The opinion
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
MATTHEW MIGDALEWICZ, UNPUBLISHED
January 28, 2020
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 343981
Oakland Circuit Court
PERRY D. HOLLIE, LC No. 2017-157163-NI
Defendant-Appellee,
and
FORD MOTOR COMPANY and THE AMERICAN
ROAD INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendants.
Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and SAWYER and JANSEN, JJ.
JANSEN, J. (dissenting).
Because I would have granted plaintiff’s motion for judgment not withstanding the
verdict (JNOV), I dissent.
As this Court recently recited in Sherbow P.C. v Fieger & Fieger, 326 Mich App 684;
930 NW2d 416 (2019),
This Court “reviews de novo a trial court’s decisions regarding motions for
JNOV.” Hecht v Nat’l Heritage Academies, Inc, 499 Mich 586, 604; 886 NW2d
135 (2016). “JNOV is only appropriate when, viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party, the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” Nashal v Freemont Ins Co, 324 Mich App 696, 719; 922
NW2d 662 (2018). “If reasonable persons, after reviewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party, could honestly reach different
conclusions about whether the nonmoving party established his or her claim [or
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defense], then the question is for the jury.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted). [Sherbow, PC, 326 Mich App at 715-716.]
I do not agree with the majority that the facts of this case, when viewed in a light most
favorable to the verdict, support a finding of probable cause. The evidence in this case clearly
supports a finding that defendant initiated a left-hand turn, and while looking away from
oncoming traffic, paused for up to three seconds across the center line. In my view, it is
certainly foreseeable that oncoming traffic may suffer injury if they were to become similarly
distracted while rightfully and legally traveling within their lane.
I find support for this conclusion from our Supreme Court, who stated in Hickey v
Zezulka, 439 Mich 408; 487 NW2d 106 (1992), that there is a principle found in Michigan
negligence law that:
a defendant will not be liable for injury caused by an intervening force that was
not reasonably foreseeable, [but]
[i]f the likelihood that a third person [or plaintiff] may act in a particular
manner is the hazard or one of the hazards which makes the actor
negligent, such an act whether innocent, negligent, intentionally tortious,
or criminal does not prevent the actor from being liable for harm caused
thereby. [2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 449, p 482.]
* * *
… “[I]f the acts of the plaintiff are within the ambit of the hazards covered by the
duty imposed upon the defendant, they are foreseeable and do not supersede the
defendant’s negligence.” Id. at § 652, p 609. Thus, where the defendant’s
negligence consists in enhancing the likelihood that the intervening cause will
occur, . . . or consists in a failure to protect the plaintiff against the very risk that
occurs, Prosser & Keenton, Torts (5th ed), § 44, p 303, it cannot be said that the
intervening cause was not reasonably foreseeable. [Hickey, 439 Mich at 437-
438.]
Admittedly, the facts of this case are easily distinguishable from the sad facts in Hickey. Yet the
principle enumerated is still applicable. Here, the risk of harm created by plaintiff’s negligence
(i.e., looking down at his speedometer) encompasses the type of hazard that occurred here.
Despite defendant’s negligence, oncoming traffic could easily have been negligent by not
looking forward. Thus, in my view, plaintiff’s injury was foreseeable.
Additionally, the special jury instruction given by the trial court improperly shifted the
burden from defendant to plaintiff. Specifically, the trial court instructed the jury:
[I]f you find that plaintiff had a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection
prior to impact, any presumption of ordinary care is overcome and you may
presume that plaintiff saw the car approaching and by the exercise of ordinary
care and caution couldn’t avoid the accident.
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I agree with plaintiff’s characterization, that the special jury instruction created a presumption in
defendant’s favor that plaintiff was negligent.1 The special jury instruction ignores the fact that
defendant, who was driving a motor vehicle, was making a left-hand turn across oncoming traffic
and had the greater duty of care. This presumption created by the special jury instruction is
inconsistent with Michigan negligence law, and effectively immunized defendant from his own
negligence. Indeed, regardless of whether plaintiff had an unobstructed view of the intersection,
the special jury instruction given allows the jury to disregard the fact that it was defendant who
crossed the center line and paused for up to three seconds, all while looking in the opposite
direction of oncoming traffic. Moreover, when considered with the evidence that plaintiff had
cannabinoid, an unreliable indicator of when and how much THC had been consumed, present in
his urine, and expert witness testimony that plaintiff’s head injury could or could not have been
lessened by wearing a helmet, the special jury instruction could easily have caused confusion for
the jury. This is even more reason, in my view, to have granted plaintiff’s motion for JNOV.
In sum, I would conclude that as a matter of law, defendant’s negligence was a proximate
cause of plaintiff’s injuries, and therefore plaintiff was entitled to JNOV. I would have
remanded this matter to the trial court to enter a judgment in favor of plaintiff.
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
1
I also agree with plaintiff that the standard jury instruction, M Civ JI 10.09, would have been
sufficient. M Civ JI 10.09 provides:
[If you find that/Since] [plaintiff/defendant] has a less of memory concerning the
fact of this case and it was caused by the occurrence, you may infer that the
[plaintiff/defendant] was not negligent. However, you should weigh all the
evidence in determining whether the [plaintiff/defendant] was or was not
negligent.
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