The opinion
07/26/2019
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs April 16, 2019
ERIC THOMAS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 5288 Monte D. Watkins, Judge
No. M2018-01153-CCA-R3-HC
The Petitioner, Eric Thomas, appeals the Davidson County Criminal Court’s denial of his
third petition for habeas corpus relief challenging his 1999 convictions for robbery and
the resulting thirty-two-year and one-day sentence. He contends that he is being illegally
detained because amended judgments of convictions were never entered following
resentencing and that absent entry of valid judgment forms imposing his restraint, his six-
year sentences have expired. The habeas corpus court concluded that the Petitioner had
failed to state a cognizable claim for relief. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD
WITT, JR., and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.
Eric Thomas, Tiptonville, Tennessee, Pro Se (on appeal); and Manuel Benjamin Russ
(elbow counsel), Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Eric Thomas.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; James E. Gaylord and Clark B.
Thornton, Senior Assistant Attorneys General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General;
and Andrea Green, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In 1997, the Petitioner was indicted on three counts of robbery and two counts of
aggravated robbery. The State agreed to reduce the aggravated robbery charges to
robbery. The Petitioner went to trial on the first charge and was found guilty on January
29, 1999. On April 1, 1999, the Petitioner was sentenced to eight years and one day for
this conviction. He, thereafter, pled guilty to the four remaining robbery charges on May
24, 1999, and was sentenced to six years for each conviction. The trial court ordered that
the sentences run consecutively to each other and to his sentence on the first charge,
resulting in an effective sentence of thirty-two years and one day.
On direct appeal, this court reversed the trial court’s imposition of consecutive
sentences because the facts and circumstances did not support the trial court’s finding
that the Petitioner was a dangerous offender pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-115(b). See State v. Eric D. Thomas, No. W 1999-00337-CCA-R3-CD,
2001 WL 721054, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 26, 2001). This court “vacat[ed] that
portion of the trial court’s judgment ordering the [Petitioner’s] sentences to be served
consecutively” and remanded “for resentencing solely on the issue of consecutive
sentencing.” Id. at *4. In so doing, this court emphasized as follows:
Given the [Petitioner’s] prior criminal record, however, he may
qualify for consecutive sentencing as a professional criminal or as an
offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive. Accordingly, we
remand this matter to the trial court for further findings as to the
[Petitioner’s] eligibility for consecutive sentencing. If, on remand, the trial
court finds an alternative ground for consecutive sentences which is
supported by a preponderance of the evidence, then consecutive sentences
may still be appropriate, so long as the actual length of the sentence is
“justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense[s]” and is “no
greater than that deserved for the offense[s] committed.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 40-35-102(1), -103(2); see also State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 460 (Tenn.
1999).
Id. at *3.
The trial court resentenced the Petitioner on April 22, 2002, and again imposed
consecutive sentences. This time the trial court concluded that the Petitioner was a
professional criminal and was also an offender whose record of criminal activity was
extensive. It appears from the documentation provided by the Petitioner that additional
judgment forms for these four counts were filed after resentencing. These judgment
forms were the same in all respects as the first set except for a notation in the special
conditions section that the Petitioner was resentenced on April 22, 2002.
Subsequently, the Petitioner sought post-conviction relief alleging ineffective
assistance of counsel. Post-conviction relief was denied, and this court affirmed on
appeal. See Eric Thomas v. State, No. W2003-02154-CCA-R3-PC, 2004 WL 2891654
(Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 14, 2004), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 21, 2005).
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On January 25, 2011, in the Criminal Court for Shelby County, the Petitioner filed
his first petition for habeas corpus relief, alleging that he was illegally incarcerated
because his sentences had expired prior to his resentencing. See Eric Thomas v. Charles
Trauber, Chairman of Board of Probation and Parole, No. W2011-01157-CCA-R3-HC,
2012 WL 259386, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 26, 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May
16, 2012). Specifically, he argued that the effect of this court’s holding on direct appeal
was that his sentences were to run concurrently until either the resentencing hearing or
the expiration of his sentences, whichever came first. Id. He further argued that he
earned sufficient “jail credits” that his sentences expired prior to the resentencing
hearing. Id. The habeas corpus court dismissed the petition. Id.
On appeal, this court upheld the dismissal. In so doing, this court first held that
the Petitioner had not satisfied the mandatory procedural requirements for habeas corpus
relief because he had failed to attach the appropriate judgments of conviction to his
petition and because he had filed the petition in the incorrect county. Thomas, 2012 WL
259386, at *2-3. Despite the Petitioner’s procedural default, the court ruled on the
substantive merit of the Petitioner’s claims, determining that his claims did not entitle
him to relief. This court reasoned as follows:
[T]he Petitioner’s claim that his six-year sentence expired before
resentencing after factoring in 831 days of pretrial jail credit awarded by
the trial court and 470 days of sentence reduction credit awarded by the
Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC) is not cognizable in a habeas
corpus petition. See Tucker v. Morrow, 335 S.W.3d 116, 122 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2009) (Because the grant or denial of sentence reduction credit “lies
solely within the discretion of the warden of the institution wherein the
inmate is incarcerated, claims regarding the miscalculation or
misapplication of sentence reduction credits are not cognizable in a habeas
corpus petition . . . .”). The record reflects that the trial court awarded the
Petitioner 831 days of pretrial jail credit in case number 97-08125 and that
his consecutive six-year terms accordingly began to run on February 12,
1997. The Petitioner was resentenced on April 22, 2002, less than six years
after he began serving his sentences. A challenge to the application of
sentence reduction credit awarded by TDOC is not cognizable in a habeas
corpus petition and should be brought under the Uniform Administrative
Procedures Act. See Morrow, 335 S.W.3d at 122; Brigham v. Lack, 755
S.W.2d 469, 471 (Tenn.Crim.App.1988).
Furthermore, the Petitioner’s belief that his sentences were
automatically rendered concurrent by this court on direct appeal, and thus
subject to expiration before resentencing, is mistaken. This court found
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that consecutive sentencing was not warranted based upon a finding that the
Petitioner was a dangerous offender and remanded the matter to the trial
court “for further findings as to the [Petitioner’s] eligibility for consecutive
sentencing,” reasoning that the trial court might find “an alternative ground
for consecutive sentences.” This court did not hold that the Petitioner’s
multiple six-year sentences were to run concurrently until the resentencing
hearing.
Id. at *3.
In August 2012, the Petitioner filed a petition for habeas corpus relief in the
Circuit Court for Lake County, the county of his incarceration. See Eric Thomas v.
Henry Steward, Warden, No. W2012-01887-CCA-R3-HC, 2013 WL 132517 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Jan. 10, 2013). In this petition, the Petitioner “alleged that his judgments of
conviction were void because the trial court failed to render a judgment in infamy.” Id. at
*1. The Petitioner also raised issues regarding the calculation of pretrial jail credits and
sentence reduction credits and the convictions to which the credits should be assigned.
Id. On August 24, 2012, the habeas corpus court entered an order denying the Petitioner
relief. Id.
This court affirmed on appeal. This court again concluded that the Petitioner had
failed to comply with the procedural requirements for habeas corpus relief by failing to
attach the appropriate judgments of conviction to his petition. Thomas, 2013 WL
132517, at *2. This court also noted that “disputes regarding the award of sentence
reduction credits by the [TDOC] are not cognizable in a habeas corpus petition.” Id. at
*3 (citing Morrow, 335 S.W.3d at 122).
The Petitioner has mounted a number of additional challenges to his consecutive
sentences. He filed an action with the Tennessee Claims Commission. See Eric Thomas
v. State, No. W2009-01399-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 5101769 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 29,
2009). It was noted in that opinion that the Petitioner had also sought a declaratory
judgment regarding his sentence calculation in Davidson County Chancery Court. Id. at
*1. Additionally, in 2016, the Petitioner sought relief under Tenn. R. Crim. P. 36.1 in the
Criminal Court for Shelby County. None of these challenges were successful.
On September 28, 2017, the Petitioner filed the instant petition for habeas corpus
relief in the Criminal Court for Davidson County. The Petitioner maintained that no
amended judgment forms imposing consecutive sentences for his six-year sentences had
ever been entered. According to the Petitioner, because this court reversed the original
imposition of consecutive service, and because no amended judgments of conviction had
ever been entered reflecting the imposition of consecutive service, his six-year sentences
were rendered concurrent. He continued that he was being illegally detained by the six-
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year sentences because they had expired based upon his computation of jail credits prior
to any resentencing. In making his argument, the Petitioner relied in large part on
language from a January 29, 2016 order of the Criminal Court for Shelby County denying
the Petitioner’s Rule 36.1 motion to correct an illegal sentence. Although relief was
denied, the trial court stated in the order as follows, “Because the entry of judgment in the
instant case does not specify whether the [Petitioner’s] sentences would be served
consecutively or concurrently, any alleged error in the manner of service of the
[Petitioner’s] could not be attributed to the trial court.”
The habeas corpus court appointed counsel for the Petitioner and received
testimony on two different occasions. At the evidentiary hearing on March 2, 2018,
Candace Whisman, Director of Sentence Management Services at the TDOC, testified
how the agency calculated the Petitioner’s sentence and how that applied when the
Petitioner’s case was remanded on direct appeal. At the April 6, 2018 evidentiary
hearing, the Petitioner testified regarding his allegations contained in the petition. The
habeas corpus court denied relief by written order dated May 25, 2018, concluding that
the Petitioner had failed to state a cognizable claim for relief. The Petitioner timely
appealed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, the Petitioner submits that his present claim is not barred by collateral
estoppel because he “merely seeks to inquire as to what judgments is the TDOC
enforcing imposing [his] restraint.” He notes that “all criminal courts, have either
vacated the consecutive sentences, determined the 1999 judgments were not the
appropriate judgment[s], or the 1999 judgments do not impose his restraint.” The
Petitioner again relies on the language from the January 29, 2016 order of the Criminal
Court for Shelby County.
The State responds that the Petitioner’s claim is barred by collateral estoppel
because it “is essentially the same as that raised in his previous [2012] appeal to this
court.” The State, addressing the Petitioner’s reference to the January 29, 2016 order of
the Criminal Court for Shelby County, maintains that “[n]othing that has since been said
by or in a trial-level court could alter the effect of this [c]ourt’s judgment.” Moreover,
the State surmises that the failure of a trial court to enter amended judgments of
conviction is not a basis for habeas corpus relief.
Under Tennessee law, the “grounds upon which habeas corpus relief may be
granted are very narrow.” Taylor v. State, 995 S.W.2d 78, 83 (Tenn. 1999). The writ
will issue only where the petitioner has established: (1) a lack of jurisdiction for the order
of confinement on the face of the judgment or in the record on which the judgment was
rendered; or (2) that he is otherwise entitled to immediate release because of the
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expiration of his sentence. See State v. Ritchie, 20 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tenn. 2000);
Archer, 851 S.W.2d at 164.
The purpose of the habeas corpus petition is to contest a void, not merely a
voidable, judgment. State ex rel. Newsom v. Henderson, 424 S.W.2d 186, 189 (Tenn.
1968). A void, as opposed to a voidable, judgment is “one that is facially invalid because
the court did not have the statutory authority to render such judgment.” See Summers v.
State, 212 S.W.3d 251, 256 (Tenn. 2007). In contrast, “[a] voidable conviction or
sentence is one which is facially valid and requires the introduction of proof beyond the
face of the record or judgment to establish its invalidity.” Taylor, 995 S.W.2d at 83.
A petitioner bears the burden of establishing a void judgment or illegal
confinement by a preponderance of the evidence. See Wyatt v. State, 24 S.W.3d 319,
322 (Tenn. 2000). We note that the determination of whether to grant habeas corpus
relief is a matter of law; therefore, we will review the habeas corpus court’s finding de
novo without a presumption of correctness. McLaney v. Bell, 59 S.W.3d 90, 92 (Tenn.
2001).
First, we must address a procedural anomaly. Our supreme court has held, “A
habeas corpus court may properly choose to dismiss a petition for failing to comply with
the statutory procedural requirements; however, dismissal is not required. The habeas
corpus court may . . . choose to adjudicate the petition on its merits.” Hickman v. State,
153 S.W.3d 16, 21 (Tenn. 2004) (footnote omitted) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-21-
109). While procedural default is not required, we observe that neither the habeas corpus
court, nor the parties, have made any mention of the procedural requirements for filing a
habeas corpus petition, especially, the proper county for filing. This, the Petitioner’s
third petition for habeas corpus relief, was filed in Davidson County. The Petitioner was
convicted in Shelby County. The Petitioner has at all relevant times been incarcerated in
Lake County, and he states as much in his reply brief to this court. Tennessee Code
Annotated section 29-21-105 states that an application for habeas corpus relief should be
filed with “the court or judge most convenient in point of distance to the applicant, unless
a sufficient reason be given in the petition for not applying to such court or judge.” The
Petitioner provides no reason for filing in Davidson County, much less a sufficient one.
Moreover, we cannot contemplate any such reason. This petition could have and
probably should have been dismissed by the Criminal Court for Davidson County for
failing to comply with the procedural requirements.
Regardless, we agree with the State that the Petitioner’s issues have been
previously determined by this court.
[U]nder the law of the case doctrine, an appellate court’s decision on an
issue of law is binding in later trials and appeals of the same case if the
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facts on the second trial or appeal are substantially the same as the facts in
the first trial or appeal. The doctrine applies to issues that were actually
before the appellate court in the first appeal and to issues that were
necessarily decided by implication. The doctrine does not apply to dicta.
George Harden v. State, No. E2014-01458-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 5121381, at *3
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 31, 2015) (citations omitted). The law of the case doctrine is not
a constitutional mandate nor is it a limitation on power of a court, rather it is a
longstanding discretionary rule of judicial practice which is based on common sense
recognition that issues previously litigated and decided by a court of competent
jurisdiction ordinarily need not be revisited. See State v. Jefferson, 31 S.W. 3d. 558
(Tenn. 2000).
The record reflects the Petitioner raised in his first petition for habeas corpus relief
the allegation that his six-year sentences had expired before resentencing after factoring
in 831 days of pretrial jail credit awarded by the trial court and 470 days of sentence
reduction credit awarded by the TDOC. This court, in upholding the dismissal of the
petition, concluded that the Petitioner’s claim was not cognizable for habeas corpus
relief. Thomas, 2012 WL 259386, at *3. This court reasoned that the Petitioner was
resentenced on April 22, 2002, which was less than six years after the original judgment
of convictions were entered even taking into account the Petitioner’s pre-trial jail credit
and that any challenge to the application of sentence reduction credit awarded by TDOC
should be brought under the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act. Id. Furthermore,
this court stressed that “the Petitioner’s belief that his sentences were automatically
rendered concurrent by this court on direct appeal, and thus subject to expiration before
resentencing, [was] mistaken and that this court did not hold that the Petitioner’s multiple
six-year sentences were to run concurrently until the resentencing hearing.” Id.
In August 2012, in the Circuit Court for Lake County, the Petitioner filed a second
petition for habeas corpus relief. This time he alleged “that his judgments of conviction
were void because the trial court failed to render a judgment in infamy.” Thomas, 2013
WL 132517, at *1. The Petitioner also raised issues regarding the calculation of pretrial
jail credits and sentence reduction credits and the convictions to which the credits should
be assigned. Id. This court affirmed, concluding that the habeas corpus court properly
dismissed the petition because the Petitioner had failed to comply with the procedural
requirements for habeas corpus relief by failing to attach the appropriate judgments of
conviction to his petition. Id. at *2. This court also noted that “disputes regarding the
award of sentence reduction credits by the [TDOC] are not cognizable in a habeas corpus
petition.” Id. at *3 (citing Morrow, 335 S.W.3d at 122).
The Petitioner then filed his third petition, the subject of this appeal, in the
Criminal Court for Davidson County. We reiterate that no sufficient reason for doing so
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was provided, and it appears that the Petitioner was merely dissatisfied with the outcomes
of his previous filings. In this petition, the Petitioner maintained that amended judgments
forms were never entered following resentencing and that absent entry of valid judgments
of conviction, his six-year sentences had expired. Again, the Petitioner submitted that
because this court reversed the original imposition of consecutive service, his six-year
sentences were rendered concurrent and had, therefore, expired based upon his
computation of his jail credits. Because the facts presented in the first two habeas corpus
petitions and the present petition were the same and because the Petitioner’s issues were
necessarily decided in those appeals, we conclude that his issues were previously
determined. “Continued filing with a slight modification of [the] argument will not result
in a different conclusion.” Mack Transou v. Jerry Lester, Warden, No. W2013-00293-
CCA-R3-HC, 2013 WL 5745704, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 21 2013).
The Petitioner’s claim that the failure to enter amended judgment forms renders
his convictions void, even if viewed in isolation, is also without substantive merit. First,
the Petitioner’s citation to the January 29, 2016 order of the Criminal Court for Shelby
County stating, “Because the entry of judgment in the instant case does not specify
whether the [Petitioner’s] sentences would be served consecutively or concurrently, any
alleged error in the manner of service of the [Petitioner’s] could not be attributed to the
trial court[,]” does not afford him any relief. This finding by the trial court is not binding
on the appellate court because it is not supported by the record. Moreover, the Petitioner,
in an exhibit to the evidentiary hearing, stated that the same trial court issued an order in
2017 clarifying its 2016 order, saying therein that the Petitioner “was delusional” and that
the previous “findings were not factual.”
Additionally, it appears that additional judgment forms were filed after the April
22, 2002 resentencing, which noted the resulting exact same sentences, including
consecutive service. In these forms, it was stated in the special conditions section that
resentencing had taken place on April 22, 2002. Any errors, if at all, in these forms were
merely clerical. Notwithstanding, even if these amended judgment forms were deficient
in some respect, our supreme court has held that the failure of a trial court to enter a
judgment is not a basis for habeas corpus relief. See James William Taylor a/k/a Lutfi
Shafq Talal v. State, No. M2007-01405-CCA-R3-HC, 2008 WL 1699443, at *3, *5
(Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 11, 2008) (citing Lufti Shafq Talal a/k/a James William Taylor v.
State, No. M2005-02964-SC-R11-HC (Tenn. Nov. 13, 2006) (order)) (stating our
supreme court described the trial court’s failure to enter a judgment as a clerical mistake);
see also Harden, 2015 WL 5121381, at *4. The Petitioner’s claim is without merit.
Based upon the foregoing and the record as a whole, we conclude that the petition
could have and probably should have been dismissed due to the Petitioner’s filing in the
improper county, that the Petitioner’s issues have been previously determined by this
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court, and that any separate stand-alone issue lacks substantive merit. Accordingly, we
conclude that the habeas corpus court did not err by denying the Petitioner relief.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the habeas corpus court is affirmed.
_________________________________
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE
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