The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PHIL FORNER, UNPUBLISHED
March 12, 2020
Appellant,
v No. 346701
Construction Code Commission
ALLENDALE CHARTER TOWNSHIP, LC No. 00-000000
Appellee,
and
CONSTRUCTION CODE COMMISSION,
Intervening-Appellee.
Before: CAMERON, P.J., and SHAPIRO and LETICA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Appellant, Phil Forner, appeals pursuant to MCL 125.1518 a final decision from the
Michigan Construction Code Commission (the Commission), which upheld a decision from the
Allendale Charter Township Construction Board of Appeals (the Township Board).1 We affirm.
Appellant is a licensed mechanical contractor who performed permitted work on a single-
family residence within Allendale Charter Township. Appellant installed supply air and return air
ductwork in the basement of the residence. He fastened the supply air ductwork with one-inch
crimp and lap joints and three screws, but he did not seal the supply air ductwork. The local
inspector performed a requested mechanical rough-in inspection, and he did not approve the supply
air ductwork. The inspector indicated that the supply air ductwork needed to be sealed, but in his
notice reciting the disapproval he did not provide any written reference to the specific residential
1
Appellant filed a claim of appeal with this Court naming only Allendale Charter Township as an
appellee. We granted the Commission’s motion to intervene. Forner v Allendale Charter Twp,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 30, 2019 (Docket No. 346701).
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code chapter and section number that provided the requirement. E-mail correspondence between
appellant and the inspector indicated that the inspector was relying on Michigan Residential Code
(MRC) sections M1601.4.1 and N1103.2.2.
Appellant expressed his disagreement with the inspector’s reliance on those sections.
Appellant then appealed the inspector’s decision to the Township Board, who determined that the
inspector was required to provide appellant with written notice of the code chapter and section
number that appellant violated and had to remedy. The Township Board otherwise denied
appellant the relief sought, concluding in part that the MRC required the supply air ductwork in
question to be sealed and that such a requirement was cost-effective.
On September 18, 2018, appellant filed an application for construction code appeal with
the Bureau of Construction Codes (the Bureau). He appealed the entire decision of the Township
Board. The application was validated on September 20, 2018, and it was marked as received by
the Bureau on September 25, 2018. On September 26, 2018, the Bureau asked the Township
Board to provide its final decision and the documents used to make decision. The Bureau
requested that all of the information be provided by October 26, 2018. The Township Board
provided the requested documents to the Bureau on October 17, 2018. On October 25, 2018, the
Bureau informed appellant via e-mail that it had transferred his appeal to the Commission that
same day. The Bureau informed the Commission that it was required to decide appellant’s appeal
within 30 days. On November 20, 2018, a three-person panel of the Commission heard and
decided the appeal. On November 29, 2018, the Commission issued a final decision upholding
the Township Board on all issues. The Commission issued an amended final decision clarifying
that it approved Item I of appellant’s appeal, which sought verification that a building official must
provide notice of code violations as required by R408.30509a. The Commission again advised
appellant “that the cold air return must be sealed.” Appellant then filed the instant appeal.
“A final agency decision is subject to court review but it must generally be upheld if it is
not contrary to law, is not arbitrary, capricious, or a clear abuse of discretion, and is supported by
competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record.” Vanzandt v State Employees
Retirement Sys, 266 Mich App 579, 583; 701 NW2d 214 (2005). Except when a different standard
of review applies,
[T]he court shall hold unlawful and set aside a decision or order of an agency if
substantial rights of the petitioner have been prejudiced because the decision or
order is any of the following:
(a) In violation of the constitution or a statute.
(b) In excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency.
(c) Made upon unlawful procedure resulting in material prejudice to a party.
(d) Not supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the
whole record.
(e) Arbitrary, capricious or clearly an abuse or unwarranted exercise of
discretion.
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(f) Affected by other substantial and material error of law. [MCL
24.306(1).]
We review questions of law, including issues of statutory interpretation, de novo. Dawson v
Secretary of State, 274 Mich App 723, 728; 739 NW2d 339 (2007).
We begin with the substantive issue on appeal, which is appellant’s argument that a
provision of the state construction code is enforceable only if it is found to be cost-effective.
Appellant does not dispute that the MRC requires ductwork to be sealed. Chapter 11 of the MRC
governs energy efficiency and provides that “[d]ucts, air handlers, and filter boxes shall be sealed,”
Section N1103.2.2, and that “[a]ll portions of the air distribution system shall be installed in
accordance with section M1601,” N1103.2.1. In turn, M1601.4.1, which is found in the chapter
of the MRC governing duct systems, states that “[j]oints . . . seams, and connections in ductwork
shall be securely fastened and sealed . . . .” In this case, appellant did not seal the supply air
ductwork as required by the above provisions.
However, he argues that these provisions are not cost-effective as applied to the work at
issue in this case, and that “code officials” are required to make that determination before issuing
any individual citation. The Township Board found the pertinent regulations cost-effective, and
appellant asked the Commission to overturn that decision. The Commissioned declined to do so,
reasoning that it did not have the authority to rewrite the state construction code. We agree with
the Commission.
The Stille-DeRossett-Hale Single State Construction Code Act (the Act), MCL 125.1501
et seq., states in part:
The director [of the Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs
(LARA)] shall prepare and promulgate the state construction code consisting of
rules governing the construction, use, and occupation of buildings and structures,
including land area incidental to the buildings and structures, the manufacture and
installation of building components and equipment, the construction and
installation of premanufactured units, the standards and requirements for materials
to be used in connection with the units, and other requirements relating to the safety,
including safety from fire, and sanitation facilities of the buildings and structures.
[MCL 125.1504(1) (emphasis added).]
The Act provided numerous standards that the director must adhere to in promulgating the
construction code. Relevant to this case, MCL 125.1504(3)(f) and (g) state:
(3) The code shall be designed to effectuate the general purposes of this act
and the following objectives and standards:
* * *
(f) To provide standards and requirements for cost-effective energy
efficiency that will be effective April 1, 1997.
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(g) Upon periodic review, to continue to seek ever-improving, cost-
effective energy efficiencies.
The Act defines “cost-effective” as follows:
(p) “Cost-effective”, in reference to section 4(3)(f) and (g), means, using
the existing energy efficiency standards and requirements as the base of
comparison, the economic benefits of the proposed energy efficiency standards and
requirements will exceed the economic costs of the requirements of the proposed
rules based upon an incremental multiyear analysis that meets all of the following
requirements:
(i) Considers the perspective of a typical first-time home buyer.
(ii) Considers benefits and costs over a 7-year time period.
(iii) Does not assume fuel price increases in excess of the assumed general
rate of inflation.
(iv) Ensures that the buyer of a home who would qualify to purchase the
home before the addition of the energy efficient standards will still qualify to
purchase the same home after the additional cost of the energy-saving construction
features.
(v) Ensures that the costs of principal, interest, taxes, insurance, and utilities
will not be greater after the inclusion of the proposed cost of the additional energy-
saving construction features required by the proposed energy efficiency rules than
under the provisions of the existing energy efficiency rules. [MCL 125.1502a(p).]
Appellant’s reliance on these statutory provisions is misplaced. As MCL 125.1504 makes
clear, the requirement of cost-effective rules applies to the director of LARA in drafting and
revising the state construction code. That is, the director must promulgate cost-effective energy
efficiency rules in accordance with the Act. MCL 125.1504 does not govern the Commission’s
review of decisions from a board of appeals, nor does it allow the Commission to determine that a
rule is unenforceable on the grounds that it is not cost-effective as applied to a particular project.
Thus, the Commission correctly determined that it did not have the authority to grant appellant the
relief he sought—to determine that sealing the air ductwork was not cost-effective. That would
essentially constitute rewriting the MRC, which the Commission is not authorized to do. Appellant
asserts that the Township Board has previously declined to enforce a code provision after
determining that it was not cost-effective. Whether the Township Board has that discretion or is
required to exercise it is not presently before us. Our review is limited to the Commission’s final
decision, and, for the reasons stated, we agree with its ruling on this matter.
Appellant also raises numerous procedural challenges. First, he argues that the Bureau is
not authorized by law to determine if the Commission has jurisdiction to hear the appeal from a
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board of appeals. Appellant fails to persuade us that the Bureau may not provide administrative
support for the Commission, which has no support staff of its own. But appellant’s argument
really concerns whether the Commission violated MCL 125.1516(1)’s requirement that “[a]n
appeal to the commission shall be decided within 30 days after receipt of the appeal by the
commission.” That is, the question is whether the 30-day period begins when an application for a
construction code appeal is filed with the Bureau, which is appellant’s view, or whether the clock
starts only when the appeal has been approved by the Bureau and submitted directly to the
Commission, which is the Commission’s current practice. Typically, we do not decide issues that
have no practical legal effect on the case before us. In re Gerald L Pollack Trust, 309 Mich App
125, 154-155; 867 NW2d 884 (2015). And we see no reason to deviate from that rule in this case.
We affirm the Commission’s decision resolving appellant’s appeal on the merits, and so a ruling
on the proper interpretation of MCL 125.1516(1) would not offer him any relief. Further, appellant
fails to explain how his substantial rights were prejudiced by the time taken to decide his appeal.
See MCL 24.306(1).
Appellant next argues that his due-process and equal-protection rights were violated
because the Commission did not audio record the November 20, 2018 hearing in which it decided
his appeal.
Appellant received the fundamental requirements of due process, i.e., “adequate notice, an
opportunity to be heard, and a fair and impartial tribunal.” Hughes v Almena Twp, 284 Mich App
60, 59; 771 NW2d 453 (2009). Appellant received written notice on August 21, 2018, that the
rough-in inspection had not been approved because the supply air ductwork needed to be sealed.
After e-mail communications between the inspector and appellant, the inspector provided
appellant with the code sections on which he was relying. Appellant then took action on
September 5, 2018, by appealing the inspector’s decision to the Township Board, as mandated by
the Act, MCL 125.1514(1). After receiving an unfavorable outcome, in part, appellant then
appealed the Township Board’s decision to the Commission, as mandated by the Act, MCL
125.1516(1). The Commission held a hearing to address appellant’s appeal on November 20,
2018. Appellant attended the hearing and presented his arguments and objections. The
Commission then issued a final decision on November 29, 2018, and an amended decision a few
days later clarifying that it agreed with appellant on one of the issues he presented.
It is undisputed that the Commission was not required by statute to record the hearing. And
consideration of the three factors outlined in Mathews v Eldridge, 424 US 319, 335; 96 S Ct 893;
47 L Ed 2d 18 (1976), does not persuade us to impose that requirement as a matter of due process.
The three factors to consider are:
(1) the private interest that will be affected by the action of the State, (2) the
governmental interest that will be affected if the safeguard is to be provided, and
(3) the probable value of the additional or substitute procedural safeguards that are
sought, and the risk of an erroneous deprivation of the affected interest if those
safeguards are not provided. [People v Kennedy, 502 Mich 206, 215; 917 NW2d
355 (2018) (quotation marks and citation omitted).]
Even assuming the first two factors weigh in appellant’s favor, he fails to establish that an
audio recording of the Commission’s closed session substantially reduces the risk of an erroneous
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decision. First, an audio recording does not protect against an erroneous ruling before the
Commission, but rather creates a record for (limited) appellate review. Second, in lieu of an audio
recording, appellant received the Commission’s minutes from the public hearing and the appeal
review panel meeting, as well as the Bureau’s notes from that meeting. Appellant asserts that the
meeting minutes provided by the Commission are incomplete. However, the minutes contain the
reasons for the Commission’s rulings on the substantive issues presented by appellant in his appeal.
Thus, there is an adequate record for appellate review in this case. For those reasons, appellant
fails to establish a due-process right to audio recordings of the Commission’s closed sessions.
Defendant’s equal-protection claim is also without merit. Equal protection of the law is
guaranteed by both the federal and Michigan constitutions. US Const, Am XIV; Const 1963, art
1, § 2. “The Equal Protection Clause requires that all persons similarly situated be treated alike
under the law.” Shepherd Montessori Ctr Milan v Ann Arbor Charter Twp, 486 Mich 311, 318;
783 NW2d 695 (2010). Appellant does not identify a similarly-situated class of people that was
treated differently. Rather, he asserts that Commission passed a motion on April 17, 2019,
directing the Bureau to audio record Commission meetings and recordings. However, that motion
was passed after the hearing on the appeal at issue in this case, and so appellant fails to establish
that Commission applied a general policy to him in a discriminatory manner.
Affirmed.
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
/s/ Anica Letica
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