The opinion
Filed 6/28/21; Certified for Publication 7/12/21 (order attached)
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE ex rel. ALLSTATE
INSURANCE COMPANY,
G059446
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. 30-2019-01101013)
v.
OPINION
SONNY RUBIN et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, William D.
Caster, Judge. Affirmed.
Khouri Law Firm, Michael J. Khouri and Behzad Vahidi, for Defendants
and Appellants.
Know Ricksen, Thomas E. Fraysse and Maisie C. Sokolove, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
* * *
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP suits) are meritless
lawsuits designed to punish parties for constitutionally protected activities (free speech or
the right to petition). A defendant can seek to strike a SLAPP suit by filing an anti-
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SLAPP motion. (Code Civ. Proc., § 425.16.) The analysis is two-fold: usually the
defendant must first show the lawsuit arises from its protected activities; if so, the
plaintiff can defeat the anti-SLAPP motion by showing its lawsuit has merit.
Allstate Insurance Company et al. (Allstate) filed a complaint on behalf of
itself and the People (qui tam) against Dr. Sonny Rubin and related medical providers
(Rubin). Allstate generally alleged Rubin prepared fraudulent patient medical reports and
billing statements in support of insurance claims. Rubin filed an anti-SLAPP motion,
arguing the preparation and submission of its medical reports and bills were protected
litigation activities. The trial court denied Rubin’s motion.
Litigation is not “under [serious] consideration”—and thereby protected
activity under the anti-SLAPP statute—if the ligation is merely a “‘possibility.’”
(Mission Beverage Co. v. Pabst Brewing Co., LLC (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 686, 703.)
Here, Rubin failed to show its medical reports and bills were prepared outside of its usual
course of business in anticipation of litigation that was “under [serious] consideration.”
(Ibid.)
Thus, we affirm the trial court’s order denying Rubin’s anti-SLAPP motion.
I
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Dr. Sonny Rubin is a physician who controls two medical companies
(Sonny Rubin, M.D., Inc., and Coastal Spine and Orthopedic Specialists, Inc.). A portion
of Rubin’s practice involves “lien patients” involved in automobile accidents who are
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Further undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2
referred by attorneys. Lien patients have signed a “medical lien” authorizing their
attorney “to pay directly to [Rubin] such sums as may be due and owing . . . and to
withhold such sums from any settlement, judgment, or verdict as may be necessary to pay
for” the patient’s treatment (this case only involves lien patients). After providing
medical treatment for lien patients, Rubin prepares “medical narrative reports, operative
reports, and billing statements to be used in support of claims for insurance benefits
under policies of insurance issue by [Allstate.]”
Court Proceedings
In September 2019, Allstate filed a complaint on behalf of itself and the
People of the State of California (qui tam). The complaint pleaded two causes of action:
insurance fraud and unfair competition. Allstate generally alleged Rubin violated the law
by: “Presenting or causing to be presented false or fraudulent claims for the payment of a
loss of injury under a contract of insurance[.]” (Ins. Code, §1871.7; Pen. Code, §§ 549,
550.) Allstate specifically alleged Rubin recommended unnecessary medical treatments,
falsely represented it had treated injuries, engaged in deceptive billing practices, and
prepared false invoices for insurance claims. According to Allstate, Rubin “engaged in a
conspiracy, scheme, or plan to prepare and present false, fraudulent, and/or misleading
narrative reports, operative reports, and billing statements . . . in support of, or in
connection with” claims against Allstate and other insurers.
In March 2020, Rubin filed an anti-SLAPP motion. Rubin averred in a
declaration that his “lien patients” are “currently seeking a personal injury claim and [are]
therefore represented by an attorney for the purposes of litigation.” Rubin understood
that he is “authorized to send the patient’s medical reports and statements of diagnosis,
treatment, etc., to the patient’s attorney to be used in the patient’s personal injury case.”
Rubin argued in its motion to strike that “preparing and providing to the patient’s
attorney the necessary documents supporting the medical services provided on a lien,
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falls within the definition of prelitigation activities” under the anti-SLAPP statute.
In June 2020, Allstate filed an opposition. Under the first step of the
analysis, Allstate argued “the submission of insurance claims, even where litigation
ultimately [arises], does not constitute protected conduct under the anti-SLAPP statute.”
Allstate filed a declaration from a claims investigator: “From 2012 through the present,
Plaintiffs received a minimum of 639 claims for payment under contracts of insurance in
which services were provided by [Rubin]. Rubin’s billing statements, narrative reports,
operative reports, and other medical records were submitted to Allstate to support
payment of those claims. This number is conservative, as Plaintiffs continue to receive
claims associated with Dr. Rubin.” Alternatively, Allstate argued it was likely to prevail
on the merits.
In October 2020, the trial court ruled “Rubin has failed to establish that
Allstate’s claims arise from protected activity. Accordingly, the Court need not reach
step two of the anti-SLAPP analysis and the special motion to strike is denied.”
II
DISCUSSION
Rubin appeals from the trial court’s ruling that Rubin failed to establish
Allstate’s insurance fraud claim does arise from Rubin’s protected litigation activity
under the anti-SLAPP statute. We review the court’s ruling de novo. (Moss Bros. Toy,
Inc. v. Ruiz (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 424, 433 [“we exercise our independent judgment in
determining whether the challenged claim arises from protected activity”].)
Under the anti-SLAPP statute, a defendant ordinarily has the burden of
establishing a plaintiff’s claims arise from its protected activity; if the defendant met its
burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish its claims have merit. (Park v. Board
of Trustees of California State University (2017) 2 Cal.5th 1057, 1061.) A reviewing
court considers the pleadings, the supporting and opposing affidavits, and accepts as true
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the evidence favorable to the plaintiff and evaluates the defendant’s evidence to
determine if it has defeated that submitted by the plaintiff as a matter of law. (Smith v.
Adventist Health System/West (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 40, 52.)
“A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in
furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech . . . shall be subject to” an anti-
SLAPP motion. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1), italics added.) As relevant here, an “‘act in
furtherance of a person’s right of petition . . .’ includes: (1) any written or oral statement
or writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other
official proceeding authorized by law, (2) any written or oral statement or writing made
in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or
judicial body . . . .” (§ 425.16, subd. (e), italics added.)
Prelitigation communications may constitute protected activity, but only if
those communications are “relate[d] to litigation that is contemplated in good faith and
under serious consideration.” (Action Apartment Assn., Inc. v. City of Santa Monica
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 1232, 1251.) Litigation is not “under [serious] consideration” if it is
only a “‘possibility.’” (Mission Beverage Co. v. Pabst Brewing Co., LLC, supra, 15
Cal.App.5th at p. 703.) Statements made in connection with issues that later become
subject to consideration or review in litigation may be protected under the anti-SLAPP
statute, but only where such prelitigation statements were made in good faith anticipation
of litigation under serious consideration at the time the statements were made. (Bailey v.
Brewer (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 781, 790.)
“Thus, for example, when a cause of action arises from conduct that is a
‘necessary prerequisite’ to litigation, but will lead to litigation only if negotiations fail or
contractual commitments are not honored, future litigation is merely theoretical rather
than anticipated and the conduct is therefore not protected prelitigation activity.” (Bel Air
Internet, LLC v. Morales (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 924, 941.)
The submission of claims to an insurer for payment in the regular course of
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business prior to the commencement of litigation is not an act “in furtherance of the right
of petition” within the meaning of the anti-SLAPP statute. (People ex rel. 20th Century
Ins. Co. v. Building Permit Consultants, Inc. (2000) 86 Cal.App.4th 280, 283-284
(BPC).) In BPC, a company prepared earthquake damage reports to help “individuals in
compiling and preparing repair estimates.” (Id. at p. 282.) The court held that this was
not protected activity under the anti-SLAPP statute: “Here, the damage reports were sent
to 20th Century Insurance to demand performance on the insurance contract. At the time
defendants created and submitted their reports and claims, there was no ‘issue under
consideration’ pending before any official proceeding. If we protect the reports and
claims under section 425.16 because they eventually could be used in connection with an
official proceeding, we would effectively be providing immunity for any kind of criminal
fraud so long as the defrauding party was willing to take its cause to court. Defendants
have cited nothing to us that demonstrates the anti-SLAPP law embraces such actions.
We are satisfied it does not.” (Id. at p. 285.)
The filing of purportedly false insurance claims is also generally not
protected right-to-petition activity under the anti-SLAPP statute. (People ex rel. Fire Ins.
Exchange v. Anapol (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 809 (Anapol).) In Anapol, two attorneys
represented property owners that had filed smoke and ash damage claims against
insurance companies arising from California wildfires. (Id. at p. 814.) An insurance
company filed a qui tam lawsuit, alleging many of the attorneys’ insurance claims were
false or inflated. (Ibid.) The attorneys filed an anti-SLAPP motion to strike, arguing the
insurance claims were protected prelitigation communications because they had been
submitted as necessary prerequisites to anticipated lawsuits. (Ibid.) The trial court
denied the motion and the appellate court affirmed. (Id. at p. 815.)
The Anapol court held the submission of purportedly false insurance claims
ordinarily does not constitute petitioning activity under the anti-SLAPP statute, unless
circumstances show litigation is more than theoretical and is “genuinely contemplated.
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[Citation.] The requirement guarantees that hollow threats of litigation are not
protected.” (Anapol, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 824.) In the insurance context, those
circumstances may exist if: 1) an attorney submits a claim after negotiations with an
insurance company have been unsuccessful; or 2) if an attorney submits a demand letter
threatening to file a lawsuit after an insurance company has denied a claim (and the
insured is so informed). (Id. at pp. 824, 827.)
“That possibility of litigation in the event of nonperformance is not enough
to conclude the claim is made in anticipation of litigation contemplated in good faith and
under serious consideration.” (Anapol, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 828.) Under the
facts in Anapol, the appellate court held that attorneys’ subjective expectations of
litigation were not sufficient to establish protected litigation conduct: “We believe that
an insurance claim cannot be transformed from a simple claim for payment submitted in
the usual course of business into protected prelitigation conduct solely on the basis of the
subjective intent of the attorney submitting the claim . . . .” (Id. at p. 829.) Thus, the
court held the attorneys did not make a sufficient showing and the insurance claims were
not protected conduct under the anti-SLAPP statute. (Id. at p. 830.)
In this case, in his anti-SLAPP motion to strike Allstate’s allegations of
insurance fraud, Rubin declared the medical lien form authorizes him “to send the
patient’s medical reports and statements of diagnosis, treatment, etc., to the patient’s
attorney to be used in the patient’s personal injury case.” But as stated by the trial court:
“There are several problems with this argument. First, the language of the form medical
lien contemplates payment ‘from any settlement, judgment, or verdict.’ (1st Rubin Decl.,
Ex. A [emphasis added].) Like . . . Anapol, the settlement reference acknowledges the
possibility that Rubin’s patients will resolve their claims without resort to court. That the
patients have retained attorneys to pursue their claims is of no moment. In Anapol, the
Court of Appeal recognized that even communications directly from attorneys were
unprotected if they were attempts to resolve claims without filing suit.
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“Second, like . . . Anapol, Rubin’s argument hinges on his subjective
understanding of the purpose of his reports and bills. Rubin offers no testimony from
patients stating that they intended the bills to be evidence of damages in litigation, nor
testimony from patients’ attorneys stating, e.g., ‘I only referred a client to Dr. Rubin
when litigation would be necessary to recover the cost of that client’s medical treatment.’
“Third, while Rubin argues that his reports and bills are prepared to be used
in litigation, doctors regularly prepare notes or reports and bill for their treatment.
Nothing about them is unique to the litigation context. Absent testimony from Rubin that
he did not prepare medical reports for his non-lien patients or that he did not prepare bills
for his non-lien patients, the Court is left to conclude that the documents were prepared in
the regular course of business and therefore are not protected activity. (See Anapol,
supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 827 [‘“[t]he submission of contractual claims for payment in
the regular course of business’ is not an act in furtherance of the right of petition’”]
[emphasis original.] [quoting Kajima Engineering and Const., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles
(2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 921, 932].)
“A review of Rubin’s claims about billing further supports this conclusion
[that its written reports were prepared in the regular course of business]. The purpose of
a bill is to recover payment owed. Rubin’s bills might eventually become evidence of
damages in personal injury litigation, and Rubin may expect that payment will come from
the proceeds of that litigation. But the bills themselves are an accounting of services
rendered for which Rubin expects payment. The form medical lien states that ‘payment
for medical services rendered by said Doctor is not contingent upon any settlement,
judgment, or verdict.’ [1st Rubin Decl., Ex. A [emphasis added.] The patient is
responsible for the bill no matter what happens—whether he litigates his case, settles it,
or chooses to abandon his claim entirely. The invoices were documents prepared in the
regular course of business to secure payment for services rendered.”
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We agree with the cogent analysis of the trial court. Rubin has failed to
provide evidence establishing the written medical reports or billing statements for its lien
patients were made “in anticipation of litigation contemplated in good faith and under
serious consideration.” (Anapol, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 827.) Rubin’s preparation
of medical reports and bills in support of insurance claims against Allstate were
apparently his routine and usual course of business, which may or may not have resulted
in litigation (as were the insurance claims in Anapol, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 827).
That is, unless negotiations with Allstate failed, or Allstate denied a demand for payment,
litigation was simply a possibility, and that “possibility” of litigation does not rise to
protected prelitigation activity under the anti-SLAPP statute. (See Mission Beverage Co.
v. Pabst Brewing Co., LLC, supra, 15 Cal.App.5th at p. 703 [litigation is not “under
[serious] consideration” if it is only a “‘“possibility”’”].)
In sum, Rubin has failed to establish that Allstate’s claims arise from
Rubin’s protected right-to-petition activity. (Smith v. Adventist Health System/West,
supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at pp. 51-52.) Accordingly, we need not reach step two of the
analysis under the anti-SLAPP statute. (See § 425.16.) Thus, we affirm the trial court’s
denial of Rubin’s special motion to strike.
Rubin argues this case “is patently distinguishable from Anapol, because
[its] medical reports and bills were not submitted to demand performance under a
contract of insurance between the patients and Allstate. Rather the complained of
medical reports and bills were prepared for, and used in, personal injury claims and
lawsuits against third party tortfeasors who happened [to] be insured by Allstate.”
But in his declaration in support of his anti-SLAPP motion, Rubin failed to
make a factual claim that his allegedly fraudulent medical reports and billing records
were related strictly to third party tortfeasors who happened to be insured by Allstate, and
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2
that fact does not appear in the record. Further, the medical lien form attached to
Rubin’s anti-SLAPP motion fails to distinguish between first party claims, which are
purely contractual in nature, and third party personal injury claims, which are arguably
more likely to concern litigation that is “under [serious] consideration.” (See Mission
Beverage Co. v. Pabst Brewing Co., LLC, supra, 15 Cal.App.5th at p. 703.)
Therefore, neither Rubin’s declaration, nor the medical lien form, support
Rubin’s contention that his alleged conduct qualified as protected third party litigation
activity under the anti-SLAPP statute as a matter of law. (See Smith v. Adventist Health
System/West, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th at p. 52 [a reviewing court considers the pleadings,
the supporting and opposing affidavits, and accepts as true the evidence favorable to the
plaintiff and evaluates the defendant’s evidence to determine if it has defeated that
submitted by the plaintiff as a matter of law].)
2
In his reply to Allstate’s opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion, Rubin attached a second
declaration in which Rubin averred: “I have never prepared any medical reports or had
bills prepared by my biller for a patient who is insured by Allstate, so that the medical
report or bill could be submitted to Allstate under a contract of insurance between the
patient and Allstate.” But the trial court sustained Allstate’s objection to Rubin’s second
declaration and Rubin has not challenged the trial court’s evidentiary ruling on appeal.
(See Jay v. Mahaffey (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 1522, 1537-1538 [“The general rule of
motion practice, which applies [on an anti-SLAPP motion], is that new evidence is not
permitted with reply papers”].)
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III
DISPOSITION
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The order is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to Allstate.
MOORE, J.
WE CONCUR:
O’LEARY, P. J.
FYBEL, J.
3
Allstate requested attorney fees on appeal, arguing Rubin’s appeal is frivolous. (See §§
425.16, 128.5 [“‘[f]rivolous’ means ‘totally and completely without merit’ or ‘for the sole
purpose of harassing an opposing party’”].) Although we find Rubin’s appeal to be
meritless, we would not characterize it as frivolous. Thus, we deny Allstate’s request.
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Filed 7/12/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE ex rel. ALLSTATE
INSURANCE COMPANY,
G059446
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. 30-2019-01101013)
v.
ORDER GRANTING REQUEST
SONNY RUBIN et al., FOR PUBLICATION
Defendants and Appellants.
Attorney Matthew J. Smith, Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, has
requested that our opinion filed on June 28, 2021, be certified for publication. It appears
that our opinion meets the standards set forth in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c).
The request is GRANTED.
The opinion is ordered published in the Official Reports.
MOORE, J.
WE CONCUR:
O’LEARY, P. J.
FYBEL, J.
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