The opinion
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
*********************
SAHARA WALKER, *
* No. 16-543V
* Special Master Christian J. Moran
Petitioner, *
v. *
* Filed: December 2, 2019
SECRETARY OF HEALTH *
AND HUMAN SERVICES, *
* Attorneys’ fees and costs, interim
Respondent. * award
*********************
Andrew D. Downing, Van Cott & Talamante, PLLC, Phoenix, AZ, for Petitioner;
Sarah C. Duncan, United States Dep’t of Justice, Washington, D.C., for
Respondent.
UNPUBLISHED DECISION AWARDING
ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS ON AN INTERIM BASIS1
On May 3, 2016, Melissa Roglitz-Walker, on behalf of her daughter Sahara
Walker (“Petitioner”), filed a petition under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury
Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300aa–10 through 34 (2012). Petitioner claims that she suffered
from neurocardiogenic syncope, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
(“POTS”), orthostatic hypotension, and autonomic neuropathy, after receiving the
tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (“Tdap”), meningococcal conjugate
(“MCV”), and Gardasil (human papillomavirus (“HPV”)) vaccines on September
25, 2013. Pet., filed May 3, 2016, at 1-2. Petitioner’s counsel of record is Mr.
Andrew Downing.
1
The E-Government Act, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management and Promotion of
Electronic Government Services), requires that the Court post this decision on its website. This
posting will make the decision available to anyone with the internet. Pursuant to Vaccine Rule
18(b), the parties have 14 days to file a motion proposing redaction of medical information or
other information described in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4). Any redactions ordered by the
special master will appear in the document posted on the website.
On August 11, 2016, the Secretary argued that compensation was not
appropriate because petitioner failed to establish a diagnosis of autonomic
neuropathy; has not offered a viable scientific or medical theory establishing that
the vaccines she received can cause any of her alleged injuries or that they did so
in her particular case; and has not presented viable scientific or medical evidence
to show an onset that would allow for an inference of causation-in-fact. Resp’t’s
Rep. at 21-22. The Secretary also argued that petitioner has failed to provide a
report of a medical expert to support her claim, and that she has ignored potential
alternative causes. Id. at 23.
To develop her case, petitioner filed an expert report from Dr. Gireesh
Velugubanti who was later terminated due to disciplinary actions coming to light,
after which petitioner filed expert reports from Dr. Jill Schofield, Dr. Mitchell
Miglis, and Dr. Lawrence Steinman. Exhibits 32, 47, 89, 118. In rebuttal, the
Secretary filed reports from two experts, Dr. Andrew MacGinnitie and Dr. Horacio
Kaufmann. Exhibits A, C.
On August 22, 2019, petitioner moved for an award of attorneys’ fees and
costs on an interim basis, requesting $106,882.00 in fees and $24,606.55 in costs,
for a total of $131,488.55. Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 3, 7. For the reasons that
follow, petitioner is awarded $125,021.05.
* * *
The requested fees include work performed and costs incurred as of August
22, 2019, when petitioner filed her motion. Petitioner argues that an award of
interim fees and costs is appropriate in this case because: (1) petitioner’s
submission of medical records and expert reports satisfy the reasonable basis
requirement, Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 1-2; (2) expenses sought are significant and
above the threshold requirements, id. at 3; and (3) it will likely be a significant
time period before the case concludes given that a hearing will likely not occur for
at least a year and no progress toward settlement has occurred, id. at 2.
The Secretary filed his response to petitioner’s motion on September 5,
2019. Resp’t’s Resp. The Secretary did not provide any objection to petitioner’s
request. Id. Instead, he stated that he “defers to the Special Master to determine
whether or not petitioner has met both the legal standard for an interim fees and
costs award as set forth in Avera v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 515 F.3d
1343 (Fed. Cir. 2008).” Id. at 2.
2
This matter is now ripe for adjudication.
* * *
Petitioner’s motion implicitly raises a series of sequential questions, each of
which requires an affirmative answer to the previous question. First, whether
petitioner is eligible under the Vaccine Act to receive an award of attorneys’ fees
and costs? Second, whether, as a matter of discretion, petitioner should be
awarded his attorneys’ fees and costs on an interim basis? Third, what is a
reasonable amount of attorneys’ fees and costs? These questions are addressed
below.
1. Eligibility for an Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs
As an initial matter, interim fee awards are available in Vaccine Act cases.
Avera, 515 F.3d at 1352. Since petitioner has not received compensation from the
Program, he may be awarded “compensation to cover [his] reasonable attorneys’
fees and other costs incurred in any proceeding on such petition if the special
master or court determines that the petition was brought in good faith and there
was a reasonable basis for the claim.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1). As the Federal
Circuit has stated, “good faith” and “reasonable basis” are two separate elements
that must be met for a petitioner to be eligible for attorneys’ fees and costs.
Simmons v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 875 F.3d 632, 635 (Fed. Cir. 2017).
“Good faith” is a subjective standard. Id.; Hamrick v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., No. 99-683V, 2007 WL 4793152, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov.
19, 2007). A petitioner acts in “good faith” if he or she honestly believes that a
vaccine injury occurred. Turner v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-544V,
2007 WL 4410030, at * 5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 30, 2007). The Secretary has
not challenged petitioner’s good faith here, and there is little doubt that petitioner
brought the claim with an honest belief that a vaccine injury occurred.
In contrast to good faith, reasonable basis is purely an objective evaluation
of the weight of the evidence. Simmons, 875 F.3d at 636. Because evidence is
“objective,” the Federal Circuit’s description is consistent with viewing the
reasonable basis standard as creating a test that petitioners meet by submitting
evidence. See Chuisano v. Secʼy of Health & Human Servs., No. 07-452V, 2013
WL 6234660 at *12–13 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 25, 2013) (explaining that
3
reasonable basis is met with evidence), mot. for rev. denied, 116 Fed. Cl. 276
(2014).
Here, the reports from the experts petitioner has retained, Dr. Schofield, Dr.
Miglis, and Dr. Steinman, satisfy the reasonable basis standard. See Exhibits 47,
89, 118. These reports, combined with petitioner’s medical records, establish a
theory of causation and provide a reasonable basis sufficient for the attorneys’ fees
and costs determination.
2. Appropriateness of an Interim Award
Interim awards should not be awarded as a matter of right. Avera, 515 F.3d
at 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Instead, petitioners must demonstrate “undue hardship.”
Id. The Federal Circuit noted that interim fees “are particularly appropriate in
cases where proceedings are protracted and costly experts must be retained.” Id.
The Circuit has also considered whether petitioners faced “only a short delay in the
award” before a motion for final fees could be entertained. Id.
The Federal Circuit has not attempted to specifically define what constitutes
“undue hardship” or a “protracted proceeding.” In the undersigned’s practice,
interim fees may be appropriate when the amount of attorneys’ fees exceeds
$30,000 and the case has been pending for more than 18 months. Petitioner clears
both hurdles.
3. Reasonableness of the Requested Amount
Under the Vaccine Act, a special master may award reasonable attorneys’
fees and costs. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1). Reasonable attorneys’ fees are
calculated by multiplying a reasonable hourly rate by a reasonable number of hours
expended on litigation, the lodestar approach. Avera, 515 F.3d at 1347–48
(quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)); Saxton ex rel. v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993). In light of the
Secretary’s lack of objection, the undersigned has reviewed the fee application for
its reasonableness. See McIntosh v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 139 Fed. Cl.
238 (2018).
A. Reasonable Hourly Rate
Reasonable hourly rates are determined by looking at the “prevailing market
rate” in the relevant community. See Blum, 465 U.S. at 895. The “prevailing
4
market rate” is akin to the rate “in the community for similar services by lawyers
of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation.” Id. at 895, n.11. A
petitioner’s counsel in the Vaccine Program is paid the forum rate unless the bulk
of the work is performed in a locale other than the forum (District of Columbia)
and the local rate is significantly lower than the forum rate. Avera, 515 F.3d at
1349. If these two requirements are met, the Davis County exception applies, and
petitioner’s counsel is paid according to the local rate to avoid a “windfall.” Id.;
see Davis Cty. Solid Waste Mgmt. and Energy Recovery Special Serv. Dist. v.
United States Envtl. Prot. Agency, 169 F.3d 755, 757–60 (D.C. Cir. 1999).
For cases in which forum rates apply, McCulloch provides a framework for
consideration of appropriate ranges for attorneys’ fees based upon the experience
of the practicing attorney. McCulloch v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 09-
293V, 2015 WL 5634323, *19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 1, 2015), motion for
recons. denied, 2015 WL 6181910 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 21, 2015). The
Court has since updated the McCulloch rates, and the Attorneys’ Forum Hourly
Rate Fee Schedules for 2015–2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 can be accessed online.2
Petitioner states that “[t]he rates charged by counsel and staff are well within
the parameters established by McCulloch” and are therefore reasonable. Pet’r’s
Mot. IAFC at 4. The Secretary does not dispute petitioner’s counsel’s entitlement
to forum rates. Given Mr. Downing’s level of experience, the undersigned finds
these rates to be reasonable. Mr. Downing’s rates, as well as the rates of Ms. Van
Cott and paralegals assisting with the case, are in line with the forum hourly rate
fee schedule and therefore reasonable.
B. Reasonable Number of Hours
The second factor in the lodestar formula is a reasonable number of hours.
Reasonable hours are not excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary. See
Saxton, 3 F.3d at 1521. The Secretary did not challenge any of the requested hours
as unreasonable.
Mr. Downing’s time entries provide detail to assess reasonableness.
Generally, Mr. Downing and his associates assisting on the case appropriately did
not request compensation for administrative tasks, which are not compensable.
2
The 2015–2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 Fee Schedules can be accessed at:
https://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/node/2914. The hourly rates contained within the schedules are
updated from the decision in McCulloch, 2015 WL 5634323.
5
Thus, the undersigned finds Mr. Downing’s number of hours expended to be
reasonable. However, the undersigned did note some either ambiguous or purely
administrative tasks listed, and adjusted the calculation of fees for these items,
eliminating compensation for entries or portions of entries that consisted of purely
administrative work or that were ambiguous. The undersigned finds that this total
reduction amounts to $3,467.50.
Accordingly, taking this fees reduction into account, petitioner is awarded
attorneys’ fees in the amount of $103,414.50.
C. Costs
Like attorneys’ fees, a request for reimbursement of costs must be
reasonable. Perreira v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 27 Fed. Cl. 29, 34 (Fed.
Cl. 1992), aff’d, 33 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Petitioner requested $24,606.55 in
attorneys’ costs, consisting of acquiring medical records, Westlaw research
charges, paying the court filing fee, postage, and acquiring and compensating for
the services of four experts. See Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC, Exhibit A at 79-82; see also
Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 3. For the non-expert-related costs, the undersigned finds
that petitioner has provided adequate documentation for these costs and will award
them in full.
For the expert-related costs, petitioner has requested compensation for the
expert fees of Dr. Schofield, Dr. Miglis, Dr. Steinman, and Dr. Velugubanti.
Reasonable expert fees are also determined using the lodestar method in which a
reasonable hourly rate is multiplied by a reasonable number of hours. See
Chevalier v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-001V, 2017 WL 490426, at
*3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 11, 2017). A reasonable hourly rate for an expert
depends, in part, on the quality of the expert’s work. Sabella v. Sec’y of Dep't of
Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 218-25 (2009). Dr. Schofield billed 9.75
hours at a rate of $350 per hour for the preparation of her expert report, for a total
of $3,412.50. Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC, Exhibit A at 81, 109-10. Dr. Schofield is an
autonomic specialist, see Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 4, and has been practicing since
1998, see exhibit 85 at 1. Her expertise was directly relevant to petitioner’s claim
particularly given that Dr. Schofield was petitioner’s treating physician. Pet’r’s
Mot. IAFC at 4. Therefore, the undersigned finds Dr. Schofield’s hourly rate of
$350 reasonable.
Dr. Miglis billed 11 hours at a rate of $500 per hour for the preparation of
his expert report, for a total of $5,500.00. Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC, Exhibit A at 82,
6
123.3 Dr. Miglis is a board-certified neurologist and autonomic specialist with
extensive experience. See Exhibit 90; Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 5. His expertise was
relevant to petitioner’s claim, and he provided a thorough expert report, including
detailed responses to respondent’s experts. See generally Exhibit 89. Therefore,
the undersigned finds Dr. Miglis’s rate of $500 per hour reasonable.
Dr. Steinman billed 15.5 hours at a rate of $500 per hour for the preparation
of his expert report, for a total of $7,750.00. Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC, Exhibit A at 82,
126. Dr. Steinman has been a board-certified neurologist since 1984 and
specializes in neuroimmunology. See Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 5; exhibit 119. This
expertise was relevant to petitioner’s claim and Dr. Steinman, like Dr. Miglis,
provided a thorough expert report that shed light on relevant issues in the case.
See generally Exhibit 118. Therefore, the undersigned finds Dr. Steinman’s rate of
$500 per hour reasonable as well.
Finally, Dr. Velugubanti billed 10 hours at a rate of $500 per hour for the
preparation of his expert report, for a total of $5,000.00. Pet’r’s Mot. IAFC at 5.
The undersigned recognizes that petitioner retained Dr. Velugubanti in good faith
and terminated her professional association with him upon discovering the
existence and extent of his disciplinary actions—a discovery which occurred after
petitioner’s counsel had compensated Dr. Velugubanti for his expert report. Under
the circumstances, a reasonable hourly rate for Dr. Velugubanti is $200 per hour.
This results in a reduction of $3,000.
In sum, petitioner is awarded attorneys’ costs in the amount of $21,606.55.
* * *
Accordingly, petitioner is awarded:
A lump sum of $125,021.05 in the form of a check made payable to
petitioner and petitioner’s attorney, Andrew D. Downing.
This amount represents reimbursement of interim attorneys’ fees and other
litigation costs available under 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e). In the absence of a
3
The invoice from Dr. Miglis lacks detail. However, the invoice from Dr. Steinman provides
some indirect support for the number of hours Dr. Miglis has claimed. Nevertheless, counsel is
expected to inform Dr. Miglis to provide more information in his invoices.
7
motion for review filed pursuant to RCFC Appendix B, the clerk of the court is
directed to enter judgment herewith.4
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Christian J. Moran
Christian J. Moran
Special Master
4
Entry of judgment can be expedited by each party’s filing of a notice renouncing the right to
seek review. Vaccine Rule 11(a).
8