The opinion
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2020 ME 125
Docket: Fed-20-40
Argued: September 16, 2020
Decided: October 29, 2020
Panel: MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, and HORTON, JJ.
PORTLAND PIPE LINE CORPORATION et al.
v.
CITY OF SOUTH PORTLAND et al.
MEAD, J.
[¶1] Portland Pipe Line Corporation’s (PPLC’s) plan to pipe crude oil
from its facility in Canada to the City of South Portland, where it then would be
loaded onto tankers in the City’s harbor, was thwarted when the City enacted a
“Clear Skies Ordinance,” amending the City’s zoning ordinance by prohibiting
the “[b]ulk loading of crude oil onto any marine vessel.” South Portland, Me.,
Ordinance 1-14/15 § 3 (July 7, 2014); see Portland Pipe Line Corp. v. City of South
Portland, 947 F.3d 11, 13-14 (1st Cir. 2020). After the United States District
Court for the District of Maine (Woodcock, J.) entered summary judgment
against PPLC and American Waterways Operators1 (collectively PPLC) on their
1
The complaint identifies American Waterways Operators as “the national trade association for
the nation’s inland and coastal tugboat, towboat, and barge industry.”
2
complaint seeking a declaration that, inter alia, the Ordinance was preempted
by 38 M.R.S. § 556 (2020), Portland Pipe Line Corp. v. City of South Portland,
288 F. Supp. 3d 322, 456-58 (D. Me. 2017), PPLC appealed to the United States
Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, which has certified three questions of
state law to us pursuant to 4 M.R.S. § 57 (2020) and M.R. App. P. 25:
(1) Is PPLC’s license an “order,” as that term is used in [38 M.R.S.]
§ 556?
(2) If PPLC’s license is an order, is the City of South Portland’s Clear
Skies Ordinance preempted by [38 M.R.S.] § 556 of Maine’s Coastal
Conveyance Act?
(3) Independent of [38 M.R.S.] § 556, is there any basis for finding
that Maine’s Coastal Conveyance Act impliedly preempts the City of
South Portland’s Clear Skies Ordinance?
Portland Pipe Line Corp., 947 F.3d at 18-19.
[¶2] We answer the first and third questions in the negative and decline
to answer the second question.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE
[¶3] In its opinion certifying the three questions now before us, the Court
of Appeals stated that the relevant facts and procedural background are
“undisputed.” Id. at 13. For years, PPLC unloaded crude oil from ships in
South Portland’s harbor, stored it in above-ground tanks, and then sent it via a
largely underground pipeline to Montréal. Id. Due to a change in demand,
3
beginning in or around 2007, PPLC began to seek necessary approvals to
reverse the flow of oil in the pipeline so that it could send oil from Montréal to
South Portland and from there load it onto ships in the City’s harbor for
distribution in the United States. Id.
[¶4] After PPLC received approval for the change from the federal
government, id., in 2010 the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(MDEP) renewed PPLC’s marine oil terminal facility license, originally issued in
1979, noting that
PPLC is proposing a change in its operations in the renewal
application. PPLC is proposing to reverse one of its underground
pipe lines to transport oil from its terminal in Montreal Canada to
its terminal in South Portland, Maine. The oil would be stored in
the above ground tanks prior to being loaded on vessels at the
South Portland pier for transport to refineries and terminals
outside the [S]tate of Maine.
The City’s Planning Board also approved the change. Id. at 14. In a subsequent
renewal of PPLC’s license, the MDEP restated that the license “allows PPLC to
receive oil from Montreal, Canada by underground and aboveground pipe lines
to the South Portland oil terminal facility for storage prior to being loaded onto
vessels.”
[¶5] Despite receiving regulatory approval in 2010, PPLC halted the
reversal project, “choosing instead to wait out the economic decline
4
precipitated by the Great Recession.” Id. PPLC revived the project in 2012 and
2013 as economic conditions improved, but the enactment of the Ordinance by
the City in 2014 effectively halted further operations. Id.
[¶6] In 2015, PPLC filed suit against the City and its code enforcement
director (collectively the City) in the United States District Court for the District
of Maine, seeking to bar enforcement of the Ordinance on largely federal
grounds. Id. at 14 & n.5. Relevant to the First Circuit’s certification, Count IX of
the complaint alleged that the Ordinance is preempted by Maine’s Coastal
Conveyance Act (the Act),2 38 M.R.S. §§ 541-560 (2020), specifically
section 556 (the statute).3 Id.
[¶7] After the City unsuccessfully moved to dismiss the complaint, the
parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Portland Pipe Line Corp.,
947 F.3d at 15. The District Court granted the City’s motion as to all but one
count and entered summary judgment for the City on, inter alia, Count IX. Id.;
see Portland Pipe Line Corp., 288 F. Supp. 3d at 458-59. After the remaining
2 The original enactment of the subchapter of the statutes now captioned “Oil Discharge
Prevention and Pollution Control,” 38 M.R.S., subchapter 2-A, was entitled “An Act Relating to Coastal
Conveyance of Petroleum.” P.L. 1969, ch. 572, § 1 (effective May 9, 1970). See Portland Pipe Line
Corp. v. Env’t Improvement Comm’n, 307 A.2d 1, 8 (Me. 1973).
3 Count VIII of the complaint, alleging that the Ordinance is inconsistent with the City’s
comprehensive plan, see 30-A M.R.S. § 4352 (2020), is not at issue here. Portland Pipe Line Corp. v.
City of South Portland, 947 F.3d 11, 14 n.5 (1st Cir. 2020).
5
count was dismissed following trial, PPLC appealed. Portland Pipe Line Corp.,
947 F.3d at 15.
[¶8] Concluding that answers in the affirmative “would resolve the state
law preemption claim [stated in Count IX] and this matter as a whole,” and that
“the case lacks controlling precedent and presents close and difficult legal
issues that warrant certification to the Law Court,” id. (alteration and quotation
marks omitted), the First Circuit certified to us the three questions that we now
address. Id. at 15, 18-19; supra ¶ 1.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Acceptance of the Certified Questions
[¶9] Because “4 M.R.S. § 57 authorizes, but does not require, us to
consider a certified question of state law posed by a federal court in certain
circumstances,” Scamman v. Shaw’s Supermarkets, Inc., 2017 ME 41, ¶ 7,
157 A.3d 223 (quotation marks omitted), “[a] threshold issue is whether we
will agree to consider the certified questions,” Doherty v. Merck & Co., Inc.,
2017 ME 19, ¶ 8, 154 A.3d 1202. We have said that
we may consider the merits of a certified question from the [federal
court] and, in our discretion, provide an answer if (1) there is no
dispute as to the material facts at issue; (2) there is no clear
controlling precedent; and (3) our answer, in at least one
alternative, would be determinative of the case.
6
Doherty, 2017 ME 19, ¶ 8, 154 A.3d 1202 (alteration and quotation marks
omitted).
[¶10] Here, the First Circuit stated that the material facts are
“undisputed” and that, were we to hold that Maine law preempts the Ordinance,
that determination would “resolve . . . this matter as a whole.” Portland Pipe
Line Corp., 947 F.3d at 13, 15. We have not had occasion to construe 38 M.R.S.
§ 556. Accordingly, we agree to consider the certified questions. See Doherty,
2017 ME 19, ¶ 8, 154 A.3d 1202.
B. Question One
[¶11] The statute provides:
Nothing in [the Coastal Conveyance Act] may be construed to deny
any municipality, by ordinance or by law, from exercising police
powers under any general or special Act; provided that ordinances
and bylaws in furtherance of the intent of [the Act] and promoting
the general welfare, public health and public safety are valid unless
in direct conflict with [the Act] or any rule or order of the board or
commissioner adopted under authority of [the Act].
38 M.R.S. § 556. The first certified question asks us whether PPLC’s MDEP
license is a Departmental “order” within the meaning of the statute.
Portland Pipe Line Corp., 947 F.3d at 18.
[¶12] We conclude that it is not. That said, we note that the court’s
certification went further than a request for a bare “yes” or “no” answer in
7
saying, “We would welcome further guidance from the Law Court on any other
relevant aspect of Maine law that it believes would aid in the proper resolution
of the issues before us.” Id. at 19. We accept the First Circuit’s invitation to
expound on our answer to the first question because we also conclude that the
Ordinance is not “in direct conflict with” the MDEP license granted to PPLC,
even if the license were, arguendo, an “order.” 38 M.R.S. § 556.
[¶13] The Legislature explicitly declared its intent in enacting the Coastal
Conveyance Act:
The Legislature intends by the enactment of this legislation to
exercise the police power of the State through the Department of
Environmental Protection by conferring upon the department the
power to deal with the hazards and threats of danger and damage
posed by [oil] transfers and related activities; to require the
prompt containment and removal of pollution occasioned thereby;
to provide procedures whereby persons suffering damage from
those occurrences may be promptly made whole; and to establish
a fund to provide for the inspection and supervision of those
activities and guarantee the prompt payment of reasonable
damage claims resulting therefrom.
38 M.R.S. § 541. The Act further sets out the respective powers of the MDEP,
the Board and Commissioner of Environmental Protection, and other state
officials to effect that purpose. See 38 M.R.S. §§ 361-A(1-E), (1-G), 544-545,
546-551, 552-A, 553, 555, 560 (2020).
8
[¶14] Nothing in the Ordinance is in “direct conflict” with the MDEP’s
exercise of the State’s police power pursuant to the Act. 38 M.R.S. §§ 541,
544-545, 556; see 20 Thames St. LLC v. Ocean State Job Lot of Me. 2017, LLC,
2020 ME 55, ¶ 8, 231 A.3d 426 (“In examining [a] statute . . . we construe its
terms to give effect to the Legislature’s intent in enacting the statute.”
(quotation marks omitted)). The Ordinance does not purport to require the
MDEP to do anything that the Act says it may not do, nor does it bar the MDEP
from doing what the Act says that it may do. The MDEP’s authority to set and
enforce licensing standards through physical inspections and the examination
of an applicant’s records is unchallenged.
[¶15] Furthermore, as the District Court found, “it is not impossible to
comply with both the Ordinance and the License.” Portland Pipe Line Corp.,
288 F. Supp. 3d at 458. The license permits, and the Ordinance does not forbid,
transporting oil from the City’s harbor via pipeline to Canada as PPLC has
always done. See Portland Pipe Line Corp., 947 F.3d at 13.
[¶16] Because there is no “direct conflict” between the Ordinance and
the MDEP’s approval of PPLC’s compliance with Departmental standards for
reversing the flow of oil in one of its pipelines, it is immaterial whether that
approval is termed a “license” or an “order.” See 38 M.R.S. § 556. That said,
9
although that determination could end our inquiry, we think it necessary to
address the first certified question directly, and in so doing we further conclude
that PPLC’s license is not an “order” within the meaning of the statute.
[¶17] The Ordinance bars a single activity that the MDEP’s approval
allowed but did not require—loading crude oil from storage tanks onto marine
tank vessels in the City’s harbor. Black’s Law Dictionary defines a “license” as
“[a] permission.” License, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019); see also
License, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2014) (defining a
“license” as “permission to act”). The Legislature’s definition of “license” in
Maine’s Administrative Procedure Act is consistent: “‘License’ includes . . . any
agency permit, certificate, approval . . . or similar form of permission required
by law . . . .” 5 M.R.S. § 8002(5) (2020) (emphasis added). In contrast, an “order”
is “[a] command, direction, or instruction.” Order, Black’s Law Dictionary.
“We . . . give [a] statute’s words their plain, common, and ordinary meaning,
such as people of common intelligence would usually ascribe to them.”
20 Thames St. LLC, 2020 ME 55, ¶ 8, 231 A.3d 426 (quotation marks omitted).
[¶18] Here, although the words “Department Order” appear in the
header on the first page of the “Renewal License” issued to PPLC in 2010,4 the
4 In contrast to the single use of “Department Order,” the words “Renewal License” appear on
each page of the document.
10
license does not “command, direct[], or instruct[]” PPLC to do anything other
than “fill rodent burrows and remove soil from the base of the [storage] tanks”
before conducting permitted activities. See Order, Black’s Law Dictionary. That
the license was not an “order” is demonstrated by the fact that PPLC, although
authorized in 2010 to reverse the flow of oil in the pipeline, did not do so, but
rather “[chose] instead to wait out the economic decline precipitated by the
Great Recession.” Portland Pipe Line Corp., 947 F.3d at 14. If the license were
an “order,” PPLC would not have had the option to simply set it aside.
[¶19] We conclude that the license PPLC received is not a Departmental
“order” within the meaning of 38 M.R.S. § 556. It is more precisely a permit that
allowed PPLC to reverse the flow of oil in the pipeline at its discretion—
a permit that was granted through the procedural vehicle of an MDEP-issued
order. For that reason, and because the Ordinance is not in “direct conflict” with
the Act or the license, we answer question one in the negative.
B. Question Two
[¶20] The second certified question is premised on an affirmative
answer to question one. Portland Pipe Line Corp., 947 F.3d at 18-19. Because
we answer question one in the negative, we decline to answer the second
certified question.
11
C. Question Three
[¶21] The third certified question asks us to determine whether the Act
as a whole preempts the Ordinance by implication. Id. We conclude that it does
not.
[¶22] Maine’s Coastal Conveyance Act unambiguously declares that
municipal ordinances concerning oil terminal facilities “are valid” unless they
directly conflict with the Act or rules or orders made pursuant to it. 38 M.R.S.
§ 556. The Legislature made the presumption of a local ordinance’s validity
particularly strong by explicitly invoking constitutional municipal home rule
authority at the outset of the statute: “Nothing in [the Act] may be construed to
deny any municipality, by ordinance . . . from exercising [its] police powers . . . .”
Id.; see Me. Const. art. VIII, pt. 2, § 1; 30-A M.R.S. § 3001 (2020).5
The “home rule” clause of the Maine Constitution provides: “The inhabitants of any municipality
5
shall have the power to alter and amend their charters on all matters, not prohibited by Constitution
or general law, which are local and municipal in character. The Legislature shall prescribe the
procedure by which the municipality may so act.” Me. Const. art. VIII, pt. 2, § 1.
The statute enabling the constitutional home rule guarantee provides:
Any municipality, by the adoption, amendment or repeal of ordinances or bylaws,
may exercise any power or function which the Legislature has power to confer upon
it, which is not denied either expressly or by clear implication, and exercise any power
or function granted to the municipality by the Constitution of Maine, general law or
charter.
1. Liberal construction. This section, being necessary for the welfare of the
municipalities and their inhabitants, shall be liberally construed to effect its purposes.
12
[¶23] In Dubois Livestock, Inc. v. Town of Arundel, we said that
[p]ursuant to the “home rule” provision of 30-A M.R.S. § 3001 . . .
a municipality may exercise its authority to adopt an ordinance if
that power is not denied either expressly or by clear implication
under state law. Local ordinances are presumptively valid,
30-A M.R.S. § 3001(2), and an ordinance will be invalidated only
when the Legislature has expressly prohibited local regulation, or
when the Legislature has intended to occupy the field and the
municipal legislation would frustrate the purpose of a state law.
Accordingly, an ordinance will be preempted only when state law
is interpreted to create a comprehensive and exclusive regulatory
scheme inconsistent with the local action or when the municipal
ordinance prevents the efficient accomplishment of a defined state
purpose.
2014 ME 122, ¶ 13, 103 A.3d 556 (alteration and quotation marks omitted),
superseded in part by statute, 30-A M.R.S. § 2691(4) (2020), as recognized in
Paradis v. Town of Peru, 2015 ME 54, ¶ 7, 115 A.3d 610; see E. Perry Iron & Metal
Co., Inc. v. City of Portland, 2008 ME 10, ¶ 14, 941 A.2d 457; City of Bangor v.
Diva’s, Inc., 2003 ME 51, ¶¶ 21, 24, 830 A.2d 898. The Legislature’s grant of
home rule authority, grounded in the Maine Constitution, see Me. Const.
2. Presumption of authority. There is a rebuttable presumption that any
ordinance enacted under this section is a valid exercise of a municipality’s home rule
authority.
3. Standard of preemption. The Legislature shall not be held to have implicitly
denied any power granted to municipalities under this section unless the municipal
ordinance in question would frustrate the purpose of any state law.
....
30-A M.R.S. § 3001 (2020).
13
art. VIII, pt. 2, § 1, “shall be liberally construed to effect its purposes.”
30-A M.R.S. § 3001(1).
[¶24] Here, far from being “expressly prohibited,” Dubois Livestock, Inc.,
2014 ME 122, ¶ 13, 103 A.3d 556 (quotation marks omitted), the City’s home
rule authority to enact the Ordinance is expressly recognized and affirmed by
Maine’s Coastal Conveyance Act. 38 M.R.S. § 556. The Act also establishes that
the Legislature did not intend to occupy the field; to the contrary, it explicitly
declares that the Ordinance “[is] valid” except in one narrow circumstance—
a “direct conflict” with the Act or a rule or order adopted pursuant to the Act.
Id. Further, the MDEP anticipated local regulation when it issued a license
conditioned on PPLC’s fulfillment of its obligation to “secure and comply with
all applicable . . . local licenses [and] permits . . . prior to . . . operation.”
(Emphasis added.)
[¶25] Finally, the Ordinance does not “frustrate the purpose of a state
law” or “prevent[] the efficient accomplishment of a defined state purpose,”
Dubois Livestock, Inc., 2014 ME 122, ¶ 13, 103 A.3d 556 (quotation marks
omitted); see 30-A M.R.S. § 3001(3), because the foundational purposes of the
Act and the Ordinance are the same. In setting out the purpose of the Act, the
Legislature stated that it
14
finds and declares that the highest and best uses of the seacoast of
the State are as a source of public and private recreation and solace
from the pressures of an industrialized society, and as a source of
public use and private commerce in fishing, lobstering and
gathering other marine life used and useful in food production and
other commercial activities.
The Legislature further finds and declares that the
preservation of these uses is a matter of the highest urgency and
priority . . . .
The Legislature further finds and declares that the transfer
of oil, petroleum products and their by-products between vessels
and vessels and onshore facilities . . . are hazardous undertakings;
that spills, discharges and escape of oil, petroleum products and
their by-products occurring as a result of procedures involved in
the transfer, storage and other handling of such products pose
threats of great danger and damage to the marine, estuarine, inland
surface water and adjacent terrestrial environment of the State; to
owners and users of shorefront property; to public and private
recreation; to citizens of the State and other interests deriving
livelihood from marine and inland surface water related activities;
and to the beauty of the Maine coast and inland waters; that such
hazards have frequently occurred in the past, are occurring now
and present future threats of potentially catastrophic proportions,
all of which are expressly declared to be inimical to the paramount
interests of the State as set forth in this [Act] . . . .
38 M.R.S. § 541. The declared purpose of the Ordinance dovetails with the
stated purpose of the Act:
This Ordinance is enacted, consistent with the City’s traditional
land use authority, to protect the health and welfare of its residents
and visitors and to promote future development consistent with
the City’s Comprehensive Plan by prohibiting within the City the
bulk loading of crude oil onto marine tank vessels, and also by
prohibiting construction or installation of related facilities,
15
structures, or equipment that would create significant new sources
of air pollution, adversely impact or obstruct ocean views and
scenic view-sheds, and impede or adversely impact the City’s land
use and planning goals.
South Portland, Me., Ordinance 1-14/15 § 2.
[¶26] Because in enacting 38 M.R.S. § 556 the Legislature expressly
recognized municipalities’ authority to exercise their police power and in so
doing made clear that it did not intend to occupy the field in this area, and
because the Ordinance does not conflict with the purpose of the Act, the strong
presumption that the Ordinance is valid remains. Id.; see 30-A M.R.S. § 3001;
Dubois Livestock, Inc., 2014 ME 122, ¶ 13, 103 A.3d 556. Accordingly, the Act
does not preempt the statute by implication, and we answer the third certified
question in the negative.
The entry is:
We answer the certified questions as follows:
“We answer the first and third certified
questions in the negative. We decline to answer
the second certified question.”
16
John J. Aromando, Esq., Matthew D. Manahan, Esq., and Nolan L. Reichl, Esq.
(orally), Pierce Atwood LLP, Portland, for appellants Portland Pipe Line
Corporation and American Waterways Operators
Sally J. Daggett, Esq., Jensen Baird Gardner & Henry, Portland, and Jonathan M.
Ettinger, Esq. (orally), Euripides Dalmanieras, Esq., and Jesse H. Alderman, Esq.,
Foley Hoag LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for appellees City of South Portland and
Matthew LeConte
Patrick Strawbridge, Esq., Consovoy McCarthy PLLC, Boston, Massachusetts, for
amici curiae Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, Portland
Pilots, Inc., Maine Energy Marketers Association, Associated General
Contractors of Maine, and Association of Oil Pipe Lines
Aaron M. Frey, Attorney General, and Laura E. Jensen, Asst. Atty. Gen., Office of
the Attorney General, Augusta, for amicus curiae State of Maine
Susanne F. Pilgrim, Esq., Maine Municipal Association, Augusta, and Sarah J. Fox,
Esq., Northern Illinois University College of Law, DeKalb, Illinois, for amici
curiae International Municipal Lawyers Association, Sara Bronin, Nestor
Davidson, Keith Hirokawa, Ashira Ostrow, Dave Owen, Laurie Reynolds,
Jonathan Rosenbloom, and Sarah Schindler
Sean Mahoney, Esq. and Phelps Turner, Esq., Conservation Law Foundation,
Portland for amici curiae Conservation Law Foundation and Protect South
Portland
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit docket number 18-2118
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