Tamiko Colts v. Progressive Marathon Insurance Company

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

TAMIKO COLTS, UNPUBLISHED

March 11, 2021

Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

v No. 349327

Macomb Circuit Court

PROGRESSIVE MARATHON INSURANCE LC No. 2017-003202-NF

COMPANY,

Defendant,

and

PAUL BRANT, LLC, and PAUL IVAN BRANT,

Defendants-Appellees/Cross-

Appellants.

Before: TUKEL, P.J., and JANSEN and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff Tamiko Colts appeals a judgment of no cause of action that was entered by the

trial court on the basis of the jury’s verdict in this negligence action. Colts argues that the trial

court abused its discretion by admitting hearsay statements into evidence. Defendants Paul Ivan

Brant and Paul Brant, LLC, cross-appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by denying their motion

for directed verdict. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

On the afternoon of April 19, 2016, Colts and Brant were both traveling westbound on

Eight Mile Road in their respective vehicles. Brant, who was operating a semitruck with two

flatbed trailers attached, was driving ahead of Colts’s minivan. At some point, a collision occurred.

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Andrew Maas, who was a passenger in a nearby vehicle, heard a noise that “forced” him to look

up from his cell phone. Maas saw Colts’s minivan in “mid-air.” Colts did not recall the collision

or recall seeing Brant’s semitruck in the roadway. Although Brant felt a “bump,” he believed that

it was a pothole and continued driving. After Brant was informed by a passing unknown motorist

that “a vehicle [had] hit [his] trailer,” Brant and the unknown motorist pulled over. The unknown

motorist reiterated to Brant that “a vehicle [had] hit [his] trailer.” The unknown motorist told Brant

that he was unable to stay and drove away before law enforcement arrived.

Officer Zachary Lemond arrived at the scene to investigate. Officer Lemond noted that

Brant’s “semitruck had damage on the right-side rear” and that Colts’s minivan “had damage on

the left side of the front.” Officer Lemond noted that the damage was “fresh.” He concluded that

“the minivan was slightly behind and to the right or to the rear and right of the semitruck” at the

time the collision occurred.

Colts was allegedly injured in the collision, and she was transported to the hospital by

ambulance. Colts later filed a negligence action against Brant, alleging that he had negligently

operated his semitruck.1 Colts also filed an action against Paul Brant, LLC, alleging that it had

negligently entrusted its semitruck to Brant. Before trial, Colts moved to preclude the statements

that were made to Brant by the unknown motorist. Colts alleged that the statements amounted to

inadmissible hearsay and that the statements did not fall within a hearsay exception. Defendants

opposed the motion. The trial court ultimately denied Colts’s motion, concluding that the

statements were admissible as present sense impressions. The trial court also concluded that the

statements would have been admissible under the excited utterance exception.

Thereafter, trial commenced. Colts called witnesses to testify concerning the

circumstances of the collision, including Officer Lemond and Maas. After Colts presented all of

her proofs, defendants moved for a directed verdict. After hearing oral argument from the parties,

the trial court denied defendants’ motion, holding that a question of fact existed as to whether

defendants’ actions were the cause of Colts’s alleged injuries. The jury later found that defendants

were not negligent, and the trial court entered a judgment of no cause of action. These appeals

followed.

II. ANALYSIS

Colts argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying her motion to exclude the

hearsay statements of the unknown motorist. Specifically, Colts argues that the statements by the

unknown motorist were “hearsay and no foundational evidence existed for the trial court to

qualify” the statements as present sense impressions or excited utterances. We conclude that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence.

When an evidentiary issue is properly preserved, we review the trial court’s decision to

admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. Nahshal v Fremont Ins Co, 324 Mich App

696, 710; 922 NW2d 662 (2018). However, “preliminary legal determinations of admissibility are

1

Colts also filed a claim against Progressive Marathon Insurance Company. Progressive was later

dismissed from the action by stipulation of the parties.

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reviewed de novo.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). If an error is found, we must

determine whether the error “was harmless error or reversible error under MRE 103(a). A trial

court’s error is harmless if, based on review of the entire record, it is more probable than not that

the error was not outcome determinative; if the probability runs in the other direction, then it is

reversible error.” Id. at 717.

Under MRE 801(c), hearsay “is a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial . . ., offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Unless

otherwise provided by the rules of evidence, hearsay is not admissible. MRE 802. In this case,

the unknown motorist’s statements are undisputedly hearsay. The trial court found that the

unknown motorist’s statements were admissible because they constituted present sense

impressions, which is an exception to the hearsay rule. MRE 803(1). We conclude that, even if

the trial court erroneously failed to require defendants to lay the appropriate foundation before the

court concluded that the statements were admissible, the unknown motorist’s statements were

admissible under MRE 803(1).

A present sense impression is “[a] statement describing or explaining an event or condition

made while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter.” MRE

803(1). This exception is justified by

the trustworthiness of the statement, which is based on the substantially

contemporaneous nature of the statement with the underlying event. For hearsay

evidence to be admissible under this exception, three criteria must be met: (1) the

statement must provide an explanation or description of the perceived event, (2) the

declarant must personally perceive the event, and (3) the explanation or description

must be substantially contemporaneous with the event. [Ykimoff v Foote Mem

Hosp, 285 Mich App 80, 105; 776 NW2d 114 (2009) (quotation marks and citations

omitted).]

Furthermore, “in order to establish the foundation for the admission of a hearsay statement

pursuant to the present sense impression exception, other evidence corroborating the statement

must be brought forth to ensure its reliability.” Id. at 106.

In this case, Brant testified that he was traveling west on Eight Mile Road at all relevant

times. At one point, Brant stopped at a red light at the intersection of Eight Mile Road and Mound

Road. Brant proceeded through the intersection after the light turned green and felt a “bump,”

which he assumed was a pothole. Brant testified that, a “[s]hort ways after that, not far,” a vehicle

approached his driver’s side. The unknown motorist was “blowing the horn” and “trying to get

[Brant’s] attention.” Brant rolled down his window, and the unknown motorist, who had his

passenger side window rolled down, informed Brant that “a vehicle [had] hit [Brant’s] trailer.”

After Brant and the unknown motorist pulled over, the unknown motorist reiterated that “a vehicle

[had] hit [Brant’s] trailer.” Thus, the statements provided a description of the perceived event.

With respect to whether the unknown motorist personally perceived the collision, Colts

argues that the unknown motorist could not have seen the collision because the motorist was

driving on the left side of Brant’s semitruck. It appears that Colts’s conclusion is drawn from the

fact that the unknown motorist communicated with Brant through Brant’s driver’s side window

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and that the collision seemed to have occurred on the middle right side of the trailer. However, it

is not known exactly where the unknown motorist’s vehicle was when the collision occurred.

Indeed, the unknown motorist could have been in a position to see the collision and then could

have quickly driven next to Brant in order to get his attention. Notably, Brant testified that it was

possible that the unknown motorist’s vision would not have been entirely obscured even if he was

on the left side of the semitruck at the time of collision. Brant noted that his load was “only about

three-[feet] tall” and that it was “not very high.” Furthermore, it is implicit in the unknown

motorist’s statements that he saw the collision because, after the motorist got Brant’s attention

with his horn, he had communicated the details of the collision to Brant. Indeed, the evidence

supports that the unknown motorist was alone in the vehicle. Thus, we conclude that the record

evidence supports that the unknown motorist personally perceived the collision.

With respect to whether the unknown motorist’s statements were substantially

contemporaneous with the collision, a statement must have been made while the declarant is

“perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter.” MRE 803(1). However, “in many,

if not most, instances precise contemporaneity is not possible and hence a slight lapse is

allowable.” People v Hendrickson, 459 Mich 229, 236; 586 NW2d 906 (1998) (quotation marks

and citation omitted). “[T]he phrase immediately thereafter is not synonymous with instantly

thereafter,” Berryman v K Mart Corp, 193 Mich App 88, 100; 483 NW2d 642 (1992) (quotation

marks and citation omitted), and “a four-minute interval between the perceived event and a

declarant’s statement satisfie[s] the ‘immediately thereafter’ condition,” Hendrickson, 459 Mich

at 236.

In this case, Brant testified that the unknown motorist approached him a short period of

time after Brant proceeded through the intersection. Specifically, Brant testified that he felt a

“bump,” which he initially believed to be a pothole, after the traffic light turned green. “[P]retty

much instantly after” Brant felt the bump, the unknown motorist approached Brant’s driver’s side

door and began honking his horn. Brant noted that he was not traveling very fast because he had

“a loaded set of doubles[.]” Brant estimated that he was going between 15 and 20 miles per hour.

While the evidence supports that Brant stopped his semitruck a fair distance away from the location

of the collision, Brant testified that pulling his semitruck over was not an easy feat given the size

of the trailers. Indeed, the record supports that Brant had to move over from the “second lane” to

the right “curb lane,” which required waiting until traffic had cleared. As already stated, the

collision occurred on Eight Mile Road in the afternoon.

While Brant is correct that the trial court failed to specifically consider whether the

unknown motorist’s statements were corroborated by other evidence, the record evidence supports

that they were corroborated. Brant’s testimony supported that there was damage to the back, right-

hand corner of the lead trailer. This is consistent with Officer Lemond’s testimony. Officer

Lemond testified that Brant’s “semitruck had damage on the right-side rear” and that Colts’s

vehicle “had damage on the left side of the front.” Officer Lemond concluded that “the minivan

was slightly behind and to the right or to the rear and right of the semitruck” at the time the collision

occurred. Photographs of the damaged vehicles were admitted into evidence.

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There is also no dispute that a collision occurred at the time and place when and where the

unknown motorist claimed to have seen a vehicle hit Brant’s trailer. Brant informed Officer

Lemond of the unknown motorist, and specifically described to Officer Lemond what the motorist

told him, as well as the motorist’s gender, ethnicity, and estimated age. Brant also described the

unknown motorist’s vehicle, including a business logo that was on the side of the vehicle, and

provided a license plate number. Thus, we conclude that there was sufficient corroboration that

the unknown motorist had observed the collision at issue in this case. The trial court, therefore,

did not abuse its discretion by admitting the unknown motorist’s statements into evidence.2

Moreover, even if we were to conclude that the evidence was not admissible, the error

would have been harmless. Colts did not remember the collision, and Maas did not see the

collision. Rather, Maas looked up from his cell phone after he heard a noise. Maas testified that

he saw a minivan “in mid-air” and a semitruck “straddling two lanes.” Although Maas believed

that Brant had “sideswiped” Colts’s vehicle, Maas agreed that he was speculating as to the cause

of the collision. Indeed, Maas acknowledged that Colts could have caused the collision. Maas

also agreed that his statement to Officer Lemond that he had witnessed Colts’s vehicle do a “barrel

roll” was not accurate.

Brant repeatedly testified that he had remained in the “second lane” at all relevant times

and denied that he had changed lanes in the time before the collision. Brant noted that he routinely

traveled westbound on Eight Mile Road and that it was his practice to remain in the second lane

from the right until it was necessary for him to move over to the “curb lane” to get onto the

highway. Brant, who is an experienced truck driver, also testified that it was unlikely that his

trailers had “drifted” given that there was “no where for the wind to get a hold of” them. Brant

also testified that the cargo on the trailers was strapped down. Brant’s testimony at trial is

consistent with the statements that he made to Officer Lemond following the collision.

Additionally, Brant indicated that the damage to his trailer supported that Colts had hit his

trailer from behind, as opposed to Brant “sideswiping” Colts’s minivan. Specifically, Brant noted

that the damaged portion of the trailer had been “pushed forward.” The jury was able to view

photographs of the damage to Brant’s trailer and to Colts’s minivan, and the jury clearly found the

testimony of Brant to be credible given that it returned a verdict in defendants’ favor. We will not

disturb credibility determinations on appeal. Allard v State Farm Ins Co, 271 Mich App 394, 408;

722 NW2d 268 (2006) (“It is the sole province of the jury to determine the weight of the evidence

and credibility of the witnesses.”). Consequently, based on review of the entire record, it is not

more probable than not that the error, if any, was outcome determinative. See Nahshal, 324 Mich

App at 717.

On cross-appeal, defendants argue that, in the event that this Court determines that the

statements of the unknown motorist were inadmissible, this Court should nonetheless affirm

because the trial court erred when it denied defendants’ motion for a directed verdict. Because

this issue is moot, we need not consider it. See B P 7 v Bureau of State Lottery, 231 Mich App

2

Based on this holding, we need not explicitly consider whether the trial court abused its discretion

by holding that the unknown motorist’s statements met the criteria for admission as excited

utterances.

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356, 359; 586 NW2d 117 (1998) (“As a general rule, an appellate court will not decide moot

issues.”).

Affirmed.

/s/ Jonathan Tukel

/s/ Kathleen Jansen

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron

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