The opinion
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 18 2020, 8:44 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
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estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Elden E. Stoops, Jr. Antony Garza
North Manchester, Indiana Warsaw, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Adoption of K.D.D., December 18, 2020
Minor Child, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-AD-2496
K.H. and S.H.
Appeal from the Kosciusko Circuit
Appellants-Petitioners, Court
v. The Honorable Michael W. Reed,
Judge
G.D., Trial Court Cause No.
43C01-1806-AD-18
Appellee-Respondent.
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] K.H. (Stepfather) and S.H. (Mother) appeal the trial court’s denial of their
request to waive the parental consent of G.D. (Father) to Stepfather’s adoption
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of minor child, K.D.D. (Child). They raise one issue: Did the trial court err
when it determined that Father’s consent was required?
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] Child was born to Mother and Father in June 2012. Their marriage was
dissolved in June 2016. Pursuant to the dissolution decree, Mother was
awarded physical custody of Child, with Father exercising parenting time on
alternating weekends as well as during the week; neither party owed child
support to the other. Mother, Child, and Stepfather began residing together in
May 2014, and have continued to do so since that time. 1
[4] In 2017, “issues” pertaining to Father’s involvement with and use of drugs
resulted in an April 2017 agreed court order modifying Father’s parenting time.
Transcript at 9. Father was permitted to exercise parenting time from 10 a.m. to
6 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays on alternating weekends, but not overnight,
in addition to Wednesday evenings. The April 2017 order also provided:
“[E]ach party shall submit to drug testing immediately upon a request from the
other party. The requesting party will pay for said testing and will be
reimbursed for a failed test by the other party.” Appellant’s Appendix at 21.
1
It is not clear in the record as to when they married.
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Thereafter, Father, for the most part, regularly exercised parenting time with
Child, although there were periods when it was sporadic.
[5] At some point in mid-2017, Mother filed a motion seeking to modify Father’s
parenting time further, and a hearing was held on August 10, 2017, at which
Father did not appear. Two days later, Father exercised parenting time with
Child. In October 2017, the court issued its order related to the August hearing,
stating that Father was to have no parenting time absent a specific agreement
between Mother and Father or an order of the court. Father was ordered to pay
$51 per week in child support, and the requirement that each party submit to a
drug test immediately upon a request from the other party continued in effect.
[6] On June 27, 2018, co-petitioners Stepfather and Mother filed a petition seeking
for Stepfather to adopt Child. They alleged that Father “has had no contact
with the minor child, since on or about August 12, 2017, and he is unfit to
exercise either parental rights or visitation and therefore his consent is not
required.” Id. at 9. Mother consented to the adoption. Father objected to the
adoption, and counsel was appointed for him.
[7] In January 2018, Father was charged with eight drug-related offenses, and in
September 2018, Father was convicted, pursuant to a guilty plea, of Level 2
felony dealing in methamphetamine and Level 3 dealing in a narcotic drug. He
received a sentence of seventeen and one-half years for the dealing in
methamphetamine conviction and a suspended five-year sentence for the
dealing in a narcotic drug conviction, with the two sentences to run
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consecutively. The order indicated that the court would consider a
modification of sentence upon Father’s successful completion of a clinically
appropriate substance abuse treatment program as determined by the Indiana
Department of Correction.
[8] On May 16, 2019, the court held a hearing on Stepfather and Mother’s motion
to waive Father’s parental consent to adoption. Their position was that
Father’s consent should be waived because (1) Father failed without justifiable
cause to significantly communicate with Child, (2) failed to support Child, and
(2) is unfit to be a parent to Child.
[9] Mother testified that, during the summer before the August 2017 hearing,
Father was generally exercising parenting time on Wednesday evenings and on
alternating Saturdays and Sundays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Father last did so on
August 12, 2017. Mother testified that at that time she asked Father to take a
drug test and he did not do so. She stated the only means of communication
between her and Father was Facebook Messenger and that she “kept asking
him to take drug tests.” Transcript at 23. She testified that, on occasions after
the August hearing, Father asked to see or talk to Child but that she did not
allow it because he refused to take a drug test when she asked. She stated that
Father’s mother and sisters regularly spent time with Child, that she never
refused their requests or put limitations on how often they could see Child, and
that she “absolutely” would have allowed Father to visit with Child if he had
taken and passed the drug tests. Id. at 33.
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[10] On cross-examination, Mother confirmed that, when she asked Father via
Facebook Messenger to take a drug test, he did not expressly refuse the tests,
but rather, he never answered, which she considered as a refusal. She
acknowledged that she got a new cell phone in December 2018 and that Father
did not have her new number. Mother estimated that, after the October 2017
order, Father contacted her via Facebook Messenger approximately once per
month asking about Child. She explained that she did not respond “[b]ecause
he was not taking drug tests as I asked.” Id. at 28. Mother acknowledged that
Father had asked to bring Christmas gifts to Child, 2 but she told him he could
mail them “because he was ordered to have no visitation.” Id. at 27. Although
she had abused drugs in the past, Mother indicated that she had remained clean
since Child was born. She agreed that having a history of drug abuse does not
necessarily make one an unfit parent. As to child support, Mother stated that
she received none from Father, though she believed he was capable of working.
[11] Father testified that his current release date from incarceration is 2031 but that
he is on the waiting list for the Recovery While Incarcerated program. He said
that he exercised his allotted parenting time with Child on weekends and
weeknights, providing food, shelter, and clothes, until August 2017 “when she
wouldn’t let me see him no more.” Id. at 44. He testified to trying to reach
Child through Mother on six or seven occasions but “was told no” multiple
2
Although Mother indicated in her testimony that Father’s request to bring gifts was in December of 2018,
we note Father had been sentenced in his criminal case in September 2018; thus, it appears that the year in
which Father asked to bring the gifts to Child was 2017.
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times and sometimes did not get a response. Id. Father stated that Mother
never asked him to take a drug test after August 12, 2017. Father testified that,
after being incarcerated, he sent two letters to Child at Mother’s current address
but never received any response. Father stated that he did not attend the
August 2017 hearing because his lawyer had told him he did not need to, as it
was “supposed to be just for the lawyers and the judge.” Id. at 46. When asked
if he had been paying any child support, he replied, “No, I didn’t know I was
supposed to pay support or anything. This is the first I’ve knew, known about
it.” Id. On rebuttal, Mother stated that she had received no letters for Child
from Father. She noted that, because Father’s mother often sees Child, she
could have personally given Father’s Christmas gifts to Child if he desired.
[12] On August 15, 2019, the court issued an order denying Stepfather and Mother’s
request to waive Father’s consent, finding:
3. The Petitioners failed to establish that [Father] failed, without
justifiable cause, to communicate significantly with [Child] when
able to do so. The evidence also shows that [Mother] hampered
and/or thwarted [Father]’s attempts to communicate and
exercise parenting time with [Child].
4. The Petitioners failed to establish that [Father] knowingly
failed to provide for the care and support of [Child] when able to
do so as required by law or judicial decree. The evidence failed
to establish that [Father] had the ability to pay support as
ordered, and that he knowingly failed to do so, and/or that any
such failure to pay support was willful.
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5. The Petitioners failed to show that [Father] is an unfit parent.
The evidence does show that [Father] will be unable to fulfill his
obligations as a father significantly in the future, however, this
inability is due to his incarceration and is not because of his
unfitness.
Appellant’s Appendix at 12. Stepfather and Mother filed a motion to correct
error, which the court denied. On April 24, 2020, the trial court certified its
August 15, 2019 order as a final appealable order, and on July 9, 2020, this
court granted Stepfather and Mother’s motion to accept a belated notice of
appeal.
Discussion & Decision
[13] In family law matters, we generally give considerable deference to the trial
court’s decision because we recognize that the trial judge is in the best position
to judge the facts, determine witness credibility, and obtain a feel for the family
dynamics and a sense of the parents and their relationship with their children.
In re Adoption of E.B.F. v. D.F., 93 N.E.3d 759, 767 (Ind. 2018). “The
relationship between parent and child is of such fundamental importance that
adoption statutes, being in derogation of the common law, are ‘strictly
construed in favor of a worthy parent and the preservation of such
relationship.’” In re Adoption of D.H., 135 N.E.3d 914, 919 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019)
(quoting In re Adoption of K.F., 935 N.E.2d 282, 289 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.
denied). In evaluating the parent-child relationship, however, the best interest of
the child is paramount, and “our main concern should lie with the effect of the
adoption on the reality of the minor child’s life.” Id.
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[14] When reviewing a trial court’s ruling in an adoption proceeding, we will not
disturb that ruling unless the evidence leads to but one conclusion and the trial
judge reached an opposite conclusion. In re Adoption of M.A.S., 815 N.E.2d 216,
218-19 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We will not reweigh the evidence but instead will
examine the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s decision together with
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom to determine whether sufficient evidence
exists to sustain the decision. Id. The trial court’s findings and judgment will
be set aside only if they are clearly erroneous. E.B.F., 93 N.E.3d at 762. A
judgment is clearly erroneous when there is no evidence supporting the findings
or the findings fail to support the judgment. Id. We presume that the trial
court’s decision is correct, and the appellant bears the burden of rebutting this
presumption. Id.
[15] Initially, we address the applicable burden of proof in this case. Here, in its
order denying Stepfather and Mother’s request to waive consent, the trial court
stated that “Petitioners must establish by clear, cogent, indubitable evidence
that one or more of the statutory criteria have been met.” Appellant’s Appendix
at 12. Stepfather asserts, and Father concedes, that this is not the correct
standard. That is, although the “clear, cogent, and indubitable evidence”
standard was previously utilized by Indiana courts, this court has clarified that
one now seeking to show that a parent’s consent is not required must prove the
necessary requirements by clear and convincing evidence. See M.A.S., 815
N.E.2d at 219; see also Ind. Code § 31-19-10-0.5 (providing that in a contested
adoption “[t]he party bearing the burden of proof in a proceeding under this
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chapter must prove the party’s case by clear and convincing evidence”). The
clear and convincing evidence standard is an intermediate standard of proof
greater than a preponderance of the evidence and less than proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. K.H. v. M.M., 151 N.E.3d 1259, 1267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020).
To be clear and convincing, the existence of a fact must be highly probable. Id.
[16] Stepfather and Mother urge that because the trial court applied the wrong
standard – a more rigorous standard 3 and “too heavy of a burden” on them –
we must reverse and remand for the trial court to re-evaluate the evidence under
the proper standard. Appellant’s Brief at 15. However, we do not find that
remand is necessary because, based on the trial court’s findings, we are
confident that it would have reached the same result by applying the clear and
convincing standard.
[17] Turning to the merits of the issue at hand, Ind. Code § 31-19-11-1 provides in
part that the trial court shall grant a petition for adoption if it hears evidence
and finds in part that the adoption requested is in the best interest of the child
and “proper consent, if consent is necessary, to the adoption has been given.”
Generally, in Indiana, a petition for adoption of a child who is less than
eighteen years of age and born in wedlock requires written consent from each
living parent. I.C. § 31-19-9-1. “Parental consent may, however, be dispensed
3
Our court has defined “indubitable” as “not open to question or doubt: too evident to be doubted:
UNQUESTIONABLE.” In re Adoption of M.A.S., 815 N.E.2d 216, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (citing In re
Augustyniak, 505 N.E.2d 868, 870 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987), trans. denied). “[T]his standard appears to be even
more stringent than the ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ standard used in criminal trials.” Id.
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with under certain enumerated circumstances.” E.B.F., 93 N.E.3d at 763.
Specifically, I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a) provides a number of exceptions to the consent
requirement. It states, in relevant part, that consent to adoption “is not required
from any of the following”:
(2) A parent of a child in the custody of another person if for a
period of at least one (1) year the parent:
(A) fails without justifiable cause to communicate
significantly with the child when able to do so[.]
***
(11) A parent if:
(A) a petitioner for adoption proves by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent is unfit to be a parent;
and
(B) the best interests of the child sought to be adopted
would be served if the court dispensed with the parent’s
consent.
[18] Here, Stepfather and Mother assert that the trial court’s decision to require
Father’s consent was in error because (1) Father failed “to have reasonable
communication with [Child] without just cause” for over a year, and (2) due to
[Father’s] “general unfitness . . . as a parent.” Appellant’s Brief at 4. As stated
above, the burden was on Stepfather and Mother, as the petitioners for
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adoption, to prove that the requirements of I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(2) or (11) were
satisfied by clear and convincing evidence. See I.C. §§ 31-19-10-0.5 and -1.2.
[19] With regard to the allegation that Father failed without justifiable cause to
communicate for one year, the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s
decision reveals that, from Child’s birth in June 2012 until August 12, 2017,
Father enjoyed a presence in Child’s life, exercising parenting time with Child
both during the week and on alternating weekends – although without
overnights starting in April 2017. His last visitation with Child was on
Saturday August 12, 2017, which was less than a year before Mother and
Stepfather filed their petition for adoption in June 2018. We agree with Father,
that on that fact alone, the trial court’s judgment was not erroneous.
[20] Moreover, Father testified that, after October 2017 – when he was permitted
parenting time only by agreement of Mother or by court order – he asked
Mother on six or seven occasions through Facebook Messenger to see or talk to
Child and that she either refused without explanation or did not reply. Mother
does not expressly dispute this, explaining that she did not allow his requests
because he was not submitting to drug tests when asked. Father denied that
Mother ever asked him to take a drug test after August 2017. Father asked to
bring Christmas gifts to Child in December 2017, and Mother told him he could
mail them.
[21] The date of Father’s incarceration is not clear, but in September 2018, a trial
court accepted his guilty plea to two drug-related felonies and sentenced him to
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an executed term of seventeen and one-half years, subject to modification after
completion of a rehabilitation program. Father testified that, after being
incarcerated, he mailed two letters to Child at Mother’s current and correct
address; Mother testified that she never received the letters.
[22] In E.W. v. J.W., 20 N.E.3d 889 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied, this court
recognized that “‘[e]fforts of a custodial parent to hamper or thwart
communication between a parent and child are relevant in determining the
ability to communicate.’” Id. at 896 (quoting In re Adoption of A.K.S., 713
N.E.2d 896, 899 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied). The E.W. court held that
the trial court “was correct” to consider the custodial father’s efforts to thwart
the mother’s communication with the child and “weigh them in [m]other’s
favor.” Id. at 897.
[23] Here, the record reflects discrepancies between the testimony of Father and of
Mother with regard to their communications. The trial court saw and heard the
witnesses and was in the best position to assess their credibility. Evidently, the
court credited Father’s version, finding that Mother hampered and/or thwarted
Father’s attempts to communicate and exercise parenting time with Child. The
evidence supports a conclusion that Stepfather and Mother failed to establish by
clear and convincing evidence that Father did not communicate significantly
with Child for a period of one year when able to do so. See In re Adoption of
C.P., 130 N.E.3d 117, 122 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (affirming trial court’s denial of
stepmother’s petition to adopt child and rejecting claim that mother failed to
communicate with child for a year where mother, who struggled with drug
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abuse, requested to see child twice in the year preceding filing of petition for
adoption).
[24] We next turn to Stepfather and Mother’s other claimed basis to dispense with
Father’s consent, namely his alleged unfitness as a parent. As this court has
observed, the term “unfit” is not statutorily defined “[b]ut this court has
previously defined ‘unfit’ as ‘[u]nsuitable; not adapted or qualified for a
particular use or service’ or ‘[m]orally unqualified; incompetent.’” E.W., 20
N.E.3d at 894 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1564 (8th ed. 2004)). We have
also noted that statutes concerning the termination of parental rights and
adoption “strike a similar balance between the parent’s rights and the child’s
best interests,” and thus, termination cases provide guidance in determining
whether a parent is “unfit.” Id. (quoting In re Adoption of M.L., 973 N.E.2d
1216, 1223 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012)). In termination cases, we consider factors
such as a parent’s substance abuse, mental health, willingness to follow
recommended treatment, lack of insight, and instability in housing and
employment, to determine whether a parent was unfit. M.L. 973 N.E.2d at
1223. A parent’s criminal history may also be relevant to whether a parent is
unfit. Id.
[25] Here, there was general testimony that Father used drugs, and Mother testified
to having concerns over Child’s safety when with Father based on stories that
she heard from Father, including that his home had twice been broken into and
his girlfriend attacked, all of which she suspected to be related to his
involvement with drugs. She also testified that he was not employed despite
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being generally capable of working. She did not testify that Father failed to care
for or feed Child while Child was in his care or was generally incapable of
parenting Child. She agreed that having a history of drug abuse does not, in
and of itself, make one an unfit parent.
[26] To be clear, we do not minimize Mother’s concerns over Father’s drug use and
criminal activity. However, even if we agreed that this made him unfit,
Stepfather and Mother also had the burden of proving that “the best interests of
the child are served if the court dispenses with the parent’s consent to
adoption.” I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(11)(B). Here, while Mother testified and
explained her concerns with Child being in Father’s care due to the drug use,
there was no direct testimony on best interests. On this record, the evidence
does not establish by clear and convincing evidence that it was in Child’s best
interests to dispense with Father’s consent based on alleged parental unfitness.
We also observe that Stepfather and Mother do not present any specific
argument on appeal that Child’s bests interests would be served for adoption to
occur.
[27] In sum, we cannot say that Stepfather and Mother have succeeded in
overcoming the presumption the trial court’s decision is correct or that the
evidence leads to but one conclusion and the trial court reached the opposite
conclusion. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it
found that Father’s consent was required before the adoption could proceed.
[28] Judgment affirmed.
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Mathias, J. and Weissmann, J., concur.
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