The opinion
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4921
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
EZEKIEL JOEL BROWN,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Newport News. Robert G. Doumar, Senior District Judge. (4:19-cr-00049-RGD-RJK-1)
Submitted: May 27, 2021 Decided: June 4, 2021
Before KEENAN, WYNN, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Andrew W. Grindrod, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL
PUBLIC DEFENDER, Norfolk, Virginia; Michael Rayfield, MAYER BROWN LLP, New
York, New York, for Appellant. G. Zachary Terwilliger, United States Attorney, Christina
Taylor, Special Assistant United States Attorney, Aidan Taft Grano, Assistant United
States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia,
for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
A jury convicted Ezekiel Joel Brown of obstructing, delaying, and affecting
commerce by robbery (Hobbs Act robbery), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and
possessing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c). He received a 117-month term of imprisonment. On appeal, Brown challenges
the district court’s ruling denying his motion to suppress all evidence recovered following
the warrantless search of his disabled vehicle. We affirm.
Prior to trial, Brown filed a motion to suppress, contending that the evidence against
him was obtained as the result of an illegal search and seizure. In response, the Government
argued, inter alia, that the evidence should not be suppressed because it would have been
discovered as a matter of course during an inventory search. The district court found that
the arresting officer’s search of the vehicle, to the extent it exceeded accessing and securing
a visible firearm, violated the Fourth Amendment. However, the court further concluded
that the contested evidence inevitably would have been discovered during a lawful police
inventory search of the car and, therefore, denied Brown’s motion to suppress.
The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S.
Const. amend. IV. Subject to certain exceptions, the Government generally “is prohibited
from using evidence discovered in an unlawful search against the individual whose
constitutional right was violated.” United States v. Seay, 944 F.3d 220, 223 (4th Cir. 2019).
“One such exception is the inevitable discovery doctrine, which allows the government to
use evidence gathered in an otherwise unreasonable search if it can prove by a
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preponderance of the evidence that law enforcement would have ultimately or inevitably
discovered the evidence by lawful means.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
“‘Lawful means’ include an inevitable search falling within an exception to the warrant
requirement, such as an inventory search, that would have inevitably uncovered the
evidence in question.” United States v. Bullette, 854 F.3d 261, 265 (4th Cir. 2017).
“When reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, [we] review[]
conclusions of law de novo and underlying factual findings for clear error.” United States
v. Fall, 955 F.3d 363, 369-70 (4th Cir.) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted),
cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 310 (2020). “If, as here, the district court denied the motion to
suppress, [we] construe[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” Id.
(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). “Whether law enforcement would have
inevitably discovered the evidence by lawful means is a question of fact, and we thus
accord great deference to the district court’s findings.” Bullette, 854 F.3d at 265. “A court
reviewing for clear error may not reverse a lower court’s finding of fact simply because it
would have decided the case differently. Rather, a reviewing court must ask whether, on
the entire evidence, it is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed.” United States v. Ferebee, 957 F.3d 406, 417 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
The district court found that when the arresting officer approached Brown’s vehicle
and observed the firearm, the officer had already called a towing company and was
preparing to conduct an inventory of the vehicle by filling out a required tow sheet. Under
the police department’s towing policy, this planned inventory was mandatory. The court
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therefore concluded that the Government had demonstrated by a preponderance of the
evidence that, had the warrantless search never occurred, a lawful police inventory search
of the vehicle inevitably would have uncovered the challenged evidence.
The record supports the district court’s conclusion that the disputed evidence would
inevitably have been discovered. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately
presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional
process.
AFFIRMED
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