State v. Young

[Cite as State v. Young, 2020-Ohio-462.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 18AP-630

(C.P.C. No. 15CR-2907)

v. : No. 18AP-631

(C.P.C. No. 15CR-5481)

Dante M. Young, :

(REGULAR CALENDAR)

Defendant-Appellant. :

D E C I S I O N

Rendered on February 11, 2020

On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael P.

Walton, for appellee. Argued: Michael P. Walton.

On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Public Defender, and Craig M.

Jaquith, for appellant. Argued: Craig M. Jaquith.

APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

SADLER, P.J.

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Dante M. Young, appeals from the July 25, 2018

judgment entries1 of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas finding appellant guilty

of two counts of murder, kidnapping, and tampering with evidence. For the following

reasons, we affirm the trial court judgments.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{¶ 2} On June 15, 2015, appellant was indicted on one count of tampering with

evidence pursuant to R.C. 2921.12, a third-degree felony. A few months later, on

1 This court sua sponte consolidated the appeals docketed under case Nos. 18AP-360 (concerning tampering

with evidence conviction) and 18AP-631 (concerning murder and kidnapping convictions) for purposes of

record filing, oral argument, and determination.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 2

November 6, 2015, appellant was indicted on one count of murder pursuant to R.C.

2903.02(A) with a firearm specification, one count of murder pursuant to R.C. 2903.02(B)

with a firearm specification, and kidnapping pursuant to R.C. 2905.01, a first-degree felony,

also with a firearm specification. The cases were consolidated into a single action for

purposes of trial. Appellant entered a plea of not guilty to all charges, and the matter

proceeded to a jury trial held from April 16 to 20, 2018.

{¶ 3} At trial, plaintiff-appellee, State of Ohio, presented the theory that, although

appellant did not pull the trigger that killed the victim, Courtney Elmore, appellant was

guilty of the charges by way of complicity as an aider and abettor. As its key witness, the

state called Chiquetta Hager.

{¶ 4} Ms. Hager testified that she met appellant when they were both 16 years old

and that she has been in a relationship with him ever since. Appellant and Ms. Hager have

children together and lived together throughout their relationship. She testified she was on

good terms with appellant and testifying against him was difficult.

{¶ 5} In May 2015, Ms. Hager lived in a house on Velma Avenue in Columbus with

appellant. Ms. Hager admitted to using drugs—pills, heroin, cocaine—since she was about

17 and said appellant used those drugs as well. Ms. Hager testified that both she and

appellant sold drugs from the house on Velma Avenue.

{¶ 6} According to Ms. Hager, on May 29, 2015, four men entered her house while

she was home. Appellant, their six-year-old son, and a friend were also present. The men

fired a shot, beat her and appellant with a gun, and ran away with some of their money and

drugs. Afterward, a group of people came to her house and discussed the robbery with Ms.

Hager and appellant. The group included her two cousins (Antwon Hager and Dante

Brady2), appellant's half-brother (Davon Granger), and Mr. Elmore, who Ms. Hager

described as a "close friend" she had known for about five years. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 271.) Ms.

Hager testified Mr. Elmore was also a close friend of appellant. Appellant and Mr. Elmore

had gone to school together, and Mr. Elmore would occasionally stay at their home. Ms.

Hager and appellant's children called Mr. Elmore "uncle." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 272.)

2The record also cites "Dante Bradley"; a police homicide detective noted several variations of this name were

given to police. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 474-75, 483.)

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 3

{¶ 7} Ms. Hager agreed the mood of the group was "angry" in discussing the

robbery and testified they wanted to figure out who was involved. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 270.)

According to Ms. Hager, two of the people who robbed them were associated with Mr.

Elmore, and she believed that is how the robbers knew where she and appellant lived. Ms.

Hager testified that they did not report the robbery to police because of the "things that

were illegally happening in the house." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 363.)

{¶ 8} The following day, May 30, 2015, appellant's friend dropped off a small, black

gun—an "automatic[, not] a revolver"—at their house for "protection." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 275,

352.) At some point that day, Mr. Elmore, appellant, and Ms. Hager went to get Xanax and

then returned to her house. According to Ms. Hager, Mr. Elmore spoke to one of the people

involved in the robbery on his cell phone and lacked concern doing so. Mr. Elmore had to

return home, so Ms. Hager drove him there and dropped him off.

{¶ 9} The next day, May 31, 2015, a group again came over to appellant and Ms.

Hager's house and discussed the robbery. The group included Mr. Hager, Brady, her

cousins' friend, Ms. Hager's younger brother, Granger, and Granger's girlfriend "Shae."

(Tr. Vol. 2 at 285.) Although no one had been suspicious of Mr. Elmore previously, Ms.

Hager found Mr. Elmore's cell phone in her van and discovered text messages between Mr.

Elmore and the robbers implicating him in the robbery. Ms. Hager told appellant what she

found and gave him Mr. Elmore's phone.

{¶ 10} According to Ms. Hager, appellant shared the information implicating Mr.

Elmore with the group at their house, and the group began talking about "what needed to

happen to [Mr. Elmore]." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 284.) Specifically:

They talked about, you know, inflicting pain on [Mr. Elmore]

from what I heard, but that is just everything was just hyped

up and was saying like, you know, it was fucked up, how

everything happened, and that [Mr. Elmore] needed to, you

know, let us know where these other guys were.

***

They were going to ask [Mr. Elmore] about it, confront him.

(Tr. Vol. 2 at 285-86.) The prosecutor then asked Ms. Hager what the plan was and

indicated she could "use the words if [she could] recall." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 285.) Ms. Hager

answered:

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 4

I mean, there was some talk about, you know, bringing him

back to the house and putting him in the basement and, you

know, basically trying to, you know, do whatever they needed

to do to get the information out of him * * * as far as, you know,

inflicting pain.

(Tr. Vol. 2 at 285-86.) According to Ms. Elmore, Granger did not say much, and it was her

cousins that were "real hyper about it" and feeding off of each other, saying "[c]ome on, we

need to go now." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 287.) At some points in testifying, Ms. Hager agreed there

was a "plan" to bring Mr. Elmore back to the house, put him in the basement, and hurt him

until he talked, and, at other points, Ms. Hager said the conversation was less a plan than

everyone just talking and "saying what needed to happen." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 286, 287.)

Although Ms. Hager assumed they were just going to confront Mr. Elmore, she agreed

violence was on the table.

{¶ 11} Ms. Hager confirmed appellant was part of this conversation and was

coherent—up moving around and talking—despite doing drugs that day. According to Ms.

Hager, there were also "times where we were in the bedroom getting high because we didn't

want everybody to know what we were doing. * * * Me and him both was in and out, you

know. Like I said, I can't – I don't know what conversation took part in the kitchen because

I wasn't there." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 289-90.) Ms. Hager agreed with the statement that appellant

was the person that provided the information about Mr. Elmore's involvement in the

robbery to the group and testified that appellant "didn't disagree" with the plan to "mess

* * * up" Mr. Elmore and went along with the plan. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 371.)

{¶ 12} At some point, when Ms. Hager was in the bedroom, her cousin Brady came

to get her in order to head to Mr. Elmore's house, which was located about six minutes

away. Ms. Hager testified that before getting into the van, Granger retrieved a gun—a silver

revolver—out of his car. Ms. Hager asked Granger if he wanted her to "hold it" and he

declined. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 296.) At that point in time, Ms. Hager did not know her cousin

Brady had appellant's gun as well. The whole group got in Ms. Hager's white van: Ms.

Hager was in the driver's seat, appellant was in the front passenger seat, Shae and Granger

sat in the middle row, and Mr. Hager, Brady, and a friend sat in the back row. Ms. Hager

testified that she drove to Mr. Elmore's house on Willamont Avenue and, once there, went

up to his house and asked for him. According to Ms. Hager, she told Mr. Elmore that his

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 5

phone was in the car and they needed to talk, and Mr. Elmore proceeded back to the van

with her.

{¶ 13} According to Ms. Hager, she got into the driver's seat while Mr. Elmore

walked around to the other side of the van, entered the van, and was in the process of closing

the door when "he got shot." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 300.) She turned around and saw Mr. Elmore

getting "thrown" or "kicked" out of the van by Granger, who said "[g]et the fuck out." (Tr.

Vol. 2 at 300, 301.) Ms. Hager specified that she heard two gunshots but did not see who

shot him.

{¶ 14} Shae screamed, and Ms. Hager drove away. At some point, Granger said "[i]t

had to happen" and her cousin Brady was "backing him up, like, yeah, yeah, yeah." (Tr. Vol.

2 at 305.) Otherwise, the group was silent. Ms. Hager testified she and appellant talked

about getting Mr. Elmore help but did not do it and instead went back to their house.

Appellant, Granger, and Shae went into the house, and Brady went across the street to her

aunt's house. After a discussion that the van "needed to be secluded," Ms. Hager, Mr.

Hager, and his friend put the van into the garage, a "complicated" endeavor since she rarely

used the garage. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 309.)

{¶ 15} Ms. Hager testified that once back at the house, she learned for the first time,

from appellant, that her cousin Brady had appellant's gun in the van during the shooting.

At some point, she found out a description of her van was on the news and overheard

appellant on the phone with Granger discussing "trying to get everything out of the house,"

including appellant saying the gun needed to go in the sewer and discussing the license

plates on the van and cell phones. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 314.) According to Ms. Hager, appellant

then told Ms. Hager to get the tags off the car—30-day paper tags—and burn them, which

she did, and told her to get a couple of numbers off of his phone and then give the phone to

Granger. Granger came back to the house, and Ms. Hager gave appellant's and Mr.

Elmore's cell phones to Granger. Ms. Hager testified that it was her understanding from

hearing appellant speak that the gun and phones were going to be thrown in the sewer.

{¶ 16} Because the police were looking for her van and had her name, appellant and

Ms. Hager then left the Velma Avenue house and stayed with her brother before going to

her dad's house to hide out. Appellant and Ms. Hager were at her dad's house for about one

week; according to Ms. Hager, appellant told her they needed to talk to detectives about

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 6

what happened, but they "never got around to it." (Tr. Vol.2 at 318.) During their time

hiding out, appellant and Ms. Hager met with Granger once: Granger gave appellant some

money and drugs.

{¶ 17} Ms. Hager was arrested in June 2015 and spoke to law enforcement that day

and three times afterward. Ms. Hager admitted that when she first spoke to detectives, she

did not tell them everything she had testified to and had given them "multiple stories"

because she did not want to involve people. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 323.) She provided the detectives

the same basic facts of what happened but left out appellant's involvement in the incident

entirely "[b]ecause he is the father of [her] kids" and also did not discuss the guns. (Tr. Vol.

2 at 323.) She did not reveal appellant's involvement until her last interview with

detectives. In Ms. Hager's view, she "kept information [from police]—[she] wasn't lying.

[She] just withheld information." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 345.)

{¶ 18} Eventually, Ms. Hager signed an agreement to cooperate with the state. Per

the agreement, in exchange for her truthful testimony, Ms. Hager would plead guilty to

abduction and involuntary manslaughter and receive eight years in prison as part of a joint

recommendation. Ms. Hager testified her motivation for testifying included doing the right

thing and bringing closure to Mr. Elmore's family, as well as her desire to get out of prison

and see her children. Ms. Hager testified she had been in jail for about three years, was

sober, and had plans to further her education and get back into her kids' lives.

{¶ 19} Reflecting on Mr. Elmore's shooting, in response to the question "[d]id you

think something bad was going to happen," Ms. Hager testified:

Um, I kind of know how [Mr. Elmore] is, and he is one of those

type of people that would have just been up front with the

situation, like, once you sit down and talk to him. So in my

head I thought it wasn't going to be taken to that extent

because I know him.

(Tr. Vol. 2 at 307.) Ms. Hager testified she did not think Mr. Elmore would be killed, but

there was a possibility he would be hurt if he did not provide them information. Ms. Hager

further testified Brady and Granger never admitted to pulling the trigger specifically.

Rather, they just said "[i]t had to happen and that it was over the fact that they came into

the house and my son was there." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 320.) According to Ms. Hager, appellant

felt terrible that Mr. Elmore was killed, "was affected by it," and showed remorse. (Tr. Vol.

2 at 359.)

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 7

{¶ 20} In addition to calling Ms. Hager to testify, the state also called as a witness

Thomas Gravely, a neighbor of Mr. Elmore. Gravely testified he was sitting on his front

porch when a white truck or van arrived on the street. According to Gravely, a woman got

out of the driver's side and looked "scared to death." (Tr. Vol. 1 at 50.) The woman went to

the house on the corner, brought a man back to the van, and walked to the driver's side

while the man walked to the passenger side. The man stepped to the van by the side door,

Gravely heard two or three shots in quick succession, and the man appeared to be dead and

laying on the ground. The van "took off and went around the corner." (Tr. Vol. 1 at 53.)

Gravely called the police and gave a statement.

{¶ 21} Mr. Elmore's cousin, Kenya Elmore, testified that she lived in the Willamont

Avenue house with Mr. Elmore and her sister. According to Ms. Elmore, Mr. Elmore, who

had previously been involved in drug use, began using drugs again. Ms. Elmore said she

had been introduced to Ms. Hager and appellant through Mr. Elmore and described Ms.

Hager and appellant as "known drug associates" of Mr. Elmore. (Tr. Vol. 1 at 71.) On

May 30, 2015, Ms. Elmore saw appellant with a "gash" or injury on his face. (Tr. Vol. 1 at

77.) The next day, May 31, 2015, Ms. Elmore saw Mr. Elmore get in a white van with

appellant and Ms. Hager around midday and return about one hour later. Mr. Elmore

complained he had left his cell phone in the van. Ms. Elmore testified that later that same

day, around 8:00 p.m., Ms. Hager knocked on the door and asked for Mr. Elmore. Ms.

Elmore and her sister had a conversation about why the van was parked down the street,

about four or five houses down on the opposite side. Mr. Elmore then left with Ms. Hager.

About one minute later, Ms. Elmore's sister yelled for her, and Ms. Elmore saw Mr. Elmore

laying on the ground. Ms. Elmore testified she ran to Mr. Elmore, but he was deceased.

She did not see any blood around the area.

{¶ 22} A homicide detective called by the state testified that appellant eventually

admitted to being in the van and having a plan to bring Mr. Elmore back to the house to

talk to him about the robbery but denied knowing Mr. Elmore would be shot, knowing that

anyone in the van had a gun, or knowing what happen to the van license plates; a video

interview of appellant reflecting this conversation was played for the jury. Detectives called

by the state testified that a shell casing was found close to Mr. Elmore's body, and blood

consistent with Mr. Elmore's DNA was found on the passenger side door frames of the van.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 8

A witness from the Columbus Police Crime Lab testified that the two bullets extracted from

Mr. Elmore's skull were a spent .38 caliber and a spent .25 caliber, which in her opinion

were fired from different guns, and the casing recovered from the scene was a ".380 auto

casing." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 247.) A deputy coroner from the Franklin County Coroner's Office

testified that either bullet wound have been fatal individually.

{¶ 23} Appellant moved for acquittal on all counts under Crim.R. 29; the trial court

denied appellant's motions. Appellant declined to present defense witnesses, and the trial

court proceeded to instruct the jury. The jury was instructed that appellant "may be

convicted as a principal offender or as a complicitor or an aider and abettor to any or all

counts of the specifications of the indictment" and was provided a definition of complicity

that specified appellant must share the same purpose or intent as required by the offense

under consideration. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 537; Apr. 20, 2018 Jury Instructions at 7.) The jury was

instructed that evidence may be direct or circumstantial and does not include the

indictment or opening statements or closing arguments of counsel and that the jury, as the

sole judges of the facts and credibility of the witnesses, may believe or disbelieve all or any

part of the testimony of any witness.

{¶ 24} During deliberations, the trial court received two questions from a member

or members of the jury: "If the outcome of the evening of May 31st changed the original

intent, if the defendant had no knowledge (but he had knowledge of original intent), can

[appellant] be found [guilty of murder for] 'failing to act?' " and "[d]oes complicity overrule

purpose or acting purposefully in Count 1 for murder?" (Tr. Vol. 3 at 600.) The trial court,

without objection, responded by referring the jury back to the definitions of "cause,"

"complicity," and "purpose" provided in the jury instructions.

{¶ 25} The jury ultimately returned verdicts of: guilty as to murder in Count 1 of the

indictment, further finding appellant "DID" have a firearm on or about his person or under

his control while committing the offense; guilty as to murder in Count 2 of the indictment,

further finding appellant "DID" have a firearm on or about his person or under his control

while committing the offense; guilty as to kidnapping in Count 3 of the indictment, further

finding appellant "DID NOT" have a firearm on or about his person or under his control

while committing the offense; and guilty as to tampering with evidence. (Emphasis sic.)

(Apr. 23, 2018 Verdict Forms.)

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 9

{¶ 26} Following a sentencing hearing, for Franklin C.P. No. 15CR-5481, the trial

court merged the two murder counts in the indictment and sentenced appellant to 15 years

to life for murder in Count 1, consecutive to 5 years for kidnapping, consecutive to 36

months mandatory incarceration on the firearm specification on Count 1 for a total

sentence of 23 years to life. The trial court ran the sentence imposed for Franklin C.P. No.

15CR-5481 concurrent to the 36-month term of incarceration imposed for the tampering

with evidence charge in Franklin C.P. No. 15CR-2907.

{¶ 27} Appellant filed timely appeals.

II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

{¶ 28} Appellant assigns the following as trial court error:3

[1.] Prosecutorial misconduct denied Mr. Young a fair trial

and due process of law, in violation of his Fifth, Sixth, and

Fourteenth Amendment rights under the United States

Constitution, Article I, Sections 10 and 16, of the Ohio

Constitution.

[2.] The trial court erred in denying Dante Young's Crim.R.

29 motion for acquittal for murder under R.C. 2903.01(A),

and violated his rights to due process and a fair trial when, in

the absence of sufficient evidence, it convicted him on Count

1. Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, United States

Constitution; Article I, Sections 10 and 16, Ohio Constitution.

[3.] Mr. Young's kidnapping conviction was against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

[4.] Mr. Young's murder convictions under R.C. 2903.01(A)

and (B) were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

[5.] The trial court committed plain error when it allowed

improper hearsay testimony.

[6.] Dante Young was deprived of his constitutional right to

the effective assistance of counsel. Fifth, Sixth, and

Fourteenth Amendments, United States Constitution; Article

I, Sections 10 and 16, Ohio Constitution.

3 Appellant's citation to R.C. 2903.01(A) and (B) in his assignments of error appears to be a typographical

error, as Counts 1 and 2 of the indictment and the jury's finding of guilt on those counts were based on R.C.

2903.02(A) and (B). Throughout this appeal, we will consider appellant's argument against his murder

convictions as a challenge to R.C. 2903.02(A) and (B). In addition, we note this court originally granted

appellant's motion to submit, pro se, one additional assignment of error pertaining to jury instructions and

granted appellant's motion for additional time to file the assignment of error. However, we ordered

appellant's pro se brief stricken for failing to comply with this court's entry.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 10

III. LEGAL ANALYSIS

A. Appellant's First Assignment of Error

{¶ 29} In his first assignment of error, appellant contends he was denied due process

of law due to prosecutorial misconduct. For the following reasons, we find the instances of

prosecutorial conduct identified by appellant, viewed in isolation or collectively, do not rise

to the level of plain error warranting reversal of his convictions.

{¶ 30} "When reviewing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, the test for

appellate courts is whether the prosecutor's conduct was improper, and if so, whether that

conduct prejudicially affected the substantial rights of the accused." State v. R.I.H., 10th

Dist. No. 18AP-93, 2019-Ohio-2189, ¶ 44, citing State v. Pilgrim, 184 Ohio App.3d 675,

2009-Ohio-5357, ¶ 57 (10th Dist.). " '[T]he touchstone of due process analysis in cases of

alleged prosecutorial misconduct is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the

prosecutor.' " (Internal quotations and citations omitted.) R.I.H. at ¶ 44, quoting State v.

Wilkerson, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-1127, 2002-Ohio-5416, ¶ 38.

{¶ 31} Appellant specifically argues: (1) the prosecutor "made improper statements

in its opening [statement] and in voir dire that eviscerated the presumption of innocence";

(2) "failed to correct a material falsehood that occurred during the testimony of the State's

key witness"; and (3) vouched for the credibility of its own key witness. (Appellant's Brief

at 5.) Appellant did not object to these alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct, but

he argues reversal is nevertheless required under the plain error standard of review since,

given that his convictions "hinged entirely on the credibility of one State's witness," there is

a reasonable probability the prosecutorial misconduct affected the outcome of the trial.

(Appellant's Brief at 5.)

{¶ 32} We will exercise our discretion and proceed to address appellant's arguments

under the plain error standard of review. A court will find plain error only when (1) there

was an error, (2) the error was "plain," i.e., obvious, and (3) the error "affected substantial

rights." State v. Tench, 156 Ohio St.3d 85, 2018-Ohio-5205, ¶ 217, citing State v. Barnes,

94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002). State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 22

(specifying third prong employs "the same deferential standard for reviewing ineffective

assistance of counsel claims"). "[T]he accused bears the burden of proof to demonstrate

plain error on the record." Id., citing State v. Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 11

4034, ¶ 16. "But even if an accused shows that the trial court committed plain error

affecting the outcome of the proceeding, an appellate court is not required to correct it; we

have admonish[ed] courts to notice plain error with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice." (Emphasis sic;

citation omitted.) Rogers at ¶ 23.

1. Improper Statements in Voir Dire and Opening Statement

{¶ 33} Appellant contends the prosecutor improperly branded both Ms. Hager and

appellant as "pirates" throughout voir dire and "partner[s] in crime" once during opening

statements, thus portraying appellant as a criminal not entitled to the presumption of

innocence. (Appellant's Brief at 8, 9.) Appellant also contends the prosecutor within this

exchange implied appellant either killed or intimidated potential witnesses.

{¶ 34} The relevant exchange during voir dire occurred when the prosecutor asked

a prospective juror to describe a pirate, then stated "[d]oes anyone here like pirates?

They're criminals on the high seas, right?" (Voir Dire Tr. at 74.) The prosecutor then asked

the juror how he would prosecute the pirates, for example "Blackbeard," given pirates leave

no physical evidence or witnesses behind. (Voir Dire Tr. at 75.) The prosecutor agreed with

the juror's answer that they would call other pirates as witnesses, stating "[c]all the other

pirates, right? That is all we have left, right? Does that make sense to everybody? The

pirates got rid of all of the other witnesses. All we can do is turn some of the pirates against

the other pirate. Right?" (Voir Dire Tr. at 75.)

{¶ 35} As an example, the prosecutor asked the juror whether he thought

"Bluebeard," who "agree[d] to work with us and prosecute Blackbeard, who is the captain

on the ship," would want "something in exchange for testifying against Blackbeard," and

whether it would bother the juror if Bluebeard got a deal or whether the juror would still

listen to Bluebeard. (Voir Dire Tr. at 75-76.) The prosecutor then asked the whole group

whether anybody was not "going to be willing to listen to a pirate, period" or whether they

would "give them a fair shake." (Voir Dire Tr. at 78.) Later, during the state's opening

statement at trial, the prosecutor told the jury:

[Y]ou are going to meet Chiquetta Hager. She is our pirate.

And we are going to be honest with you about her. She got a

deal. We made that deal with Chiquetta, hundred percent.

But she did take ownership of what she did, and she will be

punished for what she did, but she did get a deal.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 12

***

Chiquetta is the mother of [appellant's] children. She was his

partner in crime. She was with him since she was 17. They

were together a long time. * * * [S]he was there, she was with

him.

She is our pirate. Again, I ask that you listen to her with an

open mind.

(Tr. Vol. 1 at 36-37.)

{¶ 36} Appellant has not provided legal authority specific to prosecutorial

misconduct during voir dire generally or the impropriety of a prosecutor stating its key

witness and the defendant were partners in crime, or using a similar analogy, when

pursuing a guilty verdict by way of complicity. Nevertheless, we disagree with appellant

that the statements "eviscerated the presumption of innocence" or otherwise rendered

appellant's trial unfair warranting reversal on the facts of this case. (Appellant's Brief at 5.)

{¶ 37} Within the full context of the voir dire transcript, the prosecutor made it clear

that the state pursued a theory of the case in which defendant was guilty as an aider and

abettor as part of a larger group and was attempting to see whether any potential juror

would "automatically discount" a witness because he or she was involved in the crime or

received a plea deal. (Voir Dire Tr. at 79.) Likewise, during the opening statement and at

trial, the jurors were made aware the state pursued a theory of guilt by way of complicity in

which appellant admittingly did not pull the trigger of the gun but aided and abetted those

who did. The trial court specifically instructed the jury that opening statements are "not

evidence, but * * * a road map in order for both parties to provide you with what they believe

the evidence is going to show throughout the trial." (Tr. Vol. 1 at 34.) Throughout the trial,

the state presented evidence in support of the aider and abettor theory. Furthermore, we

do not find the prosecutor's reference to pirates getting rid of witnesses, within the context

of the voir dire questioning and considering the full record, rendered appellant's trial

unfair.

{¶ 38} In other words, the context of the statements shows the prosecutor's

comments presented the jury a theory it would attempt to prove, rather than a statement

as to appellant's criminality that destroyed his presumption of innocence, as contended by

appellant. On this record, we find appellant has not demonstrated plain error in regard to

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 13

the prosecutor's pirate analogy and "partner[s] in crime" reference. (Appellant's Brief at

8.)

2. Failure to Correct A Material Falsehood

{¶ 39} Appellant contends Ms. Hager testified at trial that "she would have to serve

eight years, and that her sentence would not be subject to reduction through judicial

release," and the prosecutor was aware this was a false statement and had a duty to correct

it. (Appellant's Brief at 9.) Specifically, appellant argues the state was aware Ms. Hager

pleaded guilty to abduction and involuntary manslaughter, neither of which, according to

appellant, involved mandatory prison time. In appellant's view, given Ms. Hager was

sentenced to eight years, she could apply for release after five years under R.C.

2929.20(C)(4),4 which given her time served, Ms. Hager could theoretically apply for

release approximately two years after her testimony.

{¶ 40} "The knowing use of false or perjured testimony constitutes a denial of due

process if there is any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could have affected the

judgment of the jury." (Citation omitted.) State v. Iacona, 93 Ohio St.3d 83, 97 (2001).

"Such a claim is in the nature of an allegation of prosecutorial misconduct, and the burden

is on the defendant to show that (1) the statement was actually false; (2) the statement was

material; and (3) the prosecution knew it was false." (Internal quotation omitted.) Id.

{¶ 41} Here, a pretrial hearing shows the state recognized that a co-defendant,

presumably Ms. Hager, received a plea deal whereby she pled guilty to "abduction and

involuntary manslaughter and is receiving a [joint] recommendation of eight years."

(May 31, 2017 Tr. at 12.) During direct questioning by the prosecutor at trial, Ms. Hager

said she agreed to a plea deal requiring her to "testify and do the eight years" of prison after

pleading guilty to abduction and manslaughter. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 262, 265.) The prosecutor

followed up by asking "you have not been sentenced yet, but the agreement is that you are

going to get eight years in prison," and Ms. Hager replied in the affirmative. (Tr. Vol. 2 at

4 R.C. 2929.20(C)(4) states "[i]f the aggregated nonmandatory prison term or terms is more than five years

but not more than ten years, the eligible offender may file the motion not earlier than the date on which the

eligible offender has served five years of the offender's stated prison term or, if the prison term includes a

mandatory prison term or terms, not earlier than five years after the expiration of all mandatory prison terms."

We note that under R.C. 2929.14(A)(1)(b), "[f]or a felony of the first degree committed prior to [March 22,

2019], the prison term shall be a definite prison term of three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or eleven

years." See also R.C. 2929.01(X) (defining mandatory prison term to include terms imposed under R.C.

2929.14(B)).

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 14

263.) The prosecutor discussed with Ms. Hager, and offered into evidence, the proffer

letter, plea agreement, and guilty plea, which is dated November 3, 2015. The guilty plea

form shows Ms. Hager's plea of guilty to abduction, a third-degree felony, and involuntary

manslaughter, a first-degree felony, and marks only the sentence imposed for the

involuntary manslaughter charge (which, per the joint recommendation, is five years) as a

"mandatory prison term." (Entry of Guilty Plea at 1.) Ms. Hager then agreed with the

prosecutor that part of her motive for cooperating was that she "will get out after [her] eight

years, [she] will get to see [her] children [after that]." (Tr. at 266.)

{¶ 42} The statement appellant contends is materially false then occurred during

cross-examination of Ms. Hager by appellant's counsel:

Q. Okay. And did you sign something called a proffer letter?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. What is your understanding exactly of what a

proffer letter is?

A. An agreement to a plea.

Q. And what is the agreement?

A. To testify in exchange for a certain amount of time.

Q. And what was that amount of time?

A. Eight years.

Q. All right. You remember that. Do you remember whether

that was flat time or whether it was time credited for the part

you had already done?

A. Flat time. But they said that for the time that I have been

incarcerated would count.

Q. Okay. And did they ever talk to you about judicial release?

A. No.

Q. Do you know about judicial release?

A. I know what it is, but I don't qualify for it. It wasn't an

option for me.

Q. Why not?

A. It just was never brought up.

Q. So you don't know whether you qualify or not?

A. Well, I asked my attorney whether there was a way I would

get out earlier, and he said no.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 15

Q. But you did believe you are getting credit for the time you

served?

A. Yes.

(Tr. Vol. 2 at 345-47.) Later, in rebuttal on closing arguments, the prosecutor stated "[y]ou

know [Ms. Hager] has a motive to tell the truth. She got a deal. * * * She gets her eight

years, she is out and gets to see her kids. It is a pretty good motive to tell the truth." (Tr.

Vol. 3 at 584.)

{¶ 43} Based on this record, even assuming, arguendo, that not all of Ms. Hager's

eight-year sentence is mandatory, contrary to appellant's argument we do not consider the

cited testimony to be a material falsehood. First, the cited statement is not plainly a false

statement. Ms. Hager's testimony arguably encompasses her personal belief that she did

not qualify for judicial release based on her conversations with her attorney. See Iacona at

97 (finding no prosecutorial misconduct where the witness gave an answer as far as he

knew, which was "by its own terms, limited to his own personal knowledge"). Second, Ms.

Hager testified she was motivated to tell the truth at least in part by her desire to complete

her sentence and get out of jail, and we fail to see how the state's not clarifying her ability

to potentially get out of jail sooner materially affected this proceeding on this record. Third,

the jury had available for reference, as an admitted exhibit, Ms. Hager's guilty plea form

that shows the particulars of Ms. Hager's sentence. Thus, even if the prosecutor had a duty

to clarify Ms. Hager's statement on judicial release, we cannot say the failure to do affected

appellant's substantial rights. Considering all the above, we find appellant has not

demonstrated plain error in regard to the prosecutor failing to correct Ms. Hager's

statement on judicial release.

3. Vouching for Key Witness

{¶ 44} Appellant argues the prosecutor improperly vouched for its primary witness,

Ms. Hager, during closing argument, and the jury may have believed the prosecutor was

basing her statements either on evidence outside of the record or her years of experience.

According to appellant, there is "no reason to believe that the jury did not consider that

information when making its credibility determination regarding Ms. Hager's testimony."

(Emphasis sic.) (Appellant's Brief at 11.)

{¶ 45} Prosecutors are afforded considerable latitude in closing arguments. State v.

Dillon, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-1211, 2005-Ohio-4124, ¶ 50, citing State v. Ballew, 76 Ohio

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 16

St.3d 244, 255 (1996). A prosecutor's isolated comments are not to be taken out of context

and given their most damaging meaning. State v. Noling, 98 Ohio St.3d 44, 2002-Ohio-

7044, ¶ 94, citing Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 647 (1974). Rather, an appellate

court must review a closing argument in its entirety to determine whether prejudicial error

occurred. Noling at ¶ 94, citing State v. Frazier, 73 Ohio St.3d 323, 342 (1995). Moreover,

"[i]n closing argument, a prosecutor may comment on ' "what the evidence has shown and

what reasonable inferences may be drawn therefrom." ' " Dillon at ¶ 50, quoting State v.

Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 165 (1990), quoting State v. Stephens, 24 Ohio St.2d 76, 82 (1970).

{¶ 46} However, "[i]t is improper for an attorney to express his or her personal belief

or opinion as to the credibility of a witness." State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d 1, 12 (1997).

Conversely, a prosecutor may comment on the testimony and suggest the conclusions to be

drawn from it. State v. Crossty, 12th Dist. No. CA2008-03-070, 2009-Ohio-2800, ¶ 45;

State v. Oteng, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-466, 2015-Ohio-1231, ¶ 83. In doing so, the prosecutor

may express his or her personal opinion if he bases that opinion on the evidence presented

in court. State v. Shine-Johnson, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-194, 2018-Ohio-3347, ¶ 88, citing

State v. Belmonte, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-373, 2011-Ohio-1334, ¶ 31; State v. Keenan, 66 Ohio

St.3d 402, 408 (1993). Relatedly, improper " '[v]ouching occurs when the prosecutor

implies knowledge of facts outside the record or places his or her personal credibility in

issue.' " State v. Thompson, 141 Ohio St.3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, ¶ 200, quoting State v.

Davis, 116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008-Ohio-2, ¶ 232.

{¶ 47} Appellant specifically argues the prosecutor improperly vouched for the

credibility of Ms. Hager when she told the jury "[s]he didn't lie. * * * She never lied. * * *

She is believable," and "[s]he told you the truth of what she knew." (Tr. Vol. 3 at 578, 584,

587.) Within the larger context of these cited passages, the prosecutor states:

Chiquetta Hager took four times to give up [appellant]. That

is credible. That makes sense. You heard about their

relationship. You heard about their history. You saw the

matching tattoos. Okay? It took her a while. And you heard

about her statements and you heard from her and the

detective. She didn't lie. She just was reluctant to give him

up. She never lied. She just kind of omitted his involvement.

***

She was in a good place with him. She has no reason to lie

against him. If she had some deep, dark motive against him,

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 17

she would have made it worse. She would have said: Yeah, I

sat at that table and I heard every word he said; or, yeah, he

was the one with the gun who shot him in the car.

She told you the truth of what she knew. She told you she

didn't want to tell us because she was trying to protect him.

You saw her testimony. You saw her demeanor. You know it

was visibly hard for her to come in here and do this.

***

Now, Ms. Van Culin went over the instructions, so I don't want

to go over it in too much detail, but I want to highlight what is

important for you to consider. Okay? * * *

One witness if believed by you is sufficient to prove any fact.

We talked about it in voir dire. You all said you were okay with

that. She is our pirate. She is our witness. She is believable.

She tells you what he did. Okay?

(Emphasis added.) (Tr. Vol. 3 at 578, 584, 587.)

{¶ 48} In Thompson, the Supreme Court of Ohio determined the prosecutor did not

vouch for the credibility of a witness where the comment was essentially an argument "that

no evidence on the record undermined [the witness's] truthfulness." Id. at ¶ 200.

Furthermore, as previously stated, even if the prosecutor expresses a personal opinion on

the truthfulness of a witness, reversable error does not automatically result where the trial

was nonetheless fair or where plain error is not demonstrated by the appellant. Wilkerson,

2002-Ohio-5416.

{¶ 49} For example, in State v. Kiser, 4th Dist. No. 15CA25, 2016-Ohio-5307, ¶ 31,

the Fourth District Court of Appeals found the prosecutor's statement during closing

argument, "[the victim] I think has come up, testified to you very honestly at what she saw

and what she didn't, there's no reason to doubt her testimony here," to not rise to the level

of prosecutorial misconduct meriting a new trial under plain error standard review within

context of the entire trial. See also State v. Alfieri, 132 Ohio App.3d 69, 84-85

(3d.Dist.1998) (finding that although prosecutor's act of personally vouching for the

credibility of the state's witness constituted misconduct, in the context of the full closing

argument and trial, the defendant was not deprived of a fair trial).

{¶ 50} Here, within a larger context, the prosecutor's statements "[s]he didn't lie.

* * * She never lied" related to Ms. Hager's prior testimony attempting to explain her

evolving story to police and her initial holding back of appellant's presence and

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 18

involvement. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 578.) The prosecutor's statement "[s]he told you the truth of

what she knew" refers back to Ms. Hager's testimony that she was in and out of the kitchen

when the discussion to deal with Mr. Elmore took place. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 584.) Finally, the

prosecutor's statement "[s]he is believable" specifically recalled the jury instruction on

sufficiency of the evidence based on one witness, if believed. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 587.)

Furthermore, the jury was instructed:

You are the sole judges of the facts, the credibility of the

witnesses and the weight of the evidence. * * * You will apply

the tests of truthfulness which you apply in your daily lives.

These tests include the appearance of each witness upon the

stand; the witness' manner of testifying; the reasonableness of

the testimony; the opportunity the witness had to see, hear

and know the things concerning the testimony; the accuracy

of the witness' memory; frankness or lack of it; intelligence,

interest and bias, if any, together with all of the facts and

circumstances surrounding the testimony. Applying these

tests you will assign to the testimony of each witness such

weight as you deem proper.

***

* * * It is your province to determine what testimony is worthy

of belief and what testimony is not worthy of belief.

(Tr. Vol. 3 at 531-32.) The jury was also instructed to weigh the testimony of an accomplice

"with grave caution" and that "[i]t is for you, as jurors, in the light of all of the facts

presented to you from the witness stand, to evaluate such testimony and to determine its

quality and worth or its lack of quality and worth." (Tr. Vol. 3 at 535.) "We presume that

the jury followed the court's instructions." Thompson, 2014-Ohio-4751, at ¶ 192; Shine-

Johnson, 2018-Ohio-3347, at ¶ 91-92. We further note that the defense at least in part

argued its case based on the credibility of Ms. Hager, particularly her statements

concerning her and appellant's alleged lack of awareness that Mr. Elmore would be shot.

Considering all the above, we find appellant has not demonstrated plain error in regard to

the prosecutor improperly vouching for a witness.

{¶ 51} Overall, based on a review of the record and considering the complained of

statements within the context of the entire trial, we cannot conclude that the prosecutor's

statements, in isolation or cumulatively, when reviewed under the plain error standard,

rose to the level of prosecutorial misconduct meriting a new trial.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 19

{¶ 52} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first assignment of error.

B. Appellant's Second Assignment of Error

{¶ 53} In his second assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in

denying appellant's Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal for murder under R.C. 2903.02(A) and

violated his rights to due process and a fair trial when, in the absence of sufficient evidence,

it convicted him on Count 1 of the indictment. For the following reasons, we disagree with

appellant.

{¶ 54} Crim.R. 29(A) provides: "The court on motion of a defendant or on its own

motion, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of

acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment * * * if the evidence is

insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses." "Because a Crim.R. 29

motion questions the sufficiency of the evidence, '[w]e apply the same standard of review

to Crim.R. 29 motions as we use in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.' " State v.

Brown, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-935, 2016-Ohio-7944, ¶ 27, quoting State v. Hernandez, 10th

Dist. No. 09AP-125, 2009-Ohio-5128, ¶ 6; State v. Tenace, 109 Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-

2417, ¶ 37. Sufficiency of the evidence is a legal standard that tests whether the evidence is

legally adequate to support a verdict. State v. Kurtz, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-382, 2018-Ohio-

3942, ¶ 15, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). Whether the evidence

is legally sufficient to support a verdict is a question of law, not fact. Kurtz at ¶ 15. "In

determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction, ' "[t]he

relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

proven beyond a reasonable doubt." ' " Id., quoting State v. Robinson, 124 Ohio St.3d 76,

2009-Ohio-5937, ¶ 34, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of

the syllabus. "A verdict will not be disturbed unless, after viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the prosecution, it is apparent that reasonable minds could not reach the

conclusion reached by the trier of fact." State v. Patterson, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-1117, 2016-

Ohio-7130, ¶ 32, citing State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 484 (2001).

{¶ 55} "In a sufficiency of the evidence inquiry, appellate courts do not assess

whether the prosecution's evidence is to be believed but whether, if believed, the evidence

supports the conviction." Kurtz at ¶ 16, citing State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 20

Ohio-2126, ¶ 79-80 (evaluation of witness credibility not proper on review for sufficiency

of evidence); State v. Bankston, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-668, 2009-Ohio-754, ¶ 4 (noting that

"in a sufficiency of the evidence review, an appellate court does not engage in a

determination of witness credibility; rather, it essentially assumes the state's witnesses

testified truthfully and determines if that testimony satisfies each element of the crime").

"Further, 'the testimony of one witness, if believed by the jury, is enough to support a

conviction.' " Patterson at ¶ 33, quoting State v. Strong, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-874, 2011-

Ohio-1024, ¶ 42. See also State v. Clark, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-926, 2016-Ohio-5493, ¶ 25.

{¶ 56} R.C. 2903.02(A) states, in pertinent part, "[n]o person shall purposely cause

the death of another." At trial, the state argued appellant was guilty of purposeful murder

under R.C. 2903.02(A) under the theory of complicity. R.C. 2923.03(A) defines the offense

of complicity, in relevant part, as follows:

No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the

commission of an offense, shall do any of the following:

***

(2) Aid or abet another in committing the offense.

"[T]o support a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting pursuant to R.C.

2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted,

encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the

crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal." State v. Johnson,

93 Ohio St.3d 240, 245-46 (2001) " '[T]he mere presence of an accused at the scene of a

crime is not sufficient to prove, in and of itself, that the accused was an aider and abettor.' "

Id. at 243, quoting State v. Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d 267, 269 (1982). Aiding and abetting

may be shown by both direct and circumstantial evidence, and participation may be

inferred from presence, companionship, and conduct before and after the offense is

committed. Johnson at 245.

{¶ 57} Appellant argues the record of the case is devoid of any evidence that

appellant's purpose was to kill Mr. Elmore. At best, appellant believes the state's evidence

established that Mr. Elmore's killing was a purposeful act by Granger and Brady, but no

evidence showed that Granger and Brady formed that mental state before Mr. Elmore

started to get into the van, and no evidence showed that appellant was aware of their

purpose at any time or shared that purpose. To the contrary, appellant points out Ms.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 21

Hager testified "she 'didn't think they were going to kill [Mr. Elmore].' " (Appellant's Reply

Brief at 6.)

{¶ 58} Appellant further argues a question by the jury during deliberations

demonstrates no evidence showed appellant had knowledge that Granger and Brady

intended to kill Mr. Elmore. As previously provided, the jury question stated "[i]f the

outcome of the evening of May 31st changed the original intent, if the defendant had no

knowledge (but he had knowledge of original intent), can [appellant] be found [guilty of

murder for] 'failing to act?' " (Tr. Vol. 3 at 600.) According to appellant, this question

indicates the jurors believed the original intent was "merely to deceive Mr. Elmore into a

conversation about the May 29, 2015 robbery, and possibly cause physical harm to him"

and not to kill Mr. Elmore, and appellant could nonetheless be convicted of murder for

"failing to act" to stop Granger and Brady. (Appellant's Brief at 15.) Appellant notes that

the idea that appellant had a duty to act presumably arose from the jury instruction

regarding causation, which was not tailored to the evidence and should not have been given

to the jury.

{¶ 59} The state argues, based on the evidence presented, the charge of purposeful

murder on a theory of complicity is supported by sufficient evidence. Specifically, the state

contends appellant's intent to kill Mr. Elmore can be inferred from circumstances

surrounding the shooting and appellant's subsequent conduct. The state argues the jury

question is irrelevant to the question of sufficiency but notes there is no reason to believe

this view represented the ultimate view of the entire jury. Alternatively, the state argues

that even if there is a lack of sufficient evidence as to Count 1 (purposeful murder), this

would be harmless considering appellant was convicted of the same offense on an

alternative basis in Count 2 (felony murder).

{¶ 60} In this case, it is undisputed that appellant did not fire the shot that killed Mr.

Elmore, and the issue presented on appeal centers on whether appellant shared the

criminal intent of the principal offenders. The criminal intent necessary to convict a

defendant of murder under R.C. 2903.02(A) is "purposely." "A person acts purposely when

it is the person's specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense

is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends

to accomplish thereby, it is the offender's specific intention to engage in conduct of that

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 22

nature." R.C. 2901.22(A). "It is a fundamental principle that a person is presumed to

intend the natural, reasonable and probable consequences of his voluntary acts." State v.

Johnson, 56 Ohio St.2d 35, 39 (1978). "Purpose or intent can be established by

circumstantial evidence * * * and by the surrounding facts and circumstances in the case."

State ex rel. Brust v. Mohr, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-275, 2018-Ohio-1067, ¶ 12.

{¶ 61} In this case, the state presented evidence that appellant was the victim of the

violent home invasion robbery orchestrated in part by Mr. Elmore, provided all the

information regarding the robbery and Mr. Elmore's involvement to the group, was present

during the group's discussion of Mr. Elmore, provided one of the guns used by the shooters,

rode in the van with the group to the scene of the crime, fled the scene of the crime with the

group, failed to alert law enforcement of the shooting, engaged in multiple acts in an

attempt to cover up the crime, hid for one week after the crime, and initially lied to law

enforcement regarding being in the van when the shooting occurred.

{¶ 62} This court has previously held the defendant's relationship with the victim,

fleeing the scene of the crime with the principal offender, failing to report the crime, and

assisting in attempting to cover up the crime serve as evidence the defendant shared the

principal offender's purpose to kill the victim. State v. Dortch, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-125,

2012-Ohio-6196, ¶ 30-33, appeal not allowed, 135 Ohio St.3d 1434, 2013-Ohio-1857

(finding evidence that defendant fled the scene of the crime with the principal offender,

discussed the shooting on his cell phone and changed clothes immediately after the

shooting, and did not report the shooting to police to support conviction for murder under

R.C. 2903.02(A) under a complicity theory); State v. Hayes, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-2, 2014-

Ohio-5295, ¶ 18, appeal not allowed, 142 Ohio St.3d 1518, 2015-Ohio-2341 (disagreeing

with defendant's argument that he was merely present when a robbery accomplice shot a

victim where the defendant had cooperated with the accomplice in planning the robbery,

was present when his companions pointed the gun at the victim during the course of the

robbery, and the appellant fled the scene with the shooter and other accomplices); State v.

Horton, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-665, 2005-Ohio-458, ¶ 33 (citing to evidence that defendant

assisted in disposing of accomplice's clothing the day after the victim was killed in support

of defendant's shared criminal intent to murder the victim).

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 23

{¶ 63} Furthermore, given that a gun is an "inherently dangerous instrumentality,

the use of which is reasonably likely to produce death," the Supreme Court and this court

have found a defendant's knowledge that a gun will be used to commit a crime, or the

defendant's assistance in providing a gun to commit a crime, to be evidence that the

defendant shared the principal offender's intent to commit murder. Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d

at 270 (finding a jury could reasonably infer that defendant formed the specific intention

to commit murder and aided a car passenger in the commission of attempted murder where

record evidence showed the defendant knew that the passenger was in possession of a gun

and, after the passenger fired at a police officer, took intentional evasive actions); State v.

Hall, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-939, 2009-Ohio-2277, ¶ 27 (finding, although the original plan

was to not kill the victim, evidence that the defendant helped plan a robbery, drove the car

to the scene, knew an accomplice was going to use a firearm to rob an armed man, and fled

the scene with the accomplices was sufficient to support the murder conviction under a

complicity theory); State v. Mitchell, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-756, 2011-Ohio-3818, ¶ 29

(finding the jury could reasonably infer the defendant's purpose to kill from the fact that he

gave his accomplice a gun during the execution of the plan to steal from the victim and his

flight from the scene and disposal of the guns after the shooting "demonstrate[d] furtive

conduct reflective of a consciousness of guilt"); State v. Horton, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-855,

2014-Ohio-2785, ¶ 14 (evidence that the defendant retrieved a gun from his mother's house

prior to travelling to the victim's house, "if believed, demonstrated that, if appellant was not

the principal offender, he aided and abetted his brother in the commission of the crime").

See also Brust, 2018-Ohio-1067, at ¶ 12 ("The specific intent to kill may be reasonably

inferred from the fact that a firearm is an inherently dangerous instrument, the use of which

is likely to produce death.").

{¶ 64} Moreover, appellant's citation to the transcript where Ms. Hager confirms

they "[d]idn't think they were going to kill [Mr. Elmore]" does not render the evidence

presented by the state insufficient in this case. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 374.) First, "[i]ntent cannot

be proven by the direct testimony of a third person; rather, it can be inferred from the

surrounding facts and circumstances of the crime." State v. Maynard, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-

697, 2012-Ohio-2946, ¶ 28. Second, even if Hager's testimony is believed, this testimony

reflects her assessment of the intent of the group at the house when she heard a discussion

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 24

of abducting Mr. Elmore, bringing him back to the house, and inflicting pain on him.

However, Ms. Hager admitted she did not hear the entire conversation and, in particular,

did not know Brady had appellant's gun until appellant told her so after the shooting. Third,

to the extent Ms. Hager's testimony can be viewed as conflicting with the circumstantial

evidence presented by the state, the resolution of such conflict is within the sole province

of the trier of fact and, as such, is not a question of law appropriate for resolution under a

sufficiency analysis. Hall at ¶ 25.

{¶ 65} Overall, we find the record evidence of this case, construed in the state's favor,

shows appellant's involvement in Mr. Elmore's murder extended well beyond his "mere

presence" during the shooting. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d at 243. After viewing the evidence

in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of purposeful murder proven beyond a reasonable doubt under a

complicity theory.

{¶ 66} Finally, appellant has not explained how the question from the jury or the

instruction on causation support reversal under a review of the sufficiency of the evidence

where, as is the case here, appellant's conviction for murder under R.C. 2903.02(A) is

supported by legally sufficient evidence under a complicity theory under R.C.

2923.03(A)(2). Therefore, we find appellant has not demonstrated reversable error

regarding the sufficiency of the evidence in light of jury question and instruction on

causation. State v. Sims, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1025, 2016-Ohio-4763, ¶ 11 (stating general

rule that an appellant bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating error on appeal);

State v. Hubbard, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-945, 2013-Ohio-2735, ¶ 34 ("An appellant must

support their assignments of error with an argument, which includes citation to legal

authority."), citing App.R. 16(A)(7) and 12(A)(2); State v. Smith, 9th Dist. No. 15AP0001n,

2017-Ohio-359, ¶ 22 (noting that it is not the duty of an appellate court to create an

argument on an appellant's behalf).

{¶ 67} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's second assignment of error.

C. Appellant's Third Assignment of Error

{¶ 68} In his third assignment of error, appellant contends his kidnapping

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the following reasons, we

disagree.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 25

{¶ 69} "Even though supported by sufficient evidence, a conviction may still be

reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence." State v. McCombs, 10th

Dist. No. 15AP-245, 2015-Ohio-3848, ¶ 3, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. "While

sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy regarding whether the evidence is legally

sufficient to support the verdict as a matter of law, the criminal manifest weight of the

evidence standard addresses the evidence's effect of inducing belief." State v. Cassell, 10th

Dist. No. 08AP-1093, 2010-Ohio-1881, ¶ 38.

{¶ 70} "When presented with a manifest-weight challenge, an appellate court may

not merely substitute its view for that of the trier of fact but must review the entire record,

weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and

determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and

a new trial ordered." Patterson, 2016-Ohio-7130, at ¶ 34, citing Thompkins at 387, citing

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). An appellate court should reserve

reversal of a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence for only the

most " 'exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.' "

Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.

{¶ 71} In conducting a manifest weight of the evidence review, we may consider the

credibility of the witnesses. State v. Cattledge, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-105, 2010-Ohio-4953,

¶ 6. However, in conducting such review, "we are guided by the presumption that the jury,

or the trial court in a bench trial, 'is best able to view the witnesses and observe their

demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the

credibility of the proffered testimony.' " Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland,

10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984). "Accordingly, we afford great deference to the jury's

determination of witness credibility." State v. Albert, 10th Dist. No 14AP-30, 2015-Ohio-

249, ¶ 14. "Mere disagreement over the credibility of witnesses is not a sufficient reason to

reverse a judgment on manifest weight grounds." State v. Harris, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-770,

2014-Ohio-2501, ¶ 25, discretionary appeal not allowed, 140 Ohio St.3d 1455, 2014-Ohio-

4414, citing State v. G.G., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-188, 2012-Ohio-5902, ¶ 7.

{¶ 72} Appellant was found guilty of committing kidnapping, in violation of R.C.

2905.01(A), which states in pertinent part:

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 26

No person, by force, threat, or deception * * * shall remove

another from the place where the other person is found or

restrain the liberty of the other person, for any of the following

purposes:

***

(2) To facilitate the commission of any felony5 or flight

thereafter;

(3) To terrorize, or to inflict serious physical harm on the

victim or another.

A defendant may be found guilty of kidnapping if the defendant acted in complicity with

the principal offenders as an aider and abetter under R.C. 2923.03(A)(2). See Horton,

2005-Ohio-458, at ¶ 26-28. Under this theory, the revised code proscribes that "[n]o

person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall

* * * [a]id or abet another in committing the offense." R.C. 2923.03(A)(2). "[T]o support

a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting pursuant to R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), the

evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted, encouraged, cooperated with,

advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the crime, and that the defendant

shared the criminal intent of the principal." Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d at 245-46. " '[T]he

mere presence of an accused at the scene of a crime is not sufficient to prove, in and of itself,

that the accused was an aider and abettor.' " Id. at 243, quoting Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d at

269. Aiding and abetting may be shown by both direct and circumstantial evidence, and

participation may be inferred from presence, companionship, and conduct before and after

the offense is committed. Johnson at 245.

{¶ 73} In this appeal, appellant challenges the second part of R.C. 2905.01(A): the

lack of evidence of appellant's purpose under either R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) or (3). Specifically,

appellant argues that "a reasonable factfinder could not conclude beyond a reasonable

doubt that even if [appellant] was aware that Mr. Elmore was going to be expected to

answer questions about the robbery that occurred two days prior, he would have also

believed that harm would necessarily befall Mr. Elmore as a result of that questioning."

(Appellant's Brief at 18.) Appellant argues that "Ms. Hager did not believe that Mr. Elmore

would be harmed, thus it is unreasonable to conclude that [appellant] believed so, or

5 Per the November 6, 2015 indictment: "[T]o wit: Felonious Assault and/or Murder."

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 27

believed that a felony was being facilitated by having Mr. Elmore come to the van."

(Appellant's Brief at 18.) Appellant cites to the following excerpt of Ms. Hager's testimony:

Q. Did you think something bad was going to happen?

A. Um, I kind of know how [Mr. Elmore] is, and he is one of

those type of people that would have just been up front with

the situation, like, once you sit down and talk to him. So in

my head I though it want's going to be taken to that extent

because I know him.

(Tr. Vol. 2 at 307.)

{¶ 74} Here, the state presented evidence that appellant was present during the

group's discussion of Mr. Elmore, in which they brought up taking Mr. Elmore back to the

basement and physically harming him and supplied one of the guns to be used in

encountering Mr. Elmore. Appellant also rode in the van with the group to the scene of the

crime, fled the scene of the crime with the group, failed to alert law enforcement of the

shooting, engaged in multiple acts in an attempt to cover up the crime, hid for a week after

the crime, and initially lied to law enforcement regarding being in the van when the

shooting occurred. On this record, a reasonable factfinder could conclude beyond a

reasonable doubt that appellant believed Mr. Elmore would be seriously harmed or that a

felony would be facilitated by having Ms. Hager have Mr. Elmore exit his home and enter

the van where the armed group waited. Appellant's argument to the contrary lacks merit.

{¶ 75} Having reviewed the entire record, we cannot say the jury clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that appellant's kidnapping conviction

must be reversed. Therefore, appellant's kidnapping conviction is not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

{¶ 76} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's third assignment of error.

D. Appellant's Fourth Assignment of Error

{¶ 77} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant contends his murder convictions

under R.C. 2903.02(A) and (B) were against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the

following reasons, we disagree with appellant.

{¶ 78} "Even though supported by sufficient evidence, a conviction may still be

reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence." McCombs, 2015-Ohio-

3848, ¶ 3, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. "While sufficiency of the evidence is a

test of adequacy regarding whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 28

as a matter of law, the criminal manifest weight of the evidence standard addresses the

evidence's effect of inducing belief." Cassell, 2010-Ohio-1881, at ¶ 38.

{¶ 79} "When presented with a manifest-weight challenge, an appellate court may

not merely substitute its view for that of the trier of fact but must review the entire record,

weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and

determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and

a new trial ordered." Patterson, 2016-Ohio-7130, at ¶ 34, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. at

387, citing Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175. An appellate court should reserve reversal of a

conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence for only the most

" 'exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.' "

Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.

{¶ 80} In conducting a manifest weight of the evidence review, we may consider the

credibility of the witnesses. Cattledge, 2010-Ohio-4953, at ¶ 6. However, in conducting

such review, "we are guided by the presumption that the jury, or the trial court in a bench

trial, 'is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice

inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered

testimony.' " Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., 10 Ohio St.3d at 80. "Accordingly, we afford

great deference to the jury's determination of witness credibility." Albert, 2015-Ohio-249,

at ¶ 14. "Mere disagreement over the credibility of witnesses is not a sufficient reason to

reverse a judgment on manifest weight grounds." Harris, 2014-Ohio-2501, at ¶ 25,

discretionary appeal not allowed, 2014-Ohio-4414, citing G.G., 2012-Ohio-5902, at ¶ 7.

{¶ 81} Appellant was found guilty of committing both purposeful murder under R.C.

2903.02(A) and felony murder under R.C. 2903.02(B). R.C. 2903.02(A) states, in

pertinent part, "[n]o person shall purposely cause the death of another." R.C. 2903.02(B)

states, in pertinent part, "[n]o person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result

of the offender's committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence that is a felony

of the first or second degree and that is not a violation of section 2903.03 or 2903.04 of the

Revised Code."6

6 Per the November 6, 2015 indictment: "[T]o wit: kidnapping."

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 29

{¶ 82} A defendant may be found guilty of murder if the defendant acted in

complicity with the principal offenders as an aider and abetter under R.C. 2923.03(A)(2).

See Dortch, 2012-Ohio-6196, at ¶ 30; Maynard, 2012-Ohio-2946, at ¶ 28-34. Under this

theory, R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) proscribes that "[n]o person, acting with the kind of culpability

required for the commission of an offense, shall * * * [a]id or abet another in committing

the offense." "[T]o support a conviction for complicity by aiding and abetting pursuant to

R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), the evidence must show that the defendant supported, assisted,

encouraged, cooperated with, advised, or incited the principal in the commission of the

crime, and that the defendant shared the criminal intent of the principal." Johnson, 93

Ohio St.3d at 245-46. " '[T]he mere presence of an accused at the scene of a crime is not

sufficient to prove, in and of itself, that the accused was an aider and abettor.' " Id. at 243,

quoting Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d at 269. Aiding and abetting may be shown by both direct

and circumstantial evidence, and participation may be inferred from presence,

companionship, and conduct before and after the offense is committed. Johnson at 245.

{¶ 83} Regarding purposeful murder under R.C. 2903.02(A), appellant argues that,

as shown in the second assignment of error, the lack of sufficient evidence necessarily

means the weight of the evidence cannot be in favor of conviction, and the jury lost its way

in convicting appellant on Count 1 of the indictment.

{¶ 84} Contrary to appellant's argument, in the second assignment of error, we

found the record evidence of this case showed appellant's involvement in Mr. Elmore's

murder extended well beyond his "mere presence" during the shooting. Id. at 243.

Appellant was the victim of the violent home invasion robbery orchestrated in part by Mr.

Elmore, provided all the information regarding the robbery and Mr. Elmore's involvement

to the group and was present during the group's discussion of Mr. Elmore, provided the

gun used by one of the shooters, rode in the van with the group to the scene of the crime,

fled the scene of the crime with the group, failed to alert law enforcement of the shooting,

engaged in multiple acts in an attempt to cover up the crime, hid for one week after the

crime, and initially lied to law enforcement regarding being in the van when the shooting

occurred. Therefore, we found sufficient evidence supported appellant's conviction for

purposeful murder. Because appellant bases his manifest weight argument regarding

purposeful murder on the absence of evidence of a shared purpose to kill Mr. Elmore, an

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 30

argument we already disposed of in the state's favor in the second assignment of error, we

find appellant's argument to likewise lack merit.

{¶ 85} Regarding felony murder under R.C. 2903.02(B), appellant argues that, as

shown in the third assignment of error, his kidnapping conviction was against the manifest

weight of the evidence. As a result, appellant contends that without the predicate felony,

his murder conviction under R.C. 2903.02(B) in Count 2 is against the manifest weight of

the evidence.

{¶ 86} In this case, the trial court merged the felony murder offense with the

purposeful murder offense and sentenced appellant on the purposeful murder offense. We

have already found appellant's conviction for purposeful murder under R.C. 2903.02(A) to

be based on sufficient evidence and is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. In

such circumstances, an " 'appellate court need not consider the sufficiency [or weight] of

the evidence on the count that is subject to merger because any error would be harmless'

beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Sheldon, 3d Dist. No. 6-18-07, 2019-Ohio-4123, ¶ 11,

quoting State v. Ramos, 8th Dist. No. 103596, 2016-Ohio-7685, ¶ 14. See State v.

Lammkin, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-398, 2019-Ohio-682, ¶ 15, fn. 1 ("Because the murder count

merged with the aggravated murder count at sentencing, we need not address [appellant's]

manifest weight challenge to the murder count."); State v. Washington, 10th Dist. No.

09AP-424, 2009-Ohio-6665, ¶ 18 (noting an appellate court is "not required" to address a

challenge to a merged offense), citing State v. Smith, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-736, 2009-Ohio-

2166, ¶ 27; State v. McKinney, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-23, 2008-Ohio-6522, ¶ 39; State v.

Worley, 8th Dist. No. 103105, 2016-Ohio-2722, ¶ 23 (declining to address manifest weight

argument for offenses that merged with aggravated murder offense).

{¶ 87} Regardless, appellant's argument here regarding felony murder fails. In the

third assignment of error, we found that, contrary to appellant's argument, a reasonable

factfinder could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the record evidenced appellant's

purpose under either R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) or (3). As a result, we did not find his conviction

for kidnapping to be against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because appellant bases

his manifest weight argument regarding felony murder on an argument we already

disposed of in the state's favor in the third assignment of error, we find appellant's

argument challenging the jury verdict on the felony murder offense to likewise lack merit.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 31

{¶ 88} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's fourth assignment of error.

E. Appellant's Fifth Assignment of Error

{¶ 89} In his fifth assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court committed

plain error when it allowed improper hearsay testimony. For the following reasons, we

disagree with appellant.

{¶ 90} Hearsay is defined as "a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted." Evid.R. 801(C). Unless an exception applies, hearsay is inadmissible. Evid.R.

802. In re McLemore, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-714, 2004-Ohio-680, ¶ 8. "A trial court has

broad discretion concerning the admission or exclusion of evidence." State v. Hogg, 10th

Dist. No. 11AP-50, 2011-Ohio-6454, ¶ 43. An appellate court will generally not second guess

a trial court's determination on the admission or exclusion of evidence in the absence of an

abuse of such discretion. Id. In this case, however, appellant concedes the plain error

standard of review applies due to the lack of a contemporaneous objection at trial to the

challenged statements.

{¶ 91} We will exercise our discretion and proceed to address appellant's hearsay

argument under the plain error standard of review. A court will find plain error only when

(1) there was an error, (2) the error was "plain," i.e., obvious, and (3) the error "affected

substantial rights." Tench, 2018-Ohio-5205, at ¶ 217, citing Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d at 27.

Rogers, 2015-Ohio-2459, at ¶ 22 (specifying third prong employs "the same deferential

standard for reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel claims"). "[T]he accused bears the

burden of proof to demonstrate plain error on the record." Id., citing Quarterman, 2014-

Ohio-4034, at ¶ 16. "But even if an accused shows that the trial court committed plain error

affecting the outcome of the proceeding, an appellate court is not required to correct it; we

have admonish[ed] courts to notice plain error with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice." (Emphasis sic;

citation omitted.) Rogers at ¶ 23.

{¶ 92} According to appellant, it was improper for the trial court to permit one co-

defendant (Ms. Hager) to testify about out-of-court statements made by other co-

defendants (Mr. Hager and Brady) when the state failed to establish the unavailability of

those co-defendants and failed to show corroborating circumstances clearly indicated the

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 32

trustworthiness of the statements to permit admission under the Evid.R. 804(B)(3)

exception. Appellant specifically cites to the portion of the transcript where the state told

Ms. Hager she could "use the words [of Mr. Hager and Brady] if [she] recall[ed]," and Ms.

Hager told the jury there was talk of bringing Mr. Elmore "back to the basement" and

"inflicting pain." (Tr. Vol. 2 at 285, 286.) Appellant notes the trial court eventually

instructed Ms. Hager that she "can't say what other people told [her]" but failed to provide

a curative instruction regarding the admitted hearsay statements. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 291.)

Appellant contends prejudice resulted, specifically as to his convictions for felony murder

and kidnapping, since no other evidentiary source supported the state's contention that

when Ms. Hager went to pick up Mr. Elmore at his home, there was a plan to do harm to

Mr. Elmore.

{¶ 93} The state counters that appellant's argument fails in two ways. The state

asserts the statements were opinion and not offered for the truth of the matter asserted and,

as an alternative means to overrule the assignment of error, asserts the hearsay exception

under Evid.R. 803(3) applies.

{¶ 94} Evid.R. 803(3) creates a hearsay rule exception for "[a] statement of the

declarant's then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition (such as

intent, plan, motive, design * * *), but not including a statement of memory or belief to

prove the fact remembered or believed * * *." "It has long been settled that the state-of-

mind exception may be used as the basis for introducing statements showing the forward-

looking intent of the declarant for the purpose of proving that he thereafter acted in

accordance with that intent." (Citations omitted.) Yarbrough, 2002-Ohio-2126, at ¶ 33.

See, e.g., State v. Gervin, 3d Dist. No. 9-15-52, 2016-Ohio-8399, ¶ 215 (finding Evid.R.

803(3) exception applied where testimony reflected group discussion of a plan to blow up

a car to get rid of evidence). Evid.R. 803(3) operates even though "the declarant is available

as a witness."

{¶ 95} Having reviewed the transcript, even if for sake of argument the cited

statements are hearsay, they would fall squarely within the Evid.R. 803(3) hearsay

exception. The statements express the declarants' current intent, plan, motive, and design

to take future actions against Mr. Elmore. Therefore, we find the trial court did not commit

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 33

plain error in allowing the challenged testimony to be admitted. As a result, appellant's

fifth assignment of error lacks merit.

{¶ 96} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's fifth assignment of error.

F. Appellant's Sixth Assignment of Error

{¶ 97} In his sixth assignment of error, appellant contends he was deprived of his

constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel. For the following reasons, we

disagree with appellant.

{¶ 98} To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must

demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient and that counsel's deficient

performance prejudiced him. State v. Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 53, 2005-Ohio-5981, ¶ 133,

citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). The failure to make either

showing defeats a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d

136, 143 (1989), citing Strickland at 697.

{¶ 99} In order to show counsel's performance was deficient, the appellant must

prove that his or her counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable

representation. Jackson at ¶ 133. In other words, counsel made errors " 'so serious that

counsel was not functioning as the "counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth

Amendment.' " State v. Thompson, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-211, 2019-Ohio-2525, ¶ 13, quoting

Strickland at 687. The appellant must overcome the strong presumption that defense

counsel's performance falls within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance. State

v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, ¶ 101, citing Strickland at 689.

{¶ 100} "To show prejudice, the appellant must establish that but for counsel's

unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding

would have been different." State v. Jones, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-33, 2019-Ohio-2134, ¶ 50,

citing State v. Hale, 119 Ohio St.3d 118, 2008-Ohio-3426, ¶ 204. "A reasonable probability

is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." State v. Montgomery,

148 Ohio St.3d 347, 2016-Ohio-5487, ¶ 82, citing Strickland at 694.

{¶ 101} Appellant maintains that counsel was ineffective in: (1) not objecting to any

of the misconduct identified in the first assignment of error; (2) not objecting to

inadmissible hearsay identified in the fifth assignment of error; and (3) not objecting to a

"generic 'failure-to-act' jury instruction regarding causation." (Appellant's Brief at 28.)

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 34

1. Failure to Object to Prosecutorial Misconduct

{¶ 102} "When a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on counsel's

failure to file an objection or file a motion, the appellant must demonstrate that the

objection or motion had a reasonable probability of success." Jones at ¶ 52. "If the

objection or motion would not have been successful, then the appellant cannot prevail on

an ineffective assistance claim." Id.

{¶ 103} Furthermore, " 'where the failure to object does not constitute plain error,

the issue cannot be reversed by claiming ineffective assistance of counsel.' " State v. Roy,

10th Dist. No. 14AP-223, 2014-Ohio-4587, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Carson, 10th Dist. No.

05AP-13, 2006-Ohio-2440, ¶ 51. See also Rogers, 2015-Ohio-2459, at ¶ 22 (stating the

plain error review employs the "the same deferential standard for reviewing ineffective

assistance of counsel claims").

{¶ 104} Here, appellant imports the same arguments he made under his first

assignment of error, which we reviewed under a plain error standard due to the lack of

objection at trial to all the alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct. Having previously

held, in addressing appellant's first assignment of error, that appellant did not demonstrate

plain error regarding prosecutorial misconduct, we conclude appellant's argument in this

regard likewise fails to satisfy the second prong of the Strickland test. Jones at ¶ 47.

Therefore, appellant's argument on counsel's failure to object to the various instances of

alleged prosecutorial misconduct lacks merit.

2. Failure to Object to Hearsay

{¶ 105} "When a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on counsel's

failure to file an objection or file a motion, the appellant must demonstrate that the

objection or motion had a reasonable probability of success." Id. at ¶ 52. "If the objection

or motion would not have been successful, then the appellant cannot prevail on an

ineffective assistance claim." Id.

{¶ 106} Here, in the fifth assignment of error, we concluded that the statements cited

by appellant as hearsay fell within the Evid.R. 803(3) exception. As a result, we cannot find

that an objection to the alleged hearsay statements would have had a reasonable probability

of success. In other words, counsel was not ineffective in failing to object. Id. at ¶ 63.

Moreover, having found in the fifth assignment of error that appellant failed to demonstrate

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 35

plain error regarding improperly admitted hearsay, we conclude appellant's argument in

this regard likewise fails to satisfy the second prong of the Strickland test. Jones at ¶ 47.

Therefore, appellant's argument on counsel's failure to object to hearsay constituting

ineffective assistance of counsel lacks merit.

3. Failure to Object to "Failure to Act" Jury Instruction

{¶ 107} Appellant argues his counsel's performance was deficient in failing to object

to the "generic" jury instruction on causation both when the instruction was presented to

the jury and when the jury submitted a question about whether appellant could be

convicted of purposeful murder for failing to act. (Appellant's Brief at 28.) Appellant

contends these failures led to the likelihood that the jury voted to convict him of purposeful

murder because he failed to act to prevent Granger and Brady from shooting Mr. Elmore.

{¶ 108} The jury instructions at issue in this case are as follows:

The defendant may be convicted as a principal offender or as

a complicitor or an aider and abettor to any or all counts and

specifications of the indictment. Complicity applies to every

count and specification of the indictment.

Before you can find the defendant guilty of a crime or

specification as a complicitor or aider and abettor, you must

find beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about 31st day of

May, 2015, in Franklin County, the defendant solicited or

procured another to commit the offense or aided or abetted

another in committing the offense with the same knowledge

or purpose as required by the offense under consideration.

***

* * * An aider or abettor is one who aids, assists, encourages,

cooperates with, advises, or incites another to commit a crime,

and participates in the commission of the offense by some act,

word or gesture.

"Aid" means to help, assist, or strengthen. "Abet" means to

encourage, counsel, incite, or assist.

***

Count 1. * * * Before you can find the defendant guilty of

Murder, you must find that the State has proved beyond a

reasonable doubt that on or about the 31st day of May, 2015,

in Franklin County, Ohio, the defendant purposely caused the

death of Courtney Elmore. * * *

***

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 36

"Cause" is an act or failure to act which in the natural and

continuous sequence directly produces the death, and without

which it would not have occurred. Cause occurs when the

death is the natural and foreseeable result of the act or failure

to act.

If a wound is inflicted with a deadly weapon in a manner

calculated to destroy life, the purpose to cause the death may

be inferred from the use of the weapon along with all the other

facts and circumstances in evidence.

***

The State of Ohio has presented a theory that the defendant

acted in complicity with the principal offender or offenders in

the commission of the offenses charged. A person who is

complicit with another in the commission of a criminal

offense is regarded as guilty as if he/she personally performed

every act constituting the offense. This is true even if he/she

did not personally perform every act constituting the offense

or was not physically present at the time the offense was

committed. * * *

A defendant may be convicted of an offense, such as murder,

either as a principal offender or as a complicitor. Complicity

occurs when a person aids or abets another in the commission

of an offense. An indictment charging a defendant as a

principal offender also charges the defendant with aiding and

abetting.

Before you can find a defendant guilty as a complicitor, you

must find beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 31st

day of May, 2015, and in Franklin County, that the defendant

aided and abetted another in the commission of the offense of

murder.

(Emphasis added.) (Tr. Vol. 3 at 537-41; see also Apr. 20, 2018 Jury Instructions at 7-10.)

Appellant's trial counsel did not object to the causation instruction. As referenced by

appellant, the trial court received the following question from the jury during deliberations:

"If the outcome of the evening of May 31st changed the original intent, if the defendant had

no knowledge (but he had knowledge of original intent), can [appellant] be found [guilty of

murder for] 'failing to act?' " (Tr. Vol. 3 at 600.) The trial court responded by indicating

"[c]ause" was defined in the jury instructions under Count 1; defense counsel did not object.

(Tr. Vol. 3 at 600.)

{¶ 109} In this case, even if, for sake of argument, defense counsel should have

objected to the failure to act instruction or response to the jury question, appellant has not

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 37

shown that "but for counsel's unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that

the result of the proceeding would have been different" due to record evidence supporting

appellant's conviction for murder under complicity as an aider and abettor. Jones, 2019-

Ohio-2134, at ¶ 50; Strickland, 466 U.S. 668.

{¶ 110} "[A] sole instruction must be viewed within context of the whole set [of jury

instructions] rather than in isolation." State v. Huddleston, 3d Dist. No. 8-17-21, 2018-

Ohio-1114, ¶ 29, appeal not allowed, 153 Ohio St.3d 1452, 2018-Ohio-2026. State v.

Rutledge, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-590, 2019-Ohio-3460, ¶ 31. See Cromer v. Children's Hosp.

Med. Ctr. of Akron, 142 Ohio St.3d 257, 2015-Ohio-229, ¶ 35 ("An unnecessary, ambiguous,

or even affirmatively erroneous portion of a jury charge does not inevitably constitute

reversible error.). Furthermore, "we will not speculate as to why the jury asked [a certain]

question for purposes of its deliberations." State v. Ford, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-803, 2008-

Ohio-4373, ¶ 64.

{¶ 111} In Huddleston, an appellant convicted of murder argued that he received

ineffective assistance of counsel when his trial counsel failed to object to the jury instruction

on "causation" because it used untailored, generic language, and his counsel's failure to

object prejudiced him because the jury could have found him responsible for murder by

virtue of his "failure to act." Id. at ¶ 26. The Third District Court of Appeals found the

appellant's argument to lack merit since prejudice could not be shown on the record.7

Specifically, the Third District found that, while the appellant argued he could not be

convicted of murder for his failure to act, the record could lead a jury to finding him guilty

of murder by way of complicity by aiding and abetting the principal offenders. Thus, even

if the jury instruction was problematic, such an error would be harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. The Third District further found the appellant had failed to show how

the jury instruction confused the jury or resulted in actual prejudice under the totality of

the circumstances presented against him at trial.

7 The Third District also noted the trial court's instruction on causation, including the failure to act language,

was taken nearly verbatim from the Ohio Jury Instructions. See Ohio Jury Instructions, CR 417.23. In a

separate assignment of error challenging the jury instruction directly, the Third District found the appellant

had not demonstrated plain error regarding the failure to act language since ample record evidence supported

the murder conviction through a complicity theory. See Huddleston at ¶ 40-44.

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 38

{¶ 112} Similar to Huddleston, as provided in detail in the second and fourth

assignments of error, the record here could lead a jury to finding him guilty of murder by

way of complicity by aiding and abetting the principal offenders. We further note in this

case the jury also asked a second question inquiring about specifics of the complicity statute

and ultimately returned a verdict of guilty as to murder in Count 1 of the indictment with a

finding that appellant "DID" have a firearm on or about his person or under his control

while committing the offense, a finding consistent with a finding of guilty by way of

complicity as an aider and abettor on this record. (Emphasis sic.) (Apr. 23, 2018 Verdict

Form.)

{¶ 113} Considering all the above, we find appellant has not demonstrated that his

counsel's performance regarding the failure to act instruction and jury question prejudiced

him. Huddleston at ¶ 30-31. See also State v. Sims, 10th Dist. No. 96APA05-676 (Feb. 20,

1997) (finding in part that even if instruction on complicity was improper, no prejudice

resulted where the jury could have found the defendants guilty "whether as principals or as

abettors"); State v. Brown, 10th Dist. No. 94APA03-298 (Nov. 29, 1994) (finding no

prejudicial error in failure to act language in causation instruction when viewed in light of

the entire instructions and record evidence supported the guilty verdict); State v. Overton,

10th Dist. No. 09AP-858, 2010-Ohio-5256, ¶ 18, vacated in part on other grounds, 128

Ohio St.3d 353, 2011-Ohio-740 (finding trial court did not err by refusing to give

supplemental and modified jury instructions in response to questions from the jury during

their deliberations relating to failure to act language in causation instruction where

inclusion of that language was not prejudicial on the record); State v. Sipos, 9th Dist. No.

2238 (Aug. 5, 1987) (finding, based on the entire charge given to the jury by the trial court,

the totality of the evidence presented by the state and evidence the defendant was the guilty

as an "aider and abettor," the defendant was not unduly prejudiced by the inclusion of the

failure to act language within the definition of "cause").

{¶ 114} Therefore, appellant's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in this regard

likewise lacks merit. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d at 143; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 ("[T]here

is no reason for a court deciding an ineffective assistance claim to approach the inquiry in

the same order or even to address both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes

an insufficient showing on one."). Because appellant cannot satisfy the Strickland test

Nos. 18AP-630 and 18AP-631 39

under any of his three alleged instances of ineffective assistance of counsel, his claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel fails.

{¶ 115} Accordingly, we overrule appellant's sixth assignment of error.

IV. CONCLUSION

{¶ 116} Having overruled appellant's six assignments of error, we affirm the

judgments of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.

Judgments affirmed.

KLATT and LUPER SCHUSTER, JJ., concur.

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