Stephen C. Sluss v. The Honorable John B. McCuskey, Auditor of the State of West Virginia

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

Stephen C. Sluss,

Petitioner Below, Petitioner FILED

vs) No. 18-0626 (Kanawha County 03-MISC-315) November 13, 2019

released at 3:00 p.m.

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

The Honorable John B. McCuskey, Auditor of the SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA

State of West Virginia,

Respondent Below, Respondent

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Stephen C. Sluss (hereinafter “petitioner”)1 appeals the June 13, 2018,

order of the Circuit Court of Kanawha County refusing his petition for a writ of mandamus against

respondent The Honorable John B. McCuskey, Auditor of the State of West Virginia (hereinafter

“the Auditor”)2 requiring the Auditor to pay petitioner sums allegedly due for his work as a Deputy

Land Commissioner from 1997-2000. Petitioner claims that the then-Auditor, Glen B. Gainer, III,

improperly paid him on an hourly basis for land commissioner work in contravention of West

Virginia Code § 11A-3-66 (1995) which provides for Deputy Land Commissioners to be paid a

percentage of land sales or redemptions. The circuit court dismissed the writ—which had been

pending on its docket for fifteen years—on the basis of the statute of limitations and petitioner’s

failure to establish a “clear legal right” to recovery.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs, oral arguments, and the record on

appeal. Upon consideration of the standard of review and the applicable law, we find no substantial

question of law presented, nor prejudicial error. For these reasons and those set forth herein, a

memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the West

Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.

1

Petitioner is represented by Barbara Harmon-Schamberger, Esq.

2

Respondent is represented by Lisa A. Hopkins, Esq., Vincent J. Smith, Esq., and Michael

Nusbaum, Esq., of the West Virginia State Auditor’s Office.

At the time of the initial filing of this matter, Glen B. Gainer, III served as State Auditor;

he resigned effective May 14, 2016. The Honorable John B. McCuskey, who took office on

January 16, 2017, has been substituted as the appropriate party pursuant to Rule 41(c) of the West

Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.

1

I. Factual and Procedural History

On May 15, 1994, petitioner was hired as a temporary employee of the State

Auditor’s office at a rate of $45.00/hour; the next day the Auditor3 signed a letter appointing him

Deputy Land Commissioner for Logan County. His appointment letter stated that “the

compensation normally received by the Deputy Commissioner will be deposited into the special

operating fund for the Land Division of the State Auditor’s Office.” Thereafter and until June,

2001, petitioner periodically performed tax deed sales in Logan and various other counties, as

evidenced by tax sale documentation and hourly invoices contained in the record. 4 In December

1997, petitioner and the Auditor signed a one-year contract, hiring petitioner for “deputy land

commissioner work” and setting petitioner’s fees at $50.00/hour. Petitioner signed another such

contract for the time period of May 1, 2001 through April 31, 2002. Petitioner maintains he was

left with no choice but to accept these “new” contractual arrangements because he had children in

college to support. It appears petitioner ceased performing this work in June, 2001.

In 2001, the Legislative Auditor conducted an audit of the State Auditor’s office

for the period of July 1, 1998 through June 30, 2000. As part of its findings, the audit concluded

that “[t]he Auditor’s Office is collecting fees and commissions not specifically authorized by the

West Virginia Code.” In particular, the audit found that the State Auditor was improperly retaining

fees for “services performed by an attorney [petitioner] licensed to practice in West Virginia, and

appointed by the State Auditor as a ‘Special Deputy’ to carry out the duties of a deputy land

commissioner.” Citing West Virginia Code § 11A-3-66’s 5 requirement that deputy land

3

See n. 2, supra. Glen B. Gainer, III served as the State Auditor at all times relevant to

this appeal.

4

Petitioner appeared to perform work in Mason, Upshur, Jefferson, Wetzel, and Randolph

counties from 1999-2001. Petitioner likewise submitted expenses during the 1995-1996 time

frame for services performed in Mingo, McDowell, Gilmer, Roane, Harrison, Lewis, and

Randolph counties. There are no appointment letters for any of these counties in the appendix

record.

With respect to his compensation, it appears that petitioner only submitted expense

vouchers for 1995-1996; in 1997-1998, he submitted hourly fee invoices. In spite of the disclaimer

in the Logan County appointment letter, petitioner indicates he was paid the percentage

commission set forth in West Virginia Code § 11A-3-66 until the Auditor changed the fee

arrangement with the 1997 vendor contract, although there is no evidence supporting this

contention in the appendix.

5

West Virginia Code § 11A-3-66 provides:

As compensation for his services, the deputy commissioner shall be

entitled to a fee of ten dollars for each item certified to him by the

auditor pursuant to section forty-four of this article. In addition

thereto he shall receive a commission of fifteen percent on each sale

2

commissioners be compensated with a flat fee and commission on sales or redemptions, the audit

found that $149,761.39 in fees and commissions were generated by the special deputy’s sales, but

that, “the Auditor’s Office chose to compensate the special deputy, a contract employee, at a flat

rate of $50.00 per hour . . . .”

By way of explanation for this aberration, the Senior Deputy State Auditor

apparently explained that the Auditor could not find qualified persons to be appointed Deputy

Commissioners for the smaller counties because the sales were not profitable. Therefore, the

Auditor’s office hired petitioner on an hourly contract basis, which effected a cost savings for the

State. In written response to the audit findings, the Auditor disagreed with the finding of

noncompliance, arguing that 1) West Virginia Code § 11A-3-34 was amended to allow for an

employee to conduct sales6; 2) as employees, such individual should not receive both a salary or

contract wages and the statutory commission; and 3) petitioner had done minimal work in regard

to the sales, the bulk having been completed by the Auditor’s office, thereby making him not

entitled to the commission as prescribed by statute.

On July 10, 2003, petitioner filed a claim with the Court of Claims to recover the

approximate $149,000 referenced by the Legislative Auditor.7 Thirteen days later on July 23,

2003, petitioner filed the instant petition for writ of mandamus seeking the same relief in the

or redemption. Such commission on sales shall be based on sale

price and on redemptions on the total taxes and interest due. Such

compensation shall be paid as provided in this article.

6

The appointment statute, at all pertinent times herein, permitted the use of State Auditor

employees in this role, under varying circumstances; therefore, this justification appears

immaterial. A 2001 amendment changed the statute’s wording slightly to remove the requirement

that State Auditor employee-appointees serving as Deputy Land Commissioners be licensed

attorneys. We note further that in 2002, the appointment statute was changed far more

significantly, seemingly to address the issue presented by the legislative audit, i.e. whether

employee-appointees are entitled to the statutory commission. The statute now reads, in part:

When a deputy commissioner is an employee of the auditor, all

compensation and commissions that would otherwise be paid to a

deputy commissioner shall be credited by the sheriff to the auditor

for deposit into the operating fund created pursuant to section thirty-

six of this article.

W. Va. Code § 11A-3-34 (effective 90 days after March 9, 2002). There appears to be no dispute

that the 2001 and 2002 versions of the statute were not in effect as of the time of the work rendered

by petitioner since his last work performed was in June, 2001.

7

Significantly, petitioner indicates in his Notice of Appeal that he “believes that this matter

is still pending in the Court of Claims but has not fully ascertained whether that is so.”

3

Circuit Court of Kanawha County. Petitioner alleged that the hourly compensation paid by the

Auditor rather than the statutory commission was an ultra vires act. The case thereafter languished

with only sporadic activity8 for the next fifteen years.

On June 13, 2018, the circuit court sua sponte entered a final order dismissing the

petition.9 First, the circuit court found that petitioner last worked for the Auditor in June, 2001,

but did not file his petition until greater than two years later on July 23, 2003. As a result, the

circuit court found that petitioner had failed to timely file his petition within a two-year statute of

limitations. Secondly, the circuit court found, apparently accepting the Auditor’s factual

representations as true, that petitioner was paid hourly for his work and that the majority of the

land sale work was performed by the Auditor’s office. The court further found, without specific

citation, that “West Virginia Code” allows for appointment of an employee as special deputy to

perform land sales and that such special deputy was “not required to be compensated in the same

manner as a deputy land commissioner[.]” Finally, the court found that petitioner acquiesced to

being paid hourly for seven years and, since he “knowingly performed limited services,” cannot

now “seek additional compensation for work that was performed [] by the land division

employees.” The court therefore found that petitioner had failed to establish a “clear legal right”

to the relief requested and denied his petition for writ of mandamus. This appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

This Court has held that “[a] de novo standard of review applies to a circuit court’s

decision to grant or deny a writ of mandamus.” Syl. Pt. 1, Harrison Cty. Comm’n v. Harrison Cty.

Assessor, 222 W. Va. 25, 658 S.E.2d 555 (2008). Moreover, “a writ of mandamus will not issue

unless three elements coexist-(1) a clear legal right in the petitioner to the relief sought; (2) a legal

duty on the part of respondent to do the thing which the petitioner seeks to compel; and (3) the

absence of another adequate remedy.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Kucera v. City of Wheeling, 153 W.

Va. 538, 170 S.E.2d 367 (1969). With these standards in mind, we address the parties’ arguments.

III. Discussion

Petitioner makes four assignments of error, asserting that the circuit court erred by:

1) applying a statute of limitations rather than laches to bar the action; 2) failing to properly apply

8

It appears there was dispute about proper service of process which was either resolved or

withdrawn. There was later an issue regarding the timing of the Auditor’s response to the petition,

giving rise to a motion for default, which appears to likewise have been resolved or withdrawn.

The docket sheet provides little to no information with regard to what occurred with the various

hearings that were scheduled. The parties’ briefs likewise provide little information on what

occurred throughout the pendency of this case.

9

The parties had provided briefs on certain legal issues nearly five years prior to the entry

of the order with no interim activity other than a motion to withdraw by one of petitioner’s

attorneys.

4

tolling to the statute of limitations; 3) misapplying an amended statute; and 4) misconstruing the

operative statute. We find that the first two assignments and last two assignments are effectively

redundant and address them collectively.10 See Tudor’s Biscuit World of Am. v. Critchley, 229 W.

10

In his brief, petitioner also makes a due process argument based on the circuit court’s

delay and failure to conduct an evidentiary hearing. However, this issue is not designated as an

assignment of error in petitioner’s brief. Rule 10(c)(3) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure

provides that a brief must

open[] with a list of the assignments of error that are presented for

review, expressed in terms and circumstances of the case but

without unnecessary detail. The assignments of error need not be

identical to those contained in the notice of appeal. The statement of

the assignments of error will be deemed to include every subsidiary

question fairly comprised therein. If the issue was not presented to

the lower tribunal, the assignment of error must be phrased in such

a fashion as to alert the Court to the fact that plain error is asserted.

In its discretion, the Court may consider a plain error not among the

assignments of error but evident from the record and otherwise

within its jurisdiction to decide.

While the due process issue was mentioned in the initial assignments of error included in

petitioner’s Notice of Appeal, these designations are not binding on the parties per Rule 10(c)(3).

More importantly, the notice of appeal does not supplant the need to identify the assignments of

error in a party’s brief. Regardless, however, we find no due process violation.

Petitioner argues that he was denied due process because the circuit court failed to conduct

an evidentiary hearing. The Auditor counters that the circuit court provided “ample opportunities

for Petitioner to be heard and the Petitioner failed to pursue his claim and make his case.” The

Auditor notes that “there were hearings” and that the parties filed briefs. Critically, petitioner cites

to nothing which would necessarily entitle him to an evidentiary hearing in a mandamus

proceeding. As pertains to civil procedural due process, the Court has acknowledged that

due process in the civil context “is a flexible concept which requires

courts to balance competing interests in determining the protections

to be accorded one facing a deprivation of rights.” Id. at 710, 279

S.E.2d at 175; accord Kremer v. Chemical Constr. Corp., 456 U.S.

461, 483, 102 S.Ct. 1883, 1898, 72 L.Ed.2d 262 (1982)

(commenting that “no single model of procedural fairness, let alone

a particular form of procedure, is dictated by the Due Process

Clause”).

Barazi v. W. Va. State Coll., 201 W. Va. 527, 531, 498 S.E.2d 720, 724 (1997). Therefore, due

process in this context does not require use of a particular procedure, absent some directive from

this Court. More to the point, in view of our determination that petitioner has failed to demonstrate

a clear legal right, an evidentiary hearing would do nothing to remedy that fatal defect.

5

Va. 396, 401-02, 729 S.E.2d 231, 236-37 (2012) (combining related and/or redundant assignments

of error).

A. Application of Statute of Limitations and/or Laches in Mandamus Actions

Petitioner first argues that the circuit court erred by applying a statute of limitations

to his petition for writ of mandamus, asserting that mandamus actions are only barred by laches.

The circuit court found that petitioner’s action was barred by the statute of limitations, citing a

two-year statute of limitations, presumably the one contained in West Virginia Code § 55-2-12

(1959) applicable to personal injury and property damage actions. The circuit court found that

since petitioner last worked in June, 2001, his filing of the action in July, 2003 was beyond the

two-year statute of limitations. The Auditor counters that the circuit court did not err, citing dicta

from our caselaw stating that the statute of limitations does in fact apply to mandamus.

As to the applicability of laches to mandamus, petitioner is correct. This Court has

plainly held that “[t]he extraordinary remedy of mandamus, though on the law side of the Court,

is limited as to time by the equitable doctrine of laches.” Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Kay v. Steinmetz,

144 W. Va. 802, 111 S.E.2d 27 (1959). However, the applicability of laches does not necessarily

foreclose the equal application of the statute of limitations. Clearly both laches and statutes of

limitations may co-exist: “The doctrine of laches may apply in equity, whether or not a statute of

limitation also applies and whether or not an applicable statute of limitation has been satisfied.”

30A C.J.S. Equity § 176 (emphasis added). The Court’s prior holding regarding the applicability

of laches does not—either expressly or by implication—foreclose the equal applicability of the

statute of limitations. See Maynard v. Bd. Of Educ. Of the Cty. Of Wayne, 178 W. Va. 53, 357

S.E.2d 246 (1987) (finding declaratory judgment action filed within statute of limitations but

barred by laches).

In that regard, the Auditor cites to State ex rel. Ashworth v. State Road Commission,

147 W. Va. 430, 436, 128 S.E.2d 471, 476 (1962) in support of its contention that the circuit court

did not err in applying a statute of limitations: “This Court has held, however, that the statute of

limitations, as set forth in Code, 55-2-12, as amended, may act as a bar to any claim sought as a

result of a proceeding in mandamus.” (citing State ex rel. Dunn v. Griffith, 139 W. Va. 894, 82

S.E.2d 300 (1954)). In Ashworth, the Court found a statute of limitations applicable to an original

action in mandamus, but found the action timely filed. In Dunn, the Court applied the statute of

limitation to bar the mandamus action. More recently, the Court has found both the contractual

statute of limitations set forth in West Virginia Code § 55-2-6 (1923) and the concept of laches

applicable to a mandamus action brought to require the Consolidated Public Retirement Board to

increase the petitioner’s retirement benefits. See Adams v. Ireland, 207 W. Va. 1, 528 S.E.2d 197

(1999). Moreover, from a purely statutory construction standpoint, the language of our contractual

and personal action statutes of limitations—West Virginia Code §§ 55-2-6 and 55-2-12—appear

to make themselves applicable to mandamus by virtue of their language, stating they apply to

“every action,” and “[e]very personal action” respectively. (Emphasis added).

Therefore, while we find no error in the court’s general application of a statute of

limitation to the petition for mandamus relief, we find that the court plainly erred in applying a

6

two-year statute of limitations. Notably, petitioner fails to assign this as error.11 Nevertheless, we

are compelled to address this issue in view of its relationship to petitioner’s assigned errors. See

Cartwright v. McComas, 223 W. Va. 161, 164, 672 S.E.2d 297, 300 (2008) (recognizing plain

error in civil matters).

The two-year statute of limitations set forth in West Virginia Code § 55-2-12, which

the circuit court ostensibly applied without citation or analysis, states:

Every personal action for which no limitation is otherwise

prescribed shall be brought: (a) Within two years next after the right

to bring the same shall have accrued, if it be for damage to property;

(b) within two years next after the right to bring the same shall have

accrued if it be for damages for personal injuries; and (c) within one

year next after the right to bring the same shall have accrued if it be

for any other matter of such nature that, in case a party die, it could

not have been brought at common law by or against his personal

representative.

(emphasis added). Clearly, this action is neither for property damage nor personal injury. Rather,

similar actions have been found to sound in contract and therefore governed by West Virginia

Code § 55-2-6. 12 See Adams, 207 W. Va. 1, 528 S.E.2d 197 (holding that action to recover

statutorily-mandated pension rights are contractual and that one-year “catch-all” statute of

limitation was inapplicable); Maynard, 178 W. Va. at 58, 357 S.E.2d at 252 (“Compensation of an

employee is an integral part of every employment contract. Therefore, statutory provisions on

employee compensation . . . are integral elements of a contract of employment.”); Jones v. Tri-

Cty. Growers, Inc., 179 W. Va. 218, 221, 366 S.E.2d 726, 729 (1988) (applying five-year contract

statute of limitations where “there is no ambiguity in the terms of the contract itself. Rather, the

issue is whether application of the provisions of the contract are contrary to [statute]”).

11

Instead, petitioner focuses on the circuit court’s calculation of the statute of limitations

by failing to allow for the thirty-day tolling provision applicable upon providing notice of a suit

against the State pursuant to West Virginia Code § 55-17-3(a)(2). However, given the circuit

court’s much more fundamental error in applying a two-year statute of limitations, rather than the

applicable five- or ten-year contractual statute of limitation, this argument is immaterial.

12

West Virginia Code § 55-2-6 provides:

Every action to recover money, which is founded upon an award, or

on any contract . . . shall be brought within the following number of

years . . . if it be upon any [] contract in writing under seal, within

ten years; if it be upon an award, or upon a contract in writing,

signed by the party to be charged thereby, or by his agent, but not

under seal, within ten years; and if it be upon any other contract,

express or implied, within five years . . . .

7

Accordingly, while we find no error in the circuit court’s application of a statute of

limitations to mandamus, we find that the circuit court erroneously applied a two-year statute of

limitations to petitioner’s action. However, in view of our ultimate conclusion that petitioner’s

allegations fail to establish a “clear legal right” of relief, we decline to reverse on this basis.

B. Existence of a “Clear Legal Right” to Mandamus Relief

Petitioner’s final two assignments of error assert that the circuit court erred in its

application and construction of the statutes regarding appointments and commissions payable to

deputy land commissioners —West Virginia Code §§ 11A-3-34 and -66. In particular, the circuit

court’s order states:

The Court agrees with the State Auditor’s argument that West

Virginia Code allows for the appointment of an employee to conduct

land sales; that the employee, serving as a special deputy, was not

required to be compensated in the same manner as a deputy land

commissioner; and in the event of an employee being appointed a

special deputy, any fee due to a deputy land commissioner should

go to the State because it was actually the State providing the

service. Petitioner was compensated for seven (7) years at an hourly

rate based on time sheets that he submitted. The Petitioner

knowingly performed limited services and he cannot now seek

additional compensation for work that was performed was

performed [sic] by the land division employees.

Therefore, the circuit court found that petitioner had not established a clear legal right to relief in

mandamus. Petitioner argues this conclusion was error inasmuch as West Virginia Code § 11A-

3-66, setting forth the compensation scheme for deputy commissioners, makes no provision for

alternate fee arrangements.

While we agree that the circuit court’s analysis of the applicable statutory language

and factual predicate was cursory at best, our de novo review of this matter leads us to the same

conclusion: that petitioner failed to establish a clear legal right to receipt of a percentage

commission on the land sale work performed by petitioner. Petitioner claims that, irrespective of

the implied and written contracts for hourly compensation, he was also entitled to recover the

statutory commission. The parties disagree about whether petitioner ever received any such

commission and the terms of his appointments in the various counties in which he performed land

commissioner work; the appendix record fails to elucidate those issues in any degree. Both parties

concede that a large portion of administrative matters accompanying the land sales were actually

handled by the Auditor’s staff, and not petitioner. Petitioner nonetheless asserts that he was not

required to “earn” the commission through the discharge of specific duties. Conversely, the

8

auditor asserts that payment of any such commission over and above the hourly wages petitioner

was paid would be statutorily and constitutionally barred as “extra” compensation.13

Moreover, the circuit court’s order, superficial though it may be, identifies

additional critical disputed legal issues upon which petitioner’s entitlement to the statutory

commission may rest: the applicability of the contractual defenses of estoppel and/or waiver

resulting from petitioner’s acquiescence to being paid hourly. See Williams v. Tucker, 239 W. Va.

395, 400, 801 S.E.2d 273, 278 (2017) (“Our law is clear that waiver is a general contract defense

that may be applied to invalidate a contract.”); but see State ex rel. Town of S. Charleston v.

Partlow, 133 W. Va. 139, 170, 55 S.E.2d 401, 416 (1949) (Haymond, J. concurring) (“‘An

unauthorized or illegal contract executed by a public corporation is incapable of enforcement. It is

absolutely void, and neither the doctrine of estoppel nor ratification can be invoked to maintain

it.’” (quoting Herald v. Bd. of Educ., 65 W.Va. 765, 65 S.E. 102, 105 (1909)). Like most defenses,

estoppel and waiver are factually-driven inquiries. See Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Ara v. Erie Ins. Co., 182

W. Va. 266, 387 S.E.2d 320 (1989) (“To effect a waiver, there must be evidence which

demonstrates that a party has intentionally relinquished a known right.”).

The confluence of these core factual and legal disputes demonstrates the

unavailability of mandamus in this case. As this Court has held, “[p]etitioners in mandamus must

have a clear legal right to the relief sought therein and such right cannot be established in the

proceeding itself.” Syl. Pt. 1, Kucera, 153 W. Va. 538, 170 S.E.2d 367 (emphasis added).

Moreover, the Court long ago made clear that

[w]hile a writ of mandamus is the proper remedy to compel the

tribunals and officers exercising discretion and judicial power to act,

when they fail so to do, in violation of their duty, mandamus is never

employed to prescribe in what manner each tribunals and officers

shall act, or to correct errors they may have made.

Syl. Pt. 3, Meador v. Cty. Ct. of McDowell Cty., 141 W. Va. 96, 87 S.E.2d 725 (1955) (emphasis

added). Petitioner herein seeks more than a writ to compel the Auditor to act—he seeks a legal

determination of the proper measure of compensation to which he was entitled and a correction of

what he contends was the Auditor’s error in rendering unauthorized compensation. Because

“[m]andamus was never intended to determine a right, but only to enforce a right,” petitioner has

failed to demonstrate a clear legal right entitling him to relief in mandamus. Syl. Pt. 3, in part,

State ex rel. Booth v. Bd. of Ballot Comm’rs of Mingo Cty., 156 W. Va. 657, 196 S.E.2d 299

(1972).14

13

See W. Va. Const. art. VI, § 38 and W. Va. Code § 6-7-7 (barring “extra compensation”

after services have been rendered).

14

Other than a brief reference in petitioner’s notice of appeal, neither party discusses the

claim petitioner filed with the Court of Claims (now known as the “Legislative Claims

Commission”). Petitioner’s counsel indicated in oral argument that “nothing” had occurred with

the claim, consistent with her equivocal statement in the notice that she “believes” that the matter

9

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: November 13, 2019

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Margaret L. Workman

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice John A. Hutchison

is “still pending” there. We find this dual proceeding particularly pertinent inasmuch as the final

requirement for issuance of a writ of mandamus is “the absence of another adequate remedy.” Syl.

Pt. 2, in part, Kucera, 153 W. Va. 538, 170 S.E.2d 367. See also Syl. Pt. 2, Stowers v. Blackburn,

141 W. Va. 328, 90 S.E.2d 277 (1955) (permitting denial of mandamus where there is another

remedy which is “equally beneficial, convenient and effective”).

10