noting natural parents have a fundamental right in the care, custody and management of their child and termination of that right is subject to due process protections
How later courts described this case
- noting natural parents have a fundamental right in the care, custody and management of their child and termination of that right is subject to due process protections
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NOS. A-2015-17T1
A-2016-17T1
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF
CHILD PROTECTION AND
PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
L.O. and O.M.,
Defendants-Appellants.
____________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF L.R.M.,
a Minor.
____________________________
Submitted October 3, 2018 – Decided October 31, 2018
Before Judges Fuentes, Vernoia and Moynihan.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
Docket No. FG-09-0146-17.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant L.O. (Louis W. Skinner, Designated Counsel,
on the briefs).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant O.M. (Howard P. Danzig, Designated
Counsel, on the briefs).
Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Jason W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney
General, of counsel; Mohamed Barry, Deputy Attorney
General, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
attorney for minor (Olivia Belfatto Crisp, Assistant
Deputy Public Defender, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
L.O. (Lola) and O.M. (Omar), the parents of L.R.M. (Luna) born
November 10, 2015, separately appeal from a judgment of guardianship entered
after a four-day trial terminating both parents' parental rights and awarding
guardianship to the New Jersey Division of Child Protection and Permanency
(the Division).1 In these consolidated appeals, each defendant claims that the
judge's conclusions were not supported by clear and convincing evidence. We
have discretely considered Lola and Omar's arguments and determine the judge's
1
We utilize pseudonyms for the parties and the child to protect their privacy,
preserve the confidentiality of these proceedings, and for the reader's
convenience. R. 1:38-3(e).
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2
conclusions were well-supported by competent evidence. Consequently, we
affirm.
"Our review of a trial judge's decision to terminate parental rights is
limited." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007)
(citing In re Guardianship of J.N.H., 172 N.J. 440, 472 (2002)). "The general
rule is that findings by the trial court are binding on appeal when supported by
adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-
12 (1998) (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484
(1974)). Moreover, we accord even greater deference to the judge's fact-finding
"[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family
matters." Id. at 413. We will not disturb the trial judge's factual findings unless
they are "so wide of the mark that a mistake must have been made." N.J. Div.
of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007).
The Legislature has declared, as a matter of public policy, "[t]hat the
preservation and strengthening of family life is a matter of public concern as
being in the interests of the general welfare . . . ." N.J.S.A. 30:4C-1(a). Parental
rights, however, are not inviolable. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W.,
103 N.J. 591, 599 (1986). "The balance between parental rights and the State's
interest in the welfare of children is achieved through the best interests of the
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3
child standard." In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 347 (1999). Before
parental rights may be terminated, the Division must prove the following four
prongs by clear and convincing evidence:
(1) The child's safety, health, or development has been
or will continue to be endangered by the parental
relationship;
(2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the
harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to
provide a safe and stable home for the child and the
delay of permanent placement will add to the harm.
Such harm may include evidence that separating the
child from his resource family parents would cause
serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm
to the child;
(3) The division has made reasonable efforts to provide
services to help the parent correct the circumstances
which led to the child's placement outside the home and
the court has considered alternatives to termination of
parental rights; and
(4) Termination of parental rights will not do more
harm than good.
[N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a); see also A.W., 103 N.J. at
604-11.]
The standards "are not discrete and separate; they relate to and overlap with one
another to provide a comprehensive standard that identifies a child's best
interests." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348.
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4
The trial judge understood the import of her decision to terminate the
defendants' fundamental and highly protected parental rights, as evidenced in
her thirty-one page written opinion. See Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
753-54 (1982) (noting natural parents have a fundamental right in the care,
custody and management of their child and termination of that right is subject
to due process protections); K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 346-47. The judge heeded the
mandate of the Court in conducting a fact sensitive analysis of the four statutory
factors, specific to each defendant. K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348.
It is common that the proofs relating to the first and second prongs
dovetail. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. R.L., 388 N.J. Super. 81, 88
(App. Div. 2006). As the trial judge observed, that is especially so in this case
and we jointly analyze those prongs.
Both parents argue neither of them caused any harm to Luna because the
child was never in their care. The Division placed Luna with a resource parent
after a referral on the day she was born; an emergency removal followed three
days later. As the trial judge correctly noted, "[t]his is not a typical
[g]uardianship case where the child has suffered actual harm at the hands of her
parents. This is not a case where there is evidence that the parent would
intentionally harm the child."
A-2015-17T1
5
But the absence of actual harm to the child is legally inconsequential here.
We have previously determined, "[t]he absence of physical abuse or neglect is
not conclusive on the issue of custody." In re Guardianship of R., 155 N.J.
Super. 186, 194 (App. Div. 1977). Because "the psychological aspect of
parenthood is more important in terms of the development of the child and its
mental and emotional health than the coincidence of biological or natural
parenthood," Sees v. Baber, 74 N.J. 201, 222 (1977), courts must consider even
"the potential for serious psychological damage to the child inferential from the
proofs," Guardianship of R., 155 N.J. Super. at 194 (quoting Sorentino v. Family
Children's Soc'y, 72 N.J. 127, 131-32 (1976)).
The proofs considered by the trial judge included the uncontroverted
testimony of the Division's witnesses: Dr. Alison Strasser Winston, a
psychologist who thrice evaluated each defendant, and Dr. Larry Dumont, who
conducted three psychiatric evaluations on Lola and two on Omar. The judge's
finding that Lola's pronounced "cognitive deficits . . . prevent her from being a
feasible parent for her daughter either independently or as a secondary-parent
with [Omar] who has [a severe] untreated psychiatric illness" is well-supported
by the evidence.
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The judge found that Dr. Winston "was unable to administer any
psychological testing measures" to Lola because her "significant cognitive
delays" rendered her "unable to read" or to "understand the questions" the doctor
posed. The judge credited Dr. Winston's opinion that Lola, who the doctor
diagnosed with Unspecified Intellectual Disability, would be unable to learn
parenting skills and progress through the services offered by the Division due to
her "cognitive delays and limitations," which "would impair her from safely
parenting a child." Lola's claim that the judge did not consider her substantial
compliance with and advancement in the Division-provided services is not
supported by the record. The judge twice noted that she complied with services
except substance abuse treatment 2 and the Division's referral to the Division of
Developmental Disabilities. The judge concluded, "[b]ased upon the Division's
experts and testimony of the caseworker . . . the Division has proven by clear
and convincing evidence that it is clearly not from a lack of effort by [Lola] that
reunification with her daughter is not feasible"; her cognitive limitations made
reunification unrealistic. The judge relied on Dr. Winston's opinion that "no
amount of additional services will improve [Lola's] cognitive functioning."
2
Lola tested positive for cocaine twice.
A-2015-17T1
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Addressing the father's parental fitness, the judge found Omar's
"significant mental health issues and anger management difficulties . . . affect
his capacity to provide a safe and stable home for his child." She also found
Omar refused to acknowledge those issues and the high level of risk they posed
to Luna. The record supports those findings.
Dr. Winston twice diagnosed Omar with schizoaffective disorder – bipolar
type "characterized by delusions in combination with a mood disorder manic
type." After testing revealed Omar: had poor impulse control; presented a high
risk he would have unrealistic expectations of a child; and lacked empathy, Dr.
Winston opined that Omar "was unable to safely parent a child." His
participation in parenting classes did not improve his insight into his mental
health issues.
The judge credited Dr. Winston's opinion that "given the significant extent
of [Omar's] mental illness, and his minimal, if any, therapeutic progress," he is
currently incapable of providing his daughter with a
safe and stable environment, and the pervasive and
chronic nature of his mental health issues, combined
with his failure to consistently comply with treatment,
strongly suggests that he will be incapable of
adequately addressing these concerns within a time
frame that would meet his daughter's need for
permanency.
A-2015-17T1
8
The judge concluded that Omar's "impulsive behavior and delusional thoughts"
would present a "high risk for abuse or neglect" if Luna were reunited with him.
The judge's findings of Omar's: delusional thoughts; positive tests for cocaine;
non-compliance with substance abuse treatment; and non-compliance with
medication buttress her conclusion. In light of this record, we reject Omar's
argument that there was insufficient evidence that he was unwilling or unable to
eliminate the harm posed to Luna.
The parents' history of domestic violence, supported by Lola's accounts of
the volatile nature of her relationship with Omar, were factors properly
considered by the judge. Notwithstanding both parents' present arguments that
Lola understands what to do in the event Omar commits future acts of domestic
violence, the judge found "there was a significant history of domestic violence"
between the parents. The judge credited Dr. Winston's opinion that Lola "was
incapable of protecting a child and herself from harm from her husband. She
appears helpless to extricate herself from that relationship."
In Guardianship of R., 155 N.J. Super. at 194-95, we recognized that
parents who suffer from organic conditions may be "morally blameless" and that
their parental inadequacy may be engendered by those problems as well as the
interaction of the parents' personalities. Nonetheless, we held the proper focus
A-2015-17T1
9
was on the child's best interests. Id. at 195. The Supreme Court cautioned that
"the price of focusing on the plight of the parents . . . is that the child is kept i n
waiting for what the decision-makers view as the ideal or best placement."
A.W., 103 N.J. at 601-02. What most concerned the A.W. Court was the lack
of evidence of "any realistic likelihood that the parents would ever be capable
of caring for the children." Id. at 614. Even when parents are not blameworthy,
parental unfitness can be established when their behavior "indicates a further
likelihood of harm to the child in the future." Id. at 615-16.
The judge properly recognized that the first two statutory prongs were met
by evidence that Lola's cognitive deficiencies and Omar's mental illness,
combined with their volatile relationship, posed a danger to Luna's safety and
need for permanency. The proofs also support the judge's conclusion that, in
light of the expert's bonding evaluations, Luna would "suffer serious and
enduring harm" if Luna's "strong, secure emotional attachment" with her foster
mother – her "psychological parent" who is willing to adopt her – was severed.
See N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Services v. B.G.S., 291 N.J. Super. 582, 592
(App. Div. 1996) (quoting In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 18 (1992))
(recognizing "harms attributable to a biological parent include the prolonged
inattention to a child's needs, which encourages the development of a stronger,
A-2015-17T1
10
'bonding relationship' to foster parents, 'the severing of which would cause
profound harm'"). As our Supreme Court held in K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348-49,
harm may be "shown [by proof that] the parent is unable to provide a safe and
stable home for the child and that the delay in securing permanency continues
or adds to the child's harm."
Both parents contend the trial judge erred in dismissing Luna's
grandfather, Aaron, and aunt, Violet,3 as potential caregivers pursuant to
N.J.S.A. 30:4C:12.1(a), by improperly relying on Division notices – rule-out
letters – sent pursuant to N.J.S.A. 30:4C:12.1(b), that were based on arbitrary
and subjective criteria that did not fully explore the family alternatives. 4
3
We again use pseudonyms in place of the family members' actual names.
4
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12.1 provides in part:
a. In any case in which the Department of Children and
Families accepts a child in its care or custody, including
placement, the department shall initiate a search for
relatives who may be willing and able to provide the
care and support required by the child. The search shall
be initiated within 30 days of the department’s
acceptance of the child in its care or custody. The
search will be completed when all sources contacted
have either responded to the inquiry or failed to respond
within 45 days. The department shall complete an
assessment of each interested relative's ability to
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Aaron's rule-out letter was sent in October 2016, over six months
following his psychological evaluation. Violet's letter was sent in June 2017
after she indicated she was not interested in caring for Luna. Although the rule-
out letters sent to Aaron and Violet advised them both of the review process,
and despite the parties' averment that Aaron requested a review that resulted in
a second psychological evaluation that was performed on November 27, 2017
during the guardianship trial, there is no record of a review-request. Nor is there
any record that Violet expressed her desire to be reconsidered until after the trial
provide the care and support, including placement,
required by the child.
b. If the department determines that the relative is
unwilling or unable to assume the care of the child, the
department shall not be required to re-evaluate the
relative. The department shall inform the relative in
writing of:
(1) the reasons for the department’s determination;
(2) the responsibility of the relative to inform the
department if there is a change in the circumstances
upon which the determination was made;
(3) the possibility that termination of parental rights
may occur if the child remains in resource family care
for more than six months; and
(4) the right to seek review by the department of such
determination.
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commenced. The trial judge found that none of the ten individuals reviewed by
the Division as potential caregivers, including Aaron and Violet, sought a
reassessment of the rule-out decisions.
The second evaluation concluded only that Aaron "was qualified for
consideration as primary caregiver for [Luna]." Contrary to the parents'
assertions, the judge did not rely on the rule-out letters. She pointed to the lack
of evidence that placement with the alternative caregivers were in Luna's best
interests. The judge observed neither Aaron nor Violet "had a bonding
evaluation with the child." Neither the parents nor the potential alternative
caregivers presented any expert testimony regarding their ability to provide care
and support or that it would be in Luna's best interests if one of the relatives
were awarded care and custody. Moreover, in that context, the judge concluded
"the expert testimony is uncontroverted that if the child were removed from her
foster parent she would endure serious and enduring harm."
In New Jersey Division of Youth and Family Services v. J.S., 433 N.J.
Super. 69, 75 (App. Div. 2013), we held that "the Division's rule-out authority
is always subject to the Family Part's ultimate assessment of that child's best
interests." Because "[t]he satisfaction of the rule-out criteria in N.J.S.A. 30:4C-
12.1 is, in essence, just one element of the requirements imposed by N.J.S.A.
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13
30:4C-15.1(a)'s four-prong 'best interests' test," id. at 85, the court did not err in
ruling that the family members did not present viable alternatives to parental
termination.
We reject Omar's contention that the Division "failed to provide the
required services to make a reasonable effort at reunification" of father and
daughter for the reasons set forth in the trial judge's thorough review of the
Division's efforts in this respect.
The parents' arguments that the trial judge did not properly consider
kinship legal guardianship (KLG) as a valid alternative to termination of
parental rights lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this written opinion.
R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). Luna's foster mother is willing to adopt her. See N.J. Div.
of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 509, 513 (2004) (quoting
N.J.S.A. 3B:12A-6(d)(3)) (observing "a kinship legal guardian may only be
appointed when 'adoption of the child is neither feasible nor likely'" and that
"when the permanency provided by adoption is available, [KLG] cannot be used
as a defense to termination of parental rights").
Finally, we are unpersuaded by both parents' challenges to the trial judge's
finding that termination of their rights would not do more harm than good. The
judge did not simply choose the foster parent over Lola and Omar. She
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considered the uncontroverted expert testimony, including the bonding
evaluations of Luna with Lola and her foster mother – Omar failed to attend his
bonding evaluation – and recognized that even when a parent exposes a child to
harm which the parent has been unable to remediate, and the child has bonded
with a foster parent, courts are cautioned against termination. We discern no
factual or legal basis to disturb the Family Part's decision to terminate
defendants' parental rights.
Affirmed.
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