Longspar was $411,235, not
$341,000. The court also found that the language in the transfer documents
was not a valid formula clause that could support reallocation. Instead, Mary
Pat had transferred the percentage of interests that the appraiser had
determined to have the values stated in the transfer documents; those
percentages were fixed once the appraisal was completed. Accordingly, the
Tax Court held that Mary Pat and James each owed $87,942 in gift tax for
2008 and $920,340 in gift tax for 2009. The Nelsons timely appeal the
1
Consistent with its treatment as a sale, the Nelsons did not list the second transfer
on their gift tax return.
3
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
court’s finding that the transfers consisted of percentage interests, rather
than fixed dollar amounts.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“An appellate court reviews a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo
and draws its own conclusions in place of those of the trial court.” Succession
of McCord v. Comm’r, 461 F.3d 614, 623 (5th Cir. 2006). The same standard
of review also applies to “a question of fact, such as valuation” that “requires
legal conclusions” and “determination of the nature of the property rights
transferred” that are “question[s] of state law.” Id.
III. DISCUSSION
We are asked to determine whether the two transfer documents
transferred specific percentages of limited partner interests or the amount of
interests that equal fixed dollar amounts. The latter theory would allow the
percentage of interests transferred to be reallocated should the valuation
change, as was the case here. The former would render the percentage of
interests transferred fixed even in the face of a changed valuation.
When determining the amount of gift tax, if any, that applies to a
transfer, the nature of that transfer is ascertained by looking to the transfer
document and its language, rather than subsequent events. Succession of
McCord, 461 F.3d at 626-27; Est. of Petter v. Comm’r, T.C. Memo. 2009-280,
2009 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 285, at *36 (citing Ithaca Tr. Co. v. United States,
279 U.S. 151, 155 (1929)), aff’d, 653 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2011). The language
that the Nelsons used in the gift instrument stated that they were
transferring:
[Mary Pat’s] right, title, and interest in a limited partner
interest having a fair market value of TWO MILLION
NINETY-SIX THOUSAND AND NO/100THS DOLLARS
4
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
($2,096,000.00) as of December 31, 2008 (the “Limited
Partner Interest”), as determined by a qualified appraiser within
ninety (90) days of the effective date of this Assignment.
This additional (i.e., emphasized) language expressly qualifies the definition
of “fair market value” for the purposes of determining the interests
transferred. By its plain meaning, the language of this gift document and the
nearly identical sales document transfers those interests that the qualified
appraiser determined to have the stated fair market value—no more and no
less.
The specific qualification added by the Nelsons separates their
agreement from the formula clauses considered in other cases. Most formula-
clause cases featured transfer instruments that defined the interests
transferred as the fair market value as determined for federal-gift or estate-
tax purposes. See Est. of Petter v. Comm’r, 653 F.3d 1012, 1015-16 (9th Cir.
2011); Est. of Christiansen v. Comm’r, 586 F.3d 1061, 1062 (8th Cir. 2009);
Wandry v. Comm’r, T.C. Memo. 2012-88, 2012 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 89, at
*4-5, nonacq., 2012-46 I.R.B. 543 (Nov. 13, 2012). Those that did not defined
fair market value through reference to the “willing-buyer/willing-seller” test
that is used to define fair market value in the relevant Treasury regulation.
Succession of McCord, 461 F.3d at 619 (citing 26 C.F.R. § 25.2512-1 (2005));
Hendrix v. Comm’r, T.C. Memo. 2011-133, 2011 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 130,
at *8. The Nelsons defined their transfer differently; they qualified it as the
fair market value that was determined by the appraiser. Once the appraiser
had determined the fair market value of a 1% limited partner interest in
Longspar, and the stated dollar values were converted to percentages based
on that appraisal, those percentages were locked, and remained so even after
the valuation changed.
5
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 6 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
Additionally, this case is not like Succession of McCord, where the
definition of fair market value was unqualified. See McCord v. Comm’r, 120
T.C. 358, 419 (2003) (Foley, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part),
rev’d sub nom. Succession of McCord, 461 F.3d at 614. 2 Instead, the transfer
agreement specifically qualified fair market value by reference to the
appraiser, rather than to a final determination or to gift tax principles.
Following the Nelsons’ reading of the clause would give effect only to the
first part (referencing fair market value) and not the second (referencing a
qualified appraiser). Such a reading does not comport with the plain meaning
of the language used.
Moreover, the transfer documents in every other formula-clause case
contained crucial language that the Nelsons’ instruments lacked: specific
language describing what should happen to any additional shares that were
transferred should the valuation be successfully challenged. Some cases
provided for excess interests to go to charity. See Est. of Petter, 653 F.3d at
1016; Succession of McCord, 461 F.3d at 619; Hendrix, 2011 Tax Ct. Memo.
LEXIS 130, at *8. Another case involved an instrument that stated that “the
number of gifted Units shall be adjusted . . . so that the value of the number
of Units gifted to each person equals the amount set forth above.” Wandry,
2012 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 89, at *6. The Nelsons’ agreements contain no
such language. Nothing in the agreements compels the trust to return excess
units, or do anything with excess units, should the valuation change. The fact
that the trust did return excess units is irrelevant; that fact is the type of
“subsequent occurrence[]” that this court has said was “off limits” when
determining the value of a gift. Succession of McCord, 461 F.3d at 626.
2
While this court overturned the Tax Court’s decision in McCord, we extensively
cited Judge Foley’s partial concurrence and dissent with approval. See Succession of McCord,
461 F.3d at 627-28.
6
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 7 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
As the government well-analogized, if a farmer agrees to sell the
number of cows worth $1,000 as determined by an appraiser, and the
appraiser determines that five cows equals that stated value, then the sale is
for five cows. If a later appraisal determined that each cow was worth more,
and that two extra cows had been included in the sale, nothing in the
agreement would allow the farmer to take the cows back. The parties would
be held to what they agreed—a transfer of the number of cows determined
by the appraiser to equal $1,000. So too here. No language in the transfer
agreements allows the Nelsons to reopen their previously closed transaction
and reallocate the limited partner interests based on a change in valuation.
While the formula-clause cases might give the appearance of
reopening a transaction in just such a fashion, that is not the case. A gift is
considered complete, and thus subject to the gift tax, when “the donor has
so parted with dominion and control as to leave in him no power to change
its disposition, whether for his own benefit or the benefit of another.” 26
C.F.R. § 25.2511-2(b) (2021). For tax purposes, the “value . . . at the date of
the gift shall be considered the amount of the gift.” 26 U.S.C § 2512(a). With
a formula clause, the transaction is still closed even if a reallocation occurs.
That reallocation simply works to ensure that a specified recipient
“receive[s] those units [he or she was] already entitled to receive.” Est. of
Petter, 653 F.3d at 1019. Similarly, the value of the gift existed and could be
determined at the time of the transfer. “The number of . . . units”
transferred is “capable of mathematical determination from the outset, once
the fair market value [is] known.” Id. The reallocation clauses thus allow for
the proper number of units to be transferred based on the final, correct
determination of valuation.
The Nelsons did not include such a clause. Instead, the trust has
already received everything it was entitled to—the number of units matching
the stated value as determined by a qualified appraiser. Both parties agree
7
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 8 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
with the Tax Court’s conclusion that the gift was complete, and that Mary
Pat parted with dominion and control, on the date listed in each transfer
agreement. On those dates, Mary Pat irrevocably transferred the number of
units the appraiser determined equaled the stated values. No clause in the
transfer documents calls for a reallocation to ensure the trust received a
different amount of interests if the final, proper valuation was different than
the appraiser’s valuation. The percentage of interests was transferred on the
listed dates, even if those percentages were indefinite until the appraisal was
completed. Cf. Robinette v. Helvering, 318 U.S. 184, 187 (1943) (holding that
a gift was complete even in the face of “indefiniteness of the eventual
recipient”). The gift tax is assessed as of the date of the transfer and on the
value of those percentages, whatever that value may be. Simply put, while the
Nelsons may have been attempting to draft a formula clause, they did not do
so.
The interpretation of the transfer documents is not changed by
looking to any objective facts outside of the language the Nelsons used. First
and foremost, under Texas law, “extrinsic evidence may only be used to aid
the understanding of an unambiguous contract’s language, not change it or
‘create ambiguity.’ ” URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cnty., 543 S.W.3d 755, 757 (Tex.
2018) (quoting Cmty. Health Sys. Pro. Servs. Corp. v. Hansen, 525 S.W.3d 671,
688 (Tex. 2017)). “If a written contract is so worded that it can be given a
definite or certain legal meaning when so considered and as applied to the
matter in dispute, then it is not ambiguous.” Id. at 765.
Here, the transfer agreements are not ambiguous; the meaning of the
language prescribing that an appraiser will determine the percentage of
interests to be transferred is definite and certain. “An ambiguity does not
arise simply because the parties advance conflicting interpretations of the
contract[;]” “for an ambiguity to exist, both interpretations must be
reasonable.” Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940
8
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 9 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex. 1996). Given the clarity of the language of the
contracts as written, the Nelsons’ interpretation is not reasonable as a matter
of law; as stated earlier, that interpretation would read out the reference to
the appraisal in its entirety. “Surrounding facts and circumstances can
inform the meaning of the language but cannot be used to augment, alter, or
contradict the terms of an unambiguous contract.” URI, 543 S.W.3d at 758
(citation omitted). The Nelsons’ reading, based on their subjective intent,
would go beyond elucidating contractual language to changing and overriding
it. Texas contract law does not allow for that.
Even if the contracts are ambiguous, there are no objective facts or
circumstances surrounding the transfer that counsel a different result. Under
federal gift tax law, “the application of the tax is based on the objective facts
of the transfer and the circumstances under which it is made, rather than on
the subjective motives of the donor.” 26 C.F.R. § 25.2511-1(g)(1) (2021).
Texas contract law commands the same. URI, 543 S.W.3d at 767 (“[T]he
parol evidence rule prohibits extrinsic evidence of subjective intent that alters
a contract’s terms. . . .”). The evidence the Nelsons point to all concerns
their subjective intent; we cannot look to what the Nelsons had in their minds
when drafting the contracts. Rather than subjective intent, it is “objective
manifestations of intent [that] control, not ‘what one side or the other alleges
they intended to say but did not.’ ” Id. at 763-64 (citation omitted) (quoting
Gilbert Tex. Constr., L.P. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 327 S.W.3d 118,
127 (Tex. 2010)). Objective considerations include the “surrounding
circumstances that inform, rather than vary from or contradict, the contract
text.” Hous. Expl. Co. v. Wellington Underwriting Agencies, Ltd., 352 S.W.3d
462, 469 (Tex. 2011).
The only objective circumstance the Nelsons can point to in support
of their reading is the setting of the transfer, as part of the Nelsons’ estate
planning that aimed to protect their assets while also avoiding as much tax
9
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 10 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
liability as possible. See URI, 543 S.W.3d at 768 (“Setting can be critical to
understanding contract language, as we found in cases involving the lawyer-
client relationship and construction of an arbitration agreement.” (citations
omitted)); Hous. Expl. Co., 352 S.W.3d at 469 (stating that objective
circumstances include “the commercial or other setting in which the
contract was negotiated” (quoting 11 Richard A. Lord, Williston
on Contracts § 32.7 (4th ed. 1999))). Consideration of the estate-plan
context still hews too closely to consideration of the Nelsons’ subjective
intent to alter the understanding of the contractual language. For an
arbitration agreement or a contract between a lawyer and a client, one can tell
the setting from fully objective facts—normally, by looking at the plain text
of the agreement. For the Nelsons’ transfers, however, consideration of the
estate-plan setting still requires determining what was in their minds at the
time of the transfers. One would still need to determine that, in transferring
assets from Mary Pat to the trust, the Nelsons had the subjective intent of
minimizing their tax liability. While that might be fairly obvious, it still
requires consideration of subjective intent, rather than objective facts. This
goes beyond the scope of the parol evidence rule under Texas law.
Further, the fact that the language differs from other, similar contracts
in the same setting is significant. This is not a case where we would be reading
the contracts in line with numerous other, similar contracts that are regular
parts of a given industry or setting, such as arbitration. To support the
Nelsons’ reading, we would be required to disregard significant differences
between these contracts and the transfer documents used in similar cases.
That would be an improper use of facts and circumstances surrounding the
contract. Cf. Hous. Expl. Co., 352 S.W.3d at 469-72 (holding that deletions
from a form contract should be considered when judging the parties’ intent
for the agreement). The fact that the transfers involved a family trust and
10
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 11 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
family assets and were made in the setting of estate planning should not be
used to interpret the Nelsons’ intent.
The Nelsons also point to the fact that the appraisal was not
completed within the allotted times specified in the agreements. That fact
does not change the result. The delay in the appraisal does not demonstrate
anything about the nature of the transfers; it only means that the trust would
potentially have had a claim against Mary Pat (since the language of the
agreement was violated) and that both the trust and Mary Pat might have had
a claim against the appraiser (depending on the nature of their agreement
with him). However, the transfers were still completed on the dates listed in
the transfer documents and in accordance with the language used. And the
lack of concern demonstrated for the tardy appraisal is yet another indicium
of subjective intent which similarly cannot be considered under Texas’s parol
evidence rule.
The transfer documents clearly and unambiguously state that Mary
Pat was gifting and selling the percentage of limited partner interests that an
appraiser determined to have a fair market value equal to a stated dollar
amount. The transfer agreements must be interpreted as written. The
Nelsons therefore transferred what the plain language of their transfer
instruments stated—$2,096,000 and $20,000,000 of limited partner
interests in Longspar as determined by a qualified appraiser to be 6.14% and
58.65% of such interests. Thus, when the Tax Court found the fair market
values of those percentages to actually be $2,524,983 and $24,118,933,
respectively, the Nelsons were left with a gift tax deficiency. 3 Therefore, the
3
The gift tax deficiency on the sale results from the excess value of the interests
transferred that were not the subject of due consideration from the $20,000,000
promissory note issued by the trust; gifts include “sales, exchanges, and other dispositions
of property for a consideration to the extent that the value of the property transferred by
11
Case: 20-61068 Document: 00516079584 Page: 12 Date Filed: 11/03/2021
No. 20-61068
Tax Court was correct in determining that Mary Pat and James Nelson each
owes $87,942 in gift tax for 2008 and $920,340 in gift tax for 2009.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Tax Court is
AFFIRMED.
the donor exceeds the value . . . of the consideration given therefor.” 26 C.F.R. § 25.2512-
8 (2021).
12