noting "[t]he objective reasonableness of police officers' actions—not their subjective intentions—is the central focus of federal and New Jersey search-and-seizure jurisprudence"
How later courts described this case
- noting "[t]he objective reasonableness of police officers' actions—not their subjective intentions—is the central focus of federal and New Jersey search-and-seizure jurisprudence"
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3785-17T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
TIMOTHY M. CHAMBERS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Submitted March 31, 2020 – Decided July 14, 2020
Before Judges Accurso and Gilson.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Union County, Indictment No. 15-09-
0630.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Stefan Van Juran, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Lyndsay V. Ruotolo, Acting Union County
Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Michele C.
Buckley, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting
Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM
Following the denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized in a
warrantless search, defendant Timothy M. Chambers was convicted by a jury
of first-degree robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1, and sentenced to life in prison on
the State's motion for a mandatory life term in accordance with N.J.S.A.
2C:43-7.1(a). Defendant appeals from the denial of his motion to suppress
drug paraphernalia leading to his arrest, which ultimately resulted in the
recovery of a jacket and boots linking him to the robbery. Finding no error in
the court's application of the law to the facts it found on the motion, we affirm.
The only witness to appear at the suppression hearing was the arresting
officer, a patrol sergeant with twenty years on the force, fourteen of which
were spent in the detective bureau. He testified he was on patrol in Hillside
when he recognized a car described in a recent BOLO [be on the lookout] alert
in connection with a string of armed robberies, including one of a carwash the
month before. The carwash robbery was captured on video surveillance. The
video showed both robbers, one a tall, heavy-set black male. The car used in
the commission of the robberies was described in the BOLO as an older model,
dark-colored SUV with a broken driver's side headlight, an inoperable
passenger side taillight, and a mis-matched wheel on the driver's side.
A-3785-17T2
2
When the officer, who was riding alone, saw a car matching that
description, he followed it for a few blocks until it pulled over in front of a
house on Wainwright Street in Newark. Believing the car was the one used in
the robberies, the officer pulled in behind it and called for backup before
walking over to the driver's door. The driver, a woman, provided the officer
with registration and insurance cards but could not produce a license. The
officer thought the front seat passenger, a large, heavy-set black man later
identified as defendant, generally matched the description of one of the two
suspects in the robberies.
As the officer spoke to the driver, defendant leaned over and asked the
driver something about why they were stopped. As defendant leaned forward,
the officer noticed he reached toward his feet and appeared to conceal
something on the floor. Believing that defendant was one of the suspects in
the carwash robbery, and knowing police had not recovered the gun used in
that robbery, the officer asked defendant to get out of the car immediately after
backup arrived. As other officers walked defendant to the rear of the car, the
arresting officer inspected the floor in front of defendant's seat. In addition to
the driver, another passenger remained in the back seat while the officer
conducted that sweep.
A-3785-17T2
3
The officer said he saw some garbage on the floor, and just in front of
the seat, a dirty washcloth. Testifying on direct examination, the officer stated
he lifted the washcloth to see if defendant had hidden a weapon under it.
Instead of a weapon, the officer found drug paraphernalia, specifically two
glass tubes with burnt tips; crack pipes. Defendant was arrested and,
according to the officer, subsequently consented to the search of the trunk,
where officers found the jacket and boots linking him to the carwash robbery.
On cross-examination, defense counsel probed the officer's professed
concern for officer safety in searching the floor of the front seat while two
other people remained in the car. Counsel also got the officer to concede he
never mentioned the washcloth in his report, or that he had lifted it to search
for weapons. Finally, defense counsel got the officer to admit his search was
not limited to weapons, but that he was instead "looking for anything that
could have been concealed at that point." On re-direct, the officer clarified
that he was looking for "[a]nything of possible evidentiary value," such as
"paraphernalia, narcotics, a weapon, anything to that effect."
The State argued the search was justified under the law permitting
protective sweeps for officer safety. The State contended the officer having
recognized both the car and defendant from the descriptions in the BOLOs and
A-3785-17T2
4
knowing the gun used in those robberies had not been recovered, provided him
objective, reasonable, and particularized suspicion that defendant either had
engaged or was about to engage in criminal activity and a reasonable belief
that he was dangerous and could gain control of a weapon.
The defense countered that the robberies prompting the BOLOs had
occurred almost a month before this stop, and the arresting officer's report did
not mention anything about him having recognized the car or defendant as
having matched the descriptions in those alerts. Defense counsel claimed
those facts undercut any heightened suspicion that the gun used in those
robberies could be in the car.
Defense counsel also argued the officer's testimony of concern for
officer safety was belied both by his description of what he was looking for
and his having left the driver and another passenger in the car while he
searched the floor of the front seat. Defense counsel asserted the officer
"candidly testified" that he was not engaged in a protective sweep when he
searched the front passenger area of the car, but instead picked up the
washcloth to see whether it hid contraband of any sort, be it drug paraphernalia
or a weapon or anything else. Noting "[a] protective sweep is not about
locating items of evidence and it's not about locating drugs," counsel argued
A-3785-17T2
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"if this is a search for drugs and/or something else, that can't be justified by
protective sweep case law."
The judge began his ruling by making clear that defendant's argument
was that the jacket and boots seized in a consent search of his trunk following
his arrest could only be sustained if that arrest, and the search that prompted it,
were done legally. In determining that the search was done legally, the judge
credited the testimony of the officer that he recognized both the car and then
defendant as matching the descriptions contained in the BOLOs. The judge
also credited the officer's testimony that he was aware the gun used in the
string of robberies had not been recovered, and "he was concerned that the
front passenger was trying to conceal a weapon."
The judge concluded
based on [the officer's] testimony which I found
credible on these points, that he did a protective
search of the area where the passenger was sitting,
because he was concerned that he was trying to
conceal a weapon, that he believed that that passenger
and the vehicle were involved in an armed robbery, a
number of armed robberies, where a weapon was
clearly used from the BOLO's and the pictures in the
BOLO's, and there was a legitimate basis for a
protective sweep.
A-3785-17T2
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Acknowledging that the protective sweep the officer performed may not
have been "done in the smartest way or the most thorough way," the judge
nevertheless found it was accomplished in a legal way because the area
searched was "not secure" but "in reach of other passengers in the car."
Defendant appeals raising one issue for our consideration:
POINT I
THE CONVICTIONS SHOULD BE REVERSED
BECAUSE THE BOOTS AND JACKET – WHICH
WERE A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE
IDENTIFICATION EVIDENCE – SHOULD HAVE
BEEN SUPPRESSED AS THEY WERE OBTAINED
THROUGH CONSENT TAINTED BY AN ARREST
BASED ON AN UNLAWFUL SEARCH.
Defendant echoes that point in his supplemental brief and adds:
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT TIMOTHY M.
CHAMBERS' CONSENT TO SEARCH HIS
VEHICLE SHOULD BE SUPPRESSED FOR THAT
DEFENDANT WAS NOT OF SOUND AND/OR
COMPETENT MIND TO BE ABLE TO AGREE TO
SUCH A CONSENT.
We reject both arguments.
Our standard of review on a motion to suppress is well established.
State v. Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 424-25 (2014). We defer to the trial court's
factual findings on the motion, unless they were "clearly mistaken" or "so wide
of the mark" that the interests of justice require appellate intervention. State v.
A-3785-17T2
7
Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 245 (2007) (internal quotations omitted). That deference
is required because it is the trial court that watched the witnesses testify and
thus, had "the 'feel' of the case, which a reviewing court cannot enjoy."
Gamble, 218 N.J. at 425 (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 161 (1964)).
Our review of the trial court's application of the law to the facts, where the
trial court enjoys no special advantage, is plenary. State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J.
249, 263 (2015).
A protective sweep is a well-recognized exception to the warrant
requirement. Gamble, 218 N.J. at 426. "An officer lawfully stopping a vehicle
may conduct a protective frisk of the passenger compartment if he has a
reasonable suspicion that the individual is dangerous and may gain immediate
access to weapons." Id. at 431-32. "A protective sweep, permitted in order to
ferret out weapons that might be used against police officers, must be cursory
and limited in scope to the location where the danger may be concealed."
State v. Robinson, 228 N.J. 529, 534 (2017) (quoting Gamble, 218 N.J. at
433).
The trial court applied that law in finding the officer's limited search of
the floor where defendant had been resting his feet qualified as a permitted
protective sweep based on the officer's credible testimony that he believed
A-3785-17T2
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defendant had committed several recent armed robberies and may have been
trying to conceal the gun used in those robberies on the floor in front of him.
Defendant argues that while it might appear "[a]t first blush," that the officer
conducted a valid protective sweep under settled principles, the officer's
candid admission that he lifted the wash cloth to see whether it concealed any
items of contraband, not just a weapon, proved he "conducted the very
generalized search that the protective sweep doctrine expressly forbids."
We cannot agree that the officer's statement transformed this limited
protective sweep into a generalized search prohibited by the Fourth
Amendment. Central to our conclusion is the trial court's acceptance of the
officer's very specific testimony that he believed defendant was the man police
were searching for in connection with the recent armed robberies, and that
defendant may have been trying to conceal a weapon at his feet while the
officer was talking to the driver. Underscoring the officer's concern for his
own safety, he waited for backup before asking defendant to step out of the car
in order to conduct a quick, cursory search limited to that area.
We are convinced, as was the trial judge, that the officer's quick, cursory
search of the floor at defendant's feet in response to seeing him appear to
conceal what the officer reasonably suspected could have been a gun, made
A-3785-17T2
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this an objectively reasonable protective sweep. See Gamble, 218 N.J. at 426.
The officer's putative intention to look beneath the washcloth for anything
having "possible evidentiary value," including a weapon, does not change the
objective reasonableness of lifting it in order to see whether it concealed a gun.
See State v. Bacome, 228 N.J. 94, 103 (2017) (noting "[t]he objective
reasonableness of police officers' actions—not their subjective intentions—is
the central focus of federal and New Jersey search-and-seizure jurisprudence").
As for defendant's argument that his consent to search the trunk was not
voluntary, there is nothing in the record on appeal to support his argument.
Affirmed.
A-3785-17T2
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