Ramirez v. Guadarrama

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

February 8, 2021

No. 20-10055 Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

Selina Marie Ramirez, individually and as independent administrator

of, and on behalf of, The Estate of Gabriel Eduardo Olivas and

the heirs-at-law of Gabriel Eduardo Olivas, and as parent, guardian,

and next friend of and for female minor SMO; Gabriel Anthony

Olivas, individually,

Plaintiffs—Appellees,

versus

Jeremias Guadarrama; Ebony N. Jefferson,

Defendants—Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Texas

USDC No. 4:20-CV-7

Before Jolly, Stewart, and Oldham, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam:*

This case arises out of the tragic death of Gabriel Eduardo Olivas.

While responding to a 911 call reporting that Olivas was threatening to kill

*

Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this

opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited

circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 2 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

himself and burn down his family’s house, Officers Guadarrama and Jeffer-

son discharged their tasers at Olivas, striking him in the chest. Olivas had

doused himself in gasoline, which ignited when the prongs of Guadarrama’s

taser came into contact with it. Olivas was engulfed in flames. The house

burned down. Olivas died of his injuries several days later.

Olivas’s widow and two children subsequently brought suit, alleging

that Officers Guadarrama and Jefferson had violated Olivas’s Fourth

Amendment rights when they tased him. Guadarrama and Jefferson asserted

the defense of qualified immunity and moved for dismissal. The district

court denied their motion, stating that more factual development was

needed. Guadarrama and Jefferson then filed this interlocutory appeal. We

reverse the denial of qualified immunity and remand to the district court with

instructions to dismiss the claims against Guadarrama and Jefferson. With

this background setting, we now proceed to explain more fully.

I

A.

On July 10, 2017, Gabriel Anthony Olivas called 911 and reported that

his father was threatening to kill himself and burn down their house. Cor-

poral Ray, Sergeant Jefferson, and Officers Scott, Elliott, and Guadarrama of

the Arlington Police Department responded. Officer Guadarrama was first

on the scene, and he began preparations while awaiting backup. Sergeant Jef-

ferson and Officer Elliott were next to arrive, and the three of them pro-

ceeded to enter the house.

Upon entering, Officer Guadarrama detected the odor of gasoline. A

woman directed the officers to a corner bedroom on the east side of the

house. There they found Gabriel Eduardo Olivas (“Olivas”) leaning against

a wall and holding a red gas can. After turning his flashlight on Olivas, Officer

Elliott allegedly shouted to Sergeant Jefferson and Officer Guadarrama, “If

2

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 3 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

we tase him, he is going to light on fire.” Elliott then discharged OC spray in

Olivas’s face, temporarily blinding him. It was at about this point—whether

before or after being sprayed is not entirely clear from the record—that Oli-

vas doused himself in gasoline. Guadarrama and Elliott, at least, and maybe

Jefferson as well, noticed that Olivas was holding some object that appeared

as though it might be a lighter. Guadarrama, followed in short succession by

Jefferson, fired his taser at the gasoline-soaked man, causing him to burst into

flames.

Corporal Ray and Officer Scott arrived at the scene at about this time.

When they entered the house, they found Olivas engulfed in flames. The fire

spread from Olivas to the walls of the bedroom, and the house eventually

burned to the ground. The officers at the scene were able to evacuate the

family members who had remained in the house, but Olivas was badly burned

and later died from his injuries.

B.

Olivas’s wife and son (“Plaintiffs”) subsequently brought suit, under

42 U.S.C. § 1983, against Sergeant Jefferson, Officer Guadarrama, and the

City of Arlington, Texas, alleging that the defendant officers violated Oli-

vas’s Fourth Amendment rights when they tased him. Guadarrama and Jef-

ferson each raised qualified immunity as a defense and moved for dismissal

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The district court de-

nied their motions, finding that more factual development was needed.

Guadarrama and Jefferson filed a joint notice of appeal and then a mo-

tion for reconsideration. Because filing of the notice of appeal deprived the

district court of jurisdiction, it denied the defendant officers’ motion for re-

consideration. Guadarrama and Jefferson then moved this court for a limited

remand, which we granted, so that the district court could rule on their mo-

tion for reconsideration. The district court then denied their motion on the

merits. Guadarrama and Jefferson then filed this appeal.

3

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 4 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

II

This court reviews de novo a denial of a motion to dismiss pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig.,

495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007). “The court accepts all well-pleaded facts

as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[s].” Id. (in-

ternal quotation marks and citations omitted).

This court reviews appeals of qualified immunity de novo. Cantrell v.

City of Murphy, 666 F.3d 911, 918 (5th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). “When

a defendant invokes qualified immunity, the burden is on the plaintiff to

demonstrate the inapplicability of the defense.” McClendon v. City of Colum-

bia, 305 F.3d 314, 323 (5th Cir. 2002) (per curiam). We now proceed to the

analysis.

III

A.

“[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions generally

are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not

violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reason-

able person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982) (citations omitted). Because qualified immunity is an immunity from

suit, not merely a defense to liability, “it is effectively lost if a case is errone-

ously permitted to go to trial.” Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985).

It is for this reason that a denial of qualified immunity is immediately appeal-

able and that a defendant’s entitlement to qualified immunity should be de-

termined at the earliest possible stage of the litigation. Id. at 526–27; Pearson

v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). This scheme prevents a defendant

4

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 5 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

entitled to immunity from being compelled to bear the costs of discovery and

other pre-trial burdens.

The qualified immunity analysis has two components: (1) whether a

plaintiff alleges or shows 1 the violation of a federal constitutional or statutory

right; and (2) whether the right in question was clearly established at the time

of the alleged violation. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232. Since Pearson, a reviewing

court may tackle these questions in whatever order it deems most expedi-

tious. Id. at 236. The second question, addressing whether a right was

“clearly established,” encompasses another question, discussed separately

in some of this court’s opinions, about the objective reasonableness of a de-

fendant official’s conduct. See Kinney v. Weaver, 367 F.3d 337, 349–50 (5th

Cir. 2014). In order for a right to be clearly established, “[t]he contours of

the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand

that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S.

635, 640 (1987). The reasonableness of the official’s conduct and the degree

to which the particular right in question was clearly established are thus

merged into one issue for purposes of the qualified immunity analysis.

B.

We now turn to the first prong of the qualified immunity analysis.

Plaintiffs allege that Guadarrama and Jefferson violated Olivas’s Fourth

Amendment rights by use of excessive force when they fired their tasers at

him. The question is thus whether Olivas had a constitutional right not to be

tased, not as a general proposition but under the particular circumstances

1

The relevant standards differ depending on whether the issue is raised in a motion

to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment.

5

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 6 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

present in this case. Plaintiffs have the burden of showing that such a right

existed and that this was clearly established at the time of the incident.

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from being subjected to

excessive force when they are physically apprehended or subdued by agents

of the government. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393–94 (1989). The

question of what is “excessive” is thus intertwined with the issue of reason-

ableness that is embedded within the Fourth Amendment. “To establish the

use of excessive force in violation of the Constitution, a plaintiff must prove:

(1) injury, (2) which resulted directly and only from a use of force that was

clearly excessive, and (3) the excessiveness of which was clearly unreasona-

ble.” Elizondo v. Green, 671 F.3d 506, 510 (5th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). We now turn to address those elements as they

apply in this case.

IV

A.

Here Plaintiffs can easily show injury: Olivas died, and their house

was destroyed. Next we must ask whether Guadarrama or Jefferson em-

ployed excessive force.

We view the disputed facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs:

Guadarrama, Jefferson, and Elliott arrived at the house in response to a 911

call, having been told that Olivas was threatening to kill himself and burn

down the house. 2 They found Olivas in a bedroom that smelled of gasoline.

Olivas was holding a gas can. Officer Elliott shouted, “If we tase him, he is

2

The First Amended Complaint indicates that Corporal Ray was aware of an

allegation that Olivas was under the influence of methamphetamine. Nothing in the

complaint, however, indicates that any of the other officers were aware of this allegation.

6

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 7 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

going to light on fire.” Elliott then discharged OC spray at Olivas, temporar-

ily blinding him. Olivas began to shout nonsense and yell that he was going

to burn the place to the ground. He poured gasoline over himself. At some

point before either taser was discharged, Officers Guadarrama and Elliott no-

ticed an object in Olivas’s hand that appeared to them to be a lighter. Gua-

darrama fired his taser, striking Olivas in the chest. Olivas burst into flames.

Jefferson then fired his taser, which also struck Olivas in the chest.

Having set forth this factual background, we now consider the reason-

ableness of the force that was employed. Graham sets forth certain specific

factors to be considered in the Fourth Amendment reasonableness inquiry:

“the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate

threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resist-

ing arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396.

Here, the severity of the threatened crime, i.e., felony arson, was considera-

ble. See Tex. Penal Code § 28.02. Olivas posed a substantial and imme-

diate risk of death or serious bodily injury to himself and everyone in the

house. He was covered in gasoline. He had been threatening to kill himself

and burn down the house. He appeared to be holding a lighter. At that point,

there were at least six other people in the house, all of whom were in danger.

The final Graham factor in the reasonableness inquiry is whether Olivas was

attempting to flee or evade arrest, which is of minimal relevance here.

B.

Arguing that the officers’ conduct was unreasonable, Plaintiffs cite a

number of cases, most of which are unpublished or not from this circuit. Alt-

hough true that use of a taser in unwarranted circumstances can be unconsti-

tutional, the facts of this case do not resemble those of Samples v. Vadzem-

nieks, 900 F.3d 655 (5th Cir. 2018), or Newman v. Guedry, 703 F.3d 757 (5th

Cir. 2012), the only published Fifth Circuit cases cited by Plaintiffs. Samples

7

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 8 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

involved the tasing of an apparently intoxicated man who supposedly had

“growled at” a police officer and adopted a “fighting stance.” Samples, 900

F.3d 655 at 658. Newman involved an arrestee who was tased after getting

into an altercation with the arresting officer while he was being patted down.

Newman, 703 F.3d at 760. Given the degree of granularity involved in the

qualified immunity analysis, 3 we see no reason to engage in a detailed discus-

sion of these cases. The only commonality they share with the instant case is

that police officers in these cases also used tasers. Certainly, neither involved

a suicidal individual, flammable material, a credible threat of arson, or the

potential immolation of others.

Plaintiffs also cite extensively to the unpublished case of Peña v. City

of Rio Grande, 816 F. App’x 966 (5th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). In Peña, this

court reversed a grant of qualified immunity. Police officers had tased a ju-

venile who was running away from them, saying that they believed she might

run into oncoming traffic. Id. at 968. As an unpublished case, Peña is persua-

sive authority only, and we find it unpersuasive because it bears minimal re-

semblance to the instant case. For example, Peña had, at most, committed a

minor misdemeanor infraction. She had not threatened harm to herself or

anyone else. There was no particular reason to think she would run into the

street. See id. at 973–74. By contrast, Olivas was credibly threatening to kill

3

See Morrow v. Meachum, 917 F.3d 870, 875 (5th Cir. 2019) (“[T]he dispositive

question is whether the violative nature of particular conduct is clearly established. That is

because qualified immunity is inappropriate only where the officer had fair notice—in light

of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition—that his particular

conduct was unlawful.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

8

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 9 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

himself and feloniously burn down a house containing at least six other peo-

ple.

C.

We now turn to the officers’ arguments that their conduct did not vi-

olate any right of Olivas’s, or at least that they violated no right whose exist-

ence was clearly established at the time of the incident. Guadarrama cites a

number of cases in which police officers employed deadly force in at least

somewhat comparable circumstances and in which this court found no con-

stitutional violation. Examples include Rice v. Reliastar Life Ins. Co., 770 F.3d

1122, 1134 (5th Cir. 2014) (finding no constitutional violation where officer

shot allegedly suicidal individual, who had been ordered multiple times to

drop the gun he was carrying, while he was walking to his kitchen); Harris v.

Serpas, 745 F.3d 767, 770, 772–73 (5th Cir. 2014) (finding no constitutional

violation where officers, responding to an ex-wife’s 911 call stating that she

feared her ex-husband may have taken an overdose of sleeping pills, breached

the barricaded door to the ex-husband’s bedroom and shot him when he

raised a knife over his head and advanced toward them); and Rockwell v.

Brown, 664 F.3d 985, 991 (5th Cir. 2011) (finding no constitutional violation

where officers breached allegedly suicidal individual’s bedroom door and

shot him after he attacked them with knives).

These cited cases recognize the principle that “[t]he use of deadly

force is constitutional when the suspect poses a threat of serious physical

harm to the officer or others.” Elizondo, 671 F.3d at 510. Plaintiffs refer us

to case law purportedly establishing that deadly force may not be employed

against individuals threatening only themselves. This discussion, however,

is not apropos. Olivas may only have been threatening to harm himself, but

9

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 10 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

he was threatening to do so in a way that put everyone in the house (and pos-

sibly others) in danger.

V

Although the employment of tasers led to a tragic outcome, we cannot

suggest exactly what alternative course the defendant officers should have

followed that would have led to an outcome free of potential tragedy. We

emphasize that the reasonableness of a government official’s use of force

must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable official on the scene, not

with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. The fact

that Olivas appeared to have the capability of setting himself on fire in an

instant and, indeed, was threatening to do so, meant that the officers had no

apparent options to avoid calamity. If, reviewing the facts in hindsight, it is

still not apparent what might have been done differently to achieve a better

outcome under these circumstances, then, certainly, we, who are separated

from the moment by more than three years, cannot conclude that Guadar-

rama or Jefferson, in the exigencies of the moment, acted unreasonably.

While the preceding discussion applies to both officers, we now must

distinguish between the actions of Guadarrama and those of Jefferson. 4

4

The issue of whether the district court erred by treating both officers’ actions

collectively rather than individualizing its analysis was briefed by Sergeant Jefferson. Our

precedent makes clear that “we examine each individual’s entitlement to qualified

immunity separately.” Carroll v. Ellington, 800 F.3d 154, 174 (5th Cir. 2015) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (citing Meadours v. Ermel, 483 F.3d 417, 422 (5th Cir. 2007)

(holding that it was error for the district court to consider the actions of multiple police

officers together)); see also Hernandez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory Servs., 380

F.3d 872, 883–84 (5th Cir. 2004) (engaging in an individualized analysis of multiple public

officials); Atteberry v. Nocona Gen. Hosp., 430 F.3d 245, 253 (5th Cir. 2005) (same); Tarver

v. City of Edna, 410 F.3d 745, 752–54 (5th Cir. 2005) (same). We agree with Jefferson that

the district court failed to engage in an individualized analysis, and that its collective

10

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 11 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

Given that Guadarrama fired first, the most readily apparent justification for

his use of his taser was to prevent Olivas from lighting himself on fire. 5 Jef-

ferson fired second, and while at one point he claimed to have fired instinc-

tively, Plaintiffs allege that he did so intentionally. Accepting Plaintiffs’ alle-

gation as true, Jefferson still had good reason to try to immobilize Olivas,

namely, to prevent him from spreading fire around the house. Moreover, at

that point there was no risk that using a taser might ignite a fire since Olivas

was already engulfed in flames.

Accepting the pleaded facts as true and construing them in the light

most favorable to Plaintiffs, neither officer’s conduct was unreasonable, nor

was the force they employed clearly excessive. We thus find that Plaintiffs’

factual allegations do not make out a violation of Olivas’s Fourth Amend-

ment rights.

The plaintiffs have asserted that Officers Guadarrama and Jefferson

violated the Fourth Amendment rights of their deceased husband and father

by using excessive and unreasonable force, causing his death. The officers

have invoked qualified immunity from the lawsuit, arguing that there was no

constitutional violation because their use of force was reasonable under the

circumstances. We have found that, given the horrendous scene that the of-

ficers were facing, involving the immediate potential for the destruction of

lives and property, the force used—firing tasers—was not unreasonable or

treatment of the defendant officers’ actions was error. This point is, however,

inconsequential, as we find that both officers are entitled to qualified immunity.

5

It is appropriate for this court to evaluate the actions in question by reference to

an objective standard of reasonableness. We need not try to determine what Guadarrama

or Jefferson was actually thinking at the time. See Mason v. Lafayette City-Parrish Consol.

Gov’t, 806 F.3d 268, 275 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 397).

11

Case: 20-10055 Document: 00515736432 Page: 12 Date Filed: 02/08/2021

No. 20-10055

excessive, and consequently we hold that the officers did not violate the

Fourth Amendment and are thus entitled to qualified immunity.

For the reasons given, we REVERSE the order of the district court

denying qualified immunity to Officer Guadarrama and Sergeant Jefferson

and REMAND this case for entry of an order dismissing all claims against

Guadarrama and Jefferson.

12