The opinion
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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INT. OF: R.R.S., III, A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: C.R.S., MOTHER :
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: No. 523 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-DP-0000271-2018
IN THE INT. OF: I.M.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: C.R.S., MOTHER :
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: No. 524 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-DP-0000272-2018
IN THE INT. OF: D.E.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: C.R.S., MOTHER :
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: No. 525 MDA 2020
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Appeal from the Order Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-DP-0000273-2018
IN THE INT. OF: D.E.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: R.R.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 526 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-DP-0000273-2018
IN THE INT. OF: R.R.S., III, A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: R.R.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 527 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-DP-0000271-2018
IN THE INT.OF: I.M.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: R.R.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 528 MDA 2020
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Appeal from the Order Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Juvenile Division at No(s):
CP-67-DP-0000272-2018
IN THE INT. OF: D.E.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: C.R.S., MOTHER :
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: No. 572 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Decree Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans' Court at No(s):
2019-0167a
IN THE INT. OF: I.M.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: C.R.S., MOTHER :
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: No. 574 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Decree Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans' Court at No(s):
2019-0168a
IN THE INT. OF: R.R.S., III, A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: C.R.S., MOTHER :
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Appeal from the Decree Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans' Court at No(s):
2019-0169a
IN THE INT. OF: D.E.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: R.R.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 573 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Decree Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans' Court at No(s):
2019-0167A
IN THE INT. OF: I.M.S., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: R.R.S., JR., FATHER :
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: No. 575 MDA 2020
Appeal from the Decree Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans' Court at No(s):
2019-0168A
IN THE INT. OF: R.R.S., III, A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: R.R.S., JR., FATHER :
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Appeal from the Decree Entered February 27, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans' Court at No(s):
2019-0169A
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED SEPTEMBER 09, 2020
C.R.S. (Mother) and R.R.S., Jr. (Father), separately appeal from the
orders and decrees, dated February 26, 2019, and entered on February 27,
2019, by the Court of Common Pleas of York County that granted the petitions
filed by the York County Office of Children, Youth and Families (Agency) to
involuntarily terminate the parties’ parental rights and to change the
permanency goals from reunification to adoption for R.R.S., III (born in
September of 2008), I.M.S. (born in June of 2011), and D.E.S. (born in August
of 2013) (collectively Children).1 After review, we affirm.
In Mother’s appeal from the goal change orders, she raises one issue:
“Whether the trial court erred in finding that the [Agency] had proved by clear
and convincing evidence that it was in the Children’s best interest to change
the goal in the dependency action.” Mother’s Goal Change Brief, at 4. In
Mother’s appeal from the termination decrees, she raises five issues. They
are:
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1 This Court is now consolidating both Mother’s and Father’s appeals sua
sponte in that they involve related parties and issues. See Pa.R.A.P. 513.
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I. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the [Agency]
had proved by clear and convincing evidence that the
parental rights of [Mother] should be terminated pursuant
to 23 Pa.C.S.[] [§] 2511(a)(1)[?]
II. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the [Agency]
had proved by clear and convincing evidence that the
parental rights of the [Mother] should be terminated
pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.[] [§] 2511(a)(8)[?]
III. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the [Agency]
had proved by clear and convincing evidence that the
parental rights of [Mother] should be terminated pursuant
to 23 Pa.C.S.[] [§] 2511(a)(2)[?]
IV. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the [Agency]
had proved by clear and convincing evidence that the
parental rights of [Mother] should be terminated pursuant
to 23 Pa.C.S.[] [§] 2511(a)(5)[?]
V. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the [Agency]
had proved by clear and convincing evidence that the
parental rights of [Mother] should be terminated pursuant
to 23 Pa.C.S.[] [§] 2511(b)[?]
Mother’s Termination Brief, at 4-5.
Likewise, Father appeals from both the orders changing the goals for
Children and from the decrees terminating his parental rights to Children. His
briefs consolidate the issues he raises, resulting in the following listing of his
issues in both of his briefs. The issues are:
I. Whether the trial court erred in terminating the parental
rights of Father pursuant to sections 2511(a)(1), (2), (5)
and (8) of the Adoption Act?
II. Whether the trial court erred in concluding that termination
of parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of
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the Child[ren] pursuant to section 2511(b) of the Adoption
Act?
III. Whether the trial court erred in concluding Father failed to
meet many of the goals and terminating his parental rights?
IV. Whether the trial court erred in changing the goal from
reunification to adoption?
V. Whether the trial court erred in permitting the opinion
testimony of the caseworker on the issue of parental bond
… between Father and the Child[ren] where the caseworker
was not qualified as an expert or prepared a report and such
testimony is outside the scope of “lay witness opinion”
testimony?
Father’s Termination and Goal Change Briefs, at 5.
We begin by setting forth this Court’s standard of review involving a
goal change for a dependent child:
In cases involving a court’s order changing the placement
goal … to adoption, our standard of review is abuse of discretion.
In re N.C., 909 A.2d 818, 822 (Pa. Super. 2006). To hold that
the trial court abused its discretion, we must determine its
judgment was “manifestly unreasonable,” that the court
disregarded the law, or that its action was “a result of partiality,
prejudice, bias or ill will.” Id. (quoting In re G.P.-R., 851 A.2d
967, 973 (Pa. Super. 2004)). While this Court is bound by the
facts determined in the trial court, we are not tied to the court’s
inferences, deductions and conclusions; we have a “responsibility
to ensure that the record represents a comprehensive inquiry and
that the hearing judge has applied the appropriate legal principles
to that record.” In re A.K., 906 A.2d 596, 599 (Pa. Super. 2006).
Therefore, our scope of review is broad. Id.
In re S.B., 943 A.2d 973, 977 (Pa. Super. 2008).
Likewise, we note when we review a decree terminating parental rights,
we do so in accordance with the following standard:
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When reviewing an appeal from a decree terminating
parental rights, we are limited to determining whether the
decision of the trial court is supported by competent evidence.
Absent an abuse of discretion, an error of law, or insufficient
evidentiary support for the trial court’s decision, the decree must
stand. Where a trial court has granted a petition to involuntarily
terminate parental rights, this Court must accord the hearing
judge’s decision the same deference that we would give to a jury
verdict. We must employ a broad, comprehensive review of the
record in order to determine whether the trial court’s decision is
supported by competent evidence.
In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009) (quoting In re S.H., 879
A.2d 802, 805 (Pa. Super. 2005)). Moreover, we have explained that:
The standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as
testimony that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to
enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without
hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.”
Id. (quoting In re J.L.C. & J.R.C., 837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003)).
The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented
and is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts
in the evidence. In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004). If
competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will affirm even if
the record could also support the opposite result. In re Adoption of T.B.B.,
835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa. Super. 2003).
We have reviewed the certified record, the briefs of the parties, the
applicable law, and the comprehensive, 35-page Adjudication authored by the
Honorable Todd R. Platts of the Court of Common Pleas of York County, filed
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on February 27, 2020.2 We conclude that Judge Platts’ well-reasoned
Adjudication properly disposes of the issues raised by both Mother and Father,
but we add a comment in response to Father’s contention relating to the
caseworker’s testimony about the bond between him and Children, which we
address infra. Accordingly, we adopt Judge Platts’ opinion as our own and
employ his discussion as the basis for affirming the termination decrees and
the goal change orders from which these appeals arose.
As for the bonding issue raised by Father, the trial court stated in the
portion of its Adjudication relating to the goal change orders that
Merla Speir, the Agency caseworker assigned to the family since
May of 2019, testified as to the bond between each parent and
the minor [C]hildren and stated her determination that there is an
unhealthy bond between them all. She stated that each child has
expressed fear of Mother and Father, with I.M.S. and D.E.S.
saying that they feel safer in their foster homes.
Trial Court Adjudication (TCA), 2/27/2020, at 18. Additionally, in its
discussion relating to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b), directed at the termination of
parental rights, the court stated:
This Court has carefully considered the testimony and
evidence presented and finds that no positive, healthy bond exists
between the minor [C]hildren and Mother or Father, and further
____________________________________________
2 Following notice that Mother and Father filed appeals from the goal change
orders and the decrees terminating their parental rights to Children, the trial
court issued statements as directed by Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(ii), explaining
that the basis for its orders and decrees were contained in its Adjudication,
entered on February 27, 2020.
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finds that termination would not destroy an existing beneficial
relationship.
While [C]hildren have expressed affection for parents and a
desire to return home at times, this evidence is not dispositive to
a Section 2511(b) analysis:
If a child’s feelings were the dispositive factor in the
bonding analysis, the analysis would be reduced to an
exercise in semantics as it is the rare child who, after
being subject to neglect and abuse, is able to sift
through the emotional wreckage and completely
disavow a parent.
In re K.K.R. S., 958 A.2d 529[, 535] (Pa. Super. 2008).
The testimony of the Agency caseworker was clear that the
minor children have an unhealthy bond with each parent, and each
child has expressed fear of the parents and the possibility of
returning home. This is due in large part to trauma they have
suffered as a result of exposure to domestic violence between the
parents and the inability of parents to control their anger. The
[c]ourt notes the letter to the caseworker from the therapist of
R.R.S., III, Dr. Nikita J. Eiker, dated December 5, 2019, which
states in part:
[R.] has experienced significant exposure to traumatic
situations and visitations with members of his family
of origin results in trauma reactivation leading to
challenging behaviors and violence and should be
avoided until complete resolution of the trauma
symptoms.
The [c]ourt further notes that each minor child is currently
in a separate foster home where they are doing well and able to
receive the individual attention that they require. Each child has
expressed happiness with their current foster resource. The
testimony clearly established that the trauma and behavioral
issues that each child suffers would return and increase should
they be reunited with parents at any time in the foreseeable
future.
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Id. at 32-33.
Specifically, Father contends that the caseworker testified at the hearing
that she believed that the bond between Father and Children was “unhealthy.”
Although Father acknowledges that the Agency is permitted to present
evidence relating to a bond, or a lack thereof, he asserts expert testimony
was required and that it was improper for the trial court to allow a lay person
to offer opinion testimony that is based on scientific, technical or other
specialized knowledge. Essentially, Father is claiming that the caseworker’s
bonding testimony was not based on her own perceptions, but needed to be
based on specialized “knowledge, skill, experience, training or education” that
only a qualified expert would have. See Father’s Briefs, at 37. Father’s point
is that “it would overstep the limitations of a lay witness to go beyond and
render an opinion regarding the bond.” Id. at 40.
Father cites In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108 (Pa. Super. 2010), and In re
A.R.M.F., 837 A.2d 1231 (Pa. Super. 2003), indicating that these cases
support his position. We disagree. In fact, the In re Z.P. opinion provides
the following:
When conducting a bonding analysis, the court is not
required to use expert testimony. In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529,
533 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citing In re I.A.C., 897 A.2d 1200, 1208-
09 (Pa. Super. 2006)). Social workers and caseworkers can offer
evaluations as well. See In re A.R.M.F., 837 A.2d 1231 (Pa.
Super. 2003) (holding court properly terminated parental rights
where decision was based in part on social worker’s and
caseworker’s testimony that children did not share significant
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bond with biological parents and were well bonded with their
foster parents). Additionally, Section 2511(b) does not require a
formal bonding evaluation. In re K.K.R.-S., supra.
In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121. Thus, we conclude that the trial court had not
committed an error in allowing the caseworker to testify about Children’s
bonds with their parents.
Accordingly, we affirm the orders changing Children’s goals to adoption.
We also affirm the decrees terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental rights
to Children.
Orders affirmed. Decrees affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 09/09/2020
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