The opinion
[Cite as Ohio Assn. of Pub. School Emps. v. School Emps. Retirement Sys. of Ohio, 2020-Ohio-3005.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Ohio Association of Public School :
Employees (OAPSE)/
AFSCME Local 4, AFL-CIO et al., :
Plaintiffs-Appellants, :
No. 19AP-288
v. : (C.P.C. No. 18CV-891)
School Employees Retirement : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
System of Ohio et al.,
:
Defendants-Appellees.
:
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on May 19, 2020
On brief: Thomas C. Drabick, Jr., for appellants. Argued:
Thomas C. Drabick, Jr.
On brief: Ice Miller, LLP, Allen G. Starkoff, and Steven D.
Forry, for appellee School Employees Retirement System of
Ohio. Argued: Steven D. Forry.
On brief: Roetzel & Andress, LPA, Ronald Kopp and
Jessica A. Lopez; Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell &
Berkowitz, Robert G. Brazier, and Steven G. Hall, for appellee
Cavanaugh Macdonald Consulting, LLC.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
BEATTY BLUNT, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiffs-appellants Ohio Association of Public School Employees
(OAPSE)/AFSCME Local 4, AFL-CIO and individually-named plaintiffs-appellants who
are current or retired members of the OAPSE/AFSCME Local 4 (collectively, "OAPSE"),
appeal from the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting the
No. 19AP-288 2
Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motions to dismiss defendants-appellees School Employees Retirement
System of Ohio ("SERS"); the Ohio Attorney General ("OAG"); and Cavanaugh Macdonald
Consulting, LLC ("CMC"). For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} This case arises from a decision by the SERS Board of Trustees (the "Board")
to suspend all cost-of-living-adjustment ("COLA") increases for retiree beneficiaries of
SERS for three years beginning on January 1, 2018 pursuant to R.C. 3309.374(B). On
September 29, 2017, pursuant to the passage of H.B. No. 49, R.C. 3309.374(B) was
amended to provide that:
Effective January 1, 2018, the retirement board may annually
increase each allowance, pension, or benefit payable under this
chapter by the percentage increase, if any, in the consumer
price index, not to exceed two and one-half per cent, as
determined by the United States bureau of labor statistics (U.S.
city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers: "all
items 1982-84=100") for the twelve-month period ending on
the thirtieth day of June of the immediately preceding calendar
year. No increase shall be made for a period in which the
consumer price index did not increase.
{¶ 3} Shortly thereafter, on October 9, 2017, the Board voted to suspend the COLA
for retiree pensions for three years beginning January 1, 2018 in order to "address
immediate financial challenges and long-term funding goals." (Compl. at ¶ 12.)
Subsequently, on March 23, 2018, pursuant to the passage of Am.Sub.S.B. 8, R.C. 3309.374
was further amended to provide, in pertinent part, "that a recipient of an allowance,
pension, or benefit that commences on or after January 1, 2018, is eligible for an increase
under division (B) of this section on and after the number of anniversaries of the allowance,
pension, or benefit determined by the retirement board." R.C. 3309.374(C). On
January 29, 2018, OAPSE filed an action for declaratory judgment seeking to invalidate the
three-year COLA freeze instituted by SERS based on six grounds:
1) the Board's decision to suspend all COLA increases for three years exceeded
SERS's statutory authority under R.C. 3309.374;
2) the Ohio General Assembly improperly delegated its law-making function
to SERS by permitting the Board to make decisions regarding the COLA;
No. 19AP-288 3
3) H.B. 49, which amended R.C. 3309.374 to permit the Board to make
decisions regarding the COLA, violates the one-subject provision of Article II,
Section 15(D) of the Ohio Constitution (the "one-subject rule");
4) Am.Sub.S.B. 8, which further amended R.C. 3309.374 to permit the Board
to determine how long new retirees had to wait to be entitled to a COLA violates
the One-Subject Rule;
5) SERS violated Equal Protection rights of SERS retirees by creating different
classifications of retirees based on different time lengths of the COLA freeze;
and
6) the Board's decision to enact the three-year COLA freeze "was procured
through fraud and misrepresentations" by "SERS administrators and its
actuary."
(Compl. at ¶ 23.)
{¶ 4} Each defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6). SERS
filed its motion on March 2, 2018; OAG filed its motion on March 2, 2018; and CMC filed
its motion on March 30, 2018.
{¶ 5} On April 2, 2019, the trial court issued a decision and entry which granted
each of the three motions to dismiss. The trial court began by dismissing the constitutional
claims against all defendants on the basis that the state of Ohio was a necessary party, yet
it had not been joined, thus depriving the court of jurisdiction over the declaratory
judgment action as to all defendants on these claims. The trial court further found that
even if it did have jurisdiction over the constitutional claims, OAPSE failed to state claims
against any of the named defendants because there was no actual controversy between
them. This was so, explained the trial court, because the allegations, even if taken as true,
were that the General Assembly had violated the one-subject rule when passing both H.B.
49 and Am.Sub.S.B. 8, and had improperly delegated its legislative authority to SERS in
amending R.C. 3309.374. Thus, reasoned the trial court, an actual controversy, if it exists
at all, exists between OAPSE and the General Assembly, which was not named as a
defendant.
No. 19AP-288 4
{¶ 6} Next, the trial court dismissed all claims against the OAG because OAPSE had
not stated any claims against him and because the OAG specifically disclaimed his
prerogative to participate in the action as an independent party.1
{¶ 7} The trial court then dismissed the claim for "fraudulent misrepresentation"
against SERS and CMC because no allegedly fraudulent statements were made by either of
them to any of the individual plaintiffs. The trial court explained that the plaintiffs alleged
that "SERS administrators" and CMC made fraudulent misrepresentations to the Board to
persuade the Board to vote for the COLA freeze, but plaintiffs had no standing to assert a
claim for fraud as a third-party "beneficiary." The trial court also dismissed the remaining
claims against CMC for failure to allege an actual controversy exists between OAPSE and
CMC.2
{¶ 8} Lastly, the trial court dismissed all remaining claims against SERS. In
dismissing the Equal Protection claim, the trial court found that because none of the
plaintiffs alleged any actual injury, and alleged only speculative, future injury, plaintiffs
lacked standing to bring this claim. In dismissing the claim that SERS exceeded statutory
authority and "failed to comply with R.C. 3309.374," the court found the statute is clear and
unambiguous and it gives the Board the discretion to either increase or not increase the
COLA annually. Thus, the Board acted within its statutory authority when it determined
not to increase the COLA in its October 9, 2017 decision. Thus, the trial court granted the
motions to dismiss and dismissed all claims.
{¶ 9} This timely appeal followed.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 10} Appellants assign the following three errors for our review:
[1.] SERS exceeded its authority when it implemented a three
year freeze of cost of living adjustments for retiree pensions.
R.C. 3309.374, as amended, does not grant such authority to
SERS. The trial court erred as a matter of law in concluding
1 OAPSE did not appeal this portion of the trial court's judgment and therefore the OAG did not file a brief
with this court.
2On appeal, CMC filed an appellate brief. However, subsequently, on September 30, 2019, CMC filed a notice
of waiver of oral argument wherein it noted that plaintiffs-appellants had "confirmed that they have not
appealed from, or otherwise challenged, that portion of the trial court's final decision granting Defendant-
Appellee Cavanaugh Macdonald Consulting, LLC's Motion to Dismiss all claims against Appellee Cavanaugh
Macdonald Consulting."
No. 19AP-288 5
that R.C. 3309.374 authorized SERS to freeze the COLA for
three consecutive years.
[2.] The trial court erred as a matter of law when it dismissed
appellants' constitutional claims challenging HB 49 and SB 8
for failure to name "the State of Ohio" as a party to the action
when in fact, appellants named the constitutional officer of
the State of Ohio authorized to be served with process on
behalf of the State (the Ohio Attorney General), and the
statutory agency that benefited from the adoption of HB 49
and SB 8 and should act to defend the statute.
[3.] Appellants' complaint stated valid, colorable, and
persuasive claims for declaratory judgment that the HB 49
and SB 8 amendments to R.C. 3309.374 violated the one
subject rule and that HB 49 was an improper delegation of law
making authority to SERS. Such claims were not appropriate
for dismissal under Ohio Civ.R. 12(B)(6).
III. Standard of Review
{¶ 11} A motion to dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) for failure to state a claim on which
relief can be granted tests the sufficiency of the complaint. Volbers-Klarich v. Middletown
Mgt., 125 Ohio St.3d 494, 2010-Ohio-2057, ¶ 11. In order for a court to dismiss a case
pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6) "it must appear beyond doubt from the complaint that the
plaintiff can prove no set of facts entitling him to recovery." O'Brien v. Univ. Community
Tenants Union, Inc., 42 Ohio St.2d 242 (1975), syllabus. The court must presume all factual
allegations contained in the complaint are true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor
of the non-moving party. Jones v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-518, 2012-
Ohio-4409, ¶ 31, citing Mitchell v. Lawson Milk Co., 40 Ohio St.3d 190, 192 (1988). In
considering a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss, a trial court may not rely on allegations or
evidence outside the complaint. State ex rel. Fuqua v. Alexander, 79 Ohio St.3d 206, 207
(1997).
{¶ 12} When reviewing a judgment rendered on a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss,
our standard of review is ordinarily de novo. Pankey v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th
Dist. No. 13AP-701, 2014-Ohio-2907, ¶ 7; Foreman v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th
Dist. No. 14AP-15, 2014-Ohio-2793, ¶ 9, citing Perrysburg Twp. v. Rossford, 103 Ohio
St.3d 79, 2004-Ohio-4362, ¶ 5. However, a trial court's dismissal of a declaratory judgment
action is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Mid-Am. Fire & Cas. Co. v.
No. 19AP-288 6
Heasley, 113 Ohio St.3d 133, 2007-Ohio-1248, paragraph two of the syllabus,
following Bilyeu v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 36 Ohio St.2d 35, 37 (1973).
{¶ 13} An abuse of discretion connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it
implies that the court's action was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore
v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). "An appellate court may find an abuse of
discretion when the trial court 'applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct
legal standard, or relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact.' " Bellamy v. Montgomery,
10th Dist. No. 11AP-1059, 2012-Ohio-4304, ¶ 7, quoting Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio
App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-1720, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.).
{¶ 14} Importantly, the abuse of discretion standard applies only to the review of a
trial court's holding regarding justiciability. Arnott v. Arnott, 132 Ohio St.3d 401, 2012-
Ohio-3208, ¶ 13; Youngstown City School Bd. of Edn. v. State, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-775,
2018-Ohio-2532, ¶ 8. Once a trial court determines that a matter is appropriate for
declaratory judgment, its holding regarding questions of law are reviewed on a de novo
basis. Id.
IV. Law and Analysis
A. First Assignment of Error
{¶ 15} In its first assignment of error, OAPSE contends the trial court erred when it
found that R.C. 3309.374 authorized SERS to freeze the COLA for three consecutive years.3
We disagree.
{¶ 16} The construction and interpretation of statutes is a recognized function of
declaratory action. Town Ctrs. Ltd. Partnership v. Ohio State Atty. Gen., 10th Dist. No.
99AP-689 (Apr. 4, 2000). R.C. 2721.03 provides that any person "whose rights, status, or
other legal relations are affected by a constitutional provision, statute, [or] rule" may have
determined "any question of construction or validity arising under the instrument,
constitutional provision, statute, [or] rule * * * and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or
other legal relations under it."
3 In the trial court, OAPSE also asserted a claim against SERS that the COLA freeze violated the Equal
Protection rights of retirees because it set up different classifications for the length of time a retiree had to wait
to receive his or her first COLA increase depending on when the retiree retires. On appeal, OAPSE has
abandoned this claim and makes no argument on this issue. Likewise, OAPSE's claim against SERS for "fraud
and misrepresentation" has also been abandoned on appeal.
No. 19AP-288 7
{¶ 17} The court's primary goal of statutory construction "is to give effect to the
General Assembly's intent." Silver Lining Group EIC Morrow Cty. v. Ohio Dept. of Edn.
Autism Scholarship Program, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-398, 2017-Ohio-7834, ¶ 34, citing State
v. Banks, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-69, 2011-Ohio-4252, ¶ 13, citing State v. Hairston, 101 Ohio
St.3d 308, 2004-Ohio-969, ¶ 11. To determine legislative intent, the court looks to and
gives effect to the statutory language without deleting or inserting words. Bailey v.
Republic Engineered Steels, Inc., 91 Ohio St.3d 38, 2001-Ohio-236. The statutory language
must be considered in context, and the court must construe words and phrases "according
to the rules of grammar and common usage." Silver Lining Group at ¶ 34, citing Bartchy
v. State Bd. of Edn., 120 Ohio St.3d 205, 2008-Ohio-4826, ¶ 16 (citation omitted). Where
the words in a statute are " 'free from ambiguity and doubt, and express plainly, clearly and
distinctly, the sense of the law-making body, there is no occasion to resort to other means
of interpretation.' " Id., citing Hairston at ¶ 12, quoting Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio St.
621 (1902), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 18} " 'It is only where the words of a statute are ambiguous, uncertain in meaning,
or conflicting that a court has the right to interpret a statute.' " Silver Lining Group, at ¶ 35,
quoting In re Adoption of Baby Boy Brooks, 136 Ohio App.3d 824, 829 (10th Dist.2000).
An ambiguity exists only "if the language of a statute is susceptible of more than one
reasonable interpretation." Id., citing Columbus v. Mitchell, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-322,
2016-Ohio-7873, ¶ 6.
{¶ 19} R.C. 3309.374(A) and (B) provide in pertinent part as follows:
(A) Until December 31, 2017, the school employees retirement
board shall annually increase each allowance, pension, or
benefit payable under this chapter by three per cent.
(B) Effective January 1, 2018, the retirement board may
annually increase each allowance, pension, or benefit payable
under this chapter by the percentage increase, if any, in the
consumer price index, not to exceed two and one-half per cent,
as determined by the United States bureau of labor statistics
(U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers:
"all items 1982-84=100") for the twelve-month period ending
on the thirtieth day of June of the immediately preceding
calendar year. No increase shall be made for a period in which
the consumer price index did not increase.
No. 19AP-288 8
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 20} A plain reading of R.C. 3309.347(B) leads us to conclude the trial court
correctly concluded that R.C. 3309.347 is not ambiguous, uncertain in meaning, or
conflicting so as to permit the court to interpret the statute. The plain language of the
statute grants discretion to the Board to freeze the COLA for three consecutive years. By
use of the word "may" denoting discretion, the statute as amended clearly gives the Board
discretion to increase—or not increase—the COLA annually.
{¶ 21} Further, contrary to OAPSE's argument, the use of the word "annually" in the
statute in no way evinces a mandate to conduct an annual review. Rather, the use of this
word specifically limits the Board to increasing the COLA annually. Put another way, if the
Board exercises its discretion to increase the COLA, it may only do so once a year, at the
time specified and by using the formula set forth in the amended statute. In short, if the
General Assembly had intended to make an annual review mandatory, they would have
included such language in the statute when it was amended.
{¶ 22} Accordingly, we overrule OAPSE's first assignment of error.
B. Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 23} In its second assignment of error, OAPSE asserts that the trial court erred by
dismissing its constitutional challenges to H.B. 49 and Am.Sub.S.B. 8 for failure to name
the state of Ohio as a party to its declaratory judgment action because OAPSE named the
constitutional officer for the state of Ohio (OAG) and the statutory agency that benefited
from the passage of H.B. 49 and Am.Sub.S.B. 8 (SERS), both of whom should act to defend
the statute. We do not agree that the trial court erred in dismissing OAPSE's constitutional
claims.
{¶ 24} A declaratory judgment action is a civil action and provides a remedy in
addition to other legal and equitable remedies available. Victory Academy of Toledo v.
Zelman, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-1067, 2008-Ohio-3561, ¶ 8, citing Aust v. Ohio State Dental
Bd., 136 Ohio App.3d 677, 681 (10th Dist.2000). R.C. Chapter 2721, the Declaratory
Judgments Act, is remedial in nature; its purpose is to settle and afford relief from
uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status and other legal relations and it is to
be liberally construed and administered. Swander Ditch Landowners' Assn. v. Joint Bd.
No. 19AP-288 9
of Huron & Seneca Cty. Commrs., 51 Ohio St.3d 131, 134 (1990), citing Radaszewshi v.
Keating, 141 Ohio St. 489, 496 (1943).
{¶ 25} The essential elements for declaratory relief are: (1) a real controversy exists
between the parties, (2) the controversy is justiciable in character, and (3) speedy relief is
necessary to preserve the rights of the parties. Aust at 681. For a real controversy to exist
"there must be a 'genuine dispute between parties having adverse legal interests of
sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.' " Town
Ctrs. at ¶ 12, quoting Wagner v. Cleveland, 62 Ohio App.3d 8, 13 (8th Dist.1988). A
controversy is justiciable when it presents "issues that are ripe for judicial resolution and
which will have a direct and immediate impact on the parties." Cristino v. Ohio Bur. of
Workers' Comp., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-772, 2014-Ohio-1383, ¶ 22, citing Stewart v. Stewart,
134 Ohio App.3d 556, 558 (4th Dist.1999).
{¶ 26} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that not every case is appropriate for a
declaratory judgment action brought pursuant to R.C. 2721 and "in keeping with the long-
standing tradition that a court does not render advisory opinions, [the declaratory
judgment statutes] allow the filing of a declaratory judgment only to decide 'an actual
controversy, the resolution of which will confer certain rights or status upon the litigants.' "
Mid-Am. Fire & Cas. Co. at ¶ 9, citing Corron v. Corron, 40 Ohio St.3d 75, 79 (1988). Thus,
in the absence of an actual controversy, a trial court may not render a declaratory judgment.
Id.; Cristino at ¶ 25.
{¶ 27} In this case, OAPSE has alleged that H.B. 49 and Am.Sub.S.B. 8 (and hence,
amended R.C. 3309.374) are unconstitutional on two grounds: one, that both H.B. 49 and
Am.Sub.S.B. 8 violate the "one-subject" rule; and two, that the COLA provisions of H.B. 49
comprise an improper delegation of legislative authority. Both bases directly challenge the
actions of the General Assembly, the legislative body of the state of Ohio—not the actions
of SERS (or either of the other two named defendants). Indeed, the complaint filed by
OAPSE makes clear that all allegations asserted by OAPSE in connection with its
constitutional claims have been leveled against the General Assembly and not against
SERS.
{¶ 28} Thus, as the trial court found, if a controversy exists at all, it exists "between
[OAPSE and the General Assembly], not any of the named defendants." (Decision and
No. 19AP-288 10
Entry at 8.) SERS did not pass the legislation which OAPSE asserts is unconstitutional
and/or an improper delegation of authority, and SERS has no authority to defend the
legislation or implement any changes to it.4 In short, there simply is no actual controversy
between OAPSE and SERS as pertaining to the constitutional claims. Were the trial court
to have determined the merits of the constitutional claims as the case was presented, such
a determination would amount to an advisory opinion which is impermissible. Mid-Am.
Fire & Cas. Co. at ¶ 9. Therefore, on this basis alone, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in dismissing OAPSE's constitutional claims.
{¶ 29} We are cognizant that the trial court dismissed OAPSE's constitutional claims
not only because there was no actual controversy between OAPSE and SERS but also
because the state of Ohio was not named as a party defendant, and OAPSE now invites us
to determine whether the latter basis for dismissal was improper. Nevertheless, as we have
already determined that it was not error for the trial court to dismiss OAPSE's
constitutional claims for lack of an actual controversy between OAPSE and SERS for that
reason alone, we need not decide whether the state of Ohio should have been named as a
necessary party to the action. TP Mech. Contrs., Inc. v. Franklin County Bd. of Comm.,
10th Dist. No. 09AP-235, 2009-Ohio-3614, ¶ 12 (finding that because an appellate court
must affirm a trial court's judgment if there are any valid grounds to support it, and because
another valid ground exists to support the trial court's outcome, the court need not decide
a separate issue raised by plaintiff); see also Capital Care Network of Toledo v. Ohio Dept.
of Health, 153 Ohio St.3d 362, 2018-Ohio-440, ¶ 31, quoting PDK Laboratories, Inc. v.
United States Drug Enforcement Admin., 362 F.3d 786, 799 (D.C.Cir.2004) (Roberts, J.,
concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (" 'if it is not necessary to decide more, it is
necessary not to decide more' ").
4Likewise, contrary to OAPSE's contention in its second assignment of error, neither does the OAG have any
authority to defend the allegedly offending legislation. In any event, as noted previously, OAPSE did not
appeal that portion of the trial court's judgment which dismissed all claims against the OAG on grounds that
OAPSE had not stated any claims against him and because the OAG specifically disclaimed his prerogative to
participate in the action as an independent party pursuant to R.C. 2721.12. OAPSE cannot be heard now to
complain that the OAG should yet be a party to this appeal.
No. 19AP-288 11
{¶ 30} Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in
dismissing OAPSE's constitutional claims, and we overrule OAPSE's second assignment of
error.
C. Third Assignment of Error
{¶ 31} In its third assignment of error, OAPSE asserts the trial court erred by
dismissing its constitutional claims for declaratory judgment because such claims were not
appropriate for dismissal pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6). We find no merit in this assignment
of error.
{¶ 32} On appeal, OAPSE is essentially asking this court to determine the
constitutional claims notwithstanding that the trial court dismissed them based on issues
of justiciability and jurisdiction as discussed above. And, although SERS presents
arguments in response to OAPSE's arguments on these issues, we decline to proceed to the
merits of the constitutional issues. As discussed above, the constitutional claims were
properly dismissed on independent grounds and the merits were never considered by the
trial court, and for this court to consider the merits now would be inappropriate for two
reasons. First, "[g]enerally, appellate courts do not address issues which the trial court
declined to consider." (Citations omitted.) Young v. Univ. of Akron, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-
1022, 2007-Ohio-4663, ¶ 22 Second, and more importantly, the Ohio Supreme Court has
"long held that '[c]onstitutional questions will not be decided until the necessity for a
decision arises on the record before the court.' " In re Application of Black Fork Wind
Energy, L.L.C., 156 Ohio St.3d 181, 2018-Ohio-5206, ¶ 29, quoting State ex rel. Herbert v.
Ferguson, 142 Ohio St. 496 (1944).
{¶ 33} Upon consideration, we find no necessity for a decision on the constitutional
claims asserted in this case. Accordingly, we overrule OAPSE's third assignment of error.
V. Disposition
{¶ 34} For the foregoing reasons, OAPSE's three assignments of error are overruled.
Accordingly, the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
KLATT and LUPER SCHUSTER, JJ., concur.
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