The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA18-778
Filed: 19 February 2019
Anson County, No. 14 E 161
IN THE MATTER OF: THE ESTATE OF CLARENCE MAYNARD JOHNSON
Appeal by petitioner from orders entered 9 March 2018 by Judge James M.
Webb in Anson County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 31 January
2019.
The McCraw Law Firm, PLLC, by Jeffrey M. McCraw, for petitioner-appellant.
Harrington Law Firm, by Larry E. Harrington, for respondent-appellee.
TYSON, Judge.
Stacia Ward Johnson (“Petitioner”) appeals two orders of the superior court
issued upon review of orders from the clerk of superior court. We vacate both of the
superior court’s orders and remand.
I. Background
Clarence Maynard Johnson (“Decedent”) and Petitioner were married on 14
August 1999. Decedent died testate on 28 September 2014. Decedent’s last will and
testament dated 5 April 2013 was submitted for probate on 18 November 2014.
Decedent’s will named one of Decedent’s two sons from a prior marriage, Edward
Michael Johnson (“Respondent”), as his executor. In his will, Decedent left a
residence at 512 North Pine Lane in Wadesboro and one-half of all of his other real
IN RE JOHNSON
Opinion of the Court
property and personal property to Petitioner. The remaining one-half undivided
interest was devised to Respondent and Mark Johnson, Decedent’s other son by a
prior marriage.
Petitioner submitted an AOC-E-100 form for a year’s allowance of $30,000.00
as a surviving spouse pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-15 on 14 January 2016. After
applying N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-31, the Anson County Clerk of Superior Court entered
an order on 20 January 2016 (“the January 2016 Order”) finding Petitioner was
“entitled to a year’s allowance in the amount of $13,349.50 . . . to be credited against
her distributive share.” The January 2016 Order also specified that two motor
vehicles totaling $3,050.00 in value and an insurance check for damage to another
motor vehicle in the amount of $4,097.06 be assigned to Petitioner in partial payment
of the year’s allowance. After assigning the vehicles and the check, the January 2016
Order specified that a $6,202.44 balance on the $13,349.50 assignment was to be paid
from the estate’s assets.
Also on 20 January 2016, the Assistant Anson County Clerk of Superior Court
signed the section entitled “ASSIGNMENT OF YEAR’S ALLOWANCE” on the AOC-
E-100 form submitted by Petitioner. The “ASSIGNMENT OF YEAR’S
ALLOWANCE” section of the form contains pre-printed language, which states:
I have examined the above application and have
determined the money and other personal property of the
decedent. I find that the allegations in the application are
true and that each person(s) named in the application is
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Opinion of the Court
entitled to the allowance requested.
I ASSIGN to the applicant the funds or other items of the
personal property of the decedent listed below, which I
have valued as indicated. This property is assigned free
and clear of any lien by judgment or execution against the
decedent and is to be paid by the applicant to the person(s)
entitled. I assess as a DEFICIENCY the amount, if any,
shown below, which is to be paid or delivered to the proper
person when any additional personal assets of the decedent
are discovered.
The form listed the $13,349.50 worth of Decedent’s personal property assigned
to Petitioner to pay her year’s allowance, and noted a deficiency of $16,650.50, the
difference between the $30,000.00 year’s allowance provided under N.C. Gen. Stat. §
30-15 (2014) and the $13,349.50 worth of personal property assigned to Petitioner.
On 11 September 2017, Petitioner filed a petition for revocation of letters
testamentary issued to Respondent. Petitioner alleged:
a. [Respondent] has failed to properly handle, manage, and
account for estate assets in accordance with the North
Carolina General Statutes;
b. [Respondent] has failed to file timely and accurate
periodic accountings with the Clerk;
c. The estate has been open for three (3) years and accurate
and complete final distributions and a final accounting
have yet to be proffered; and
d. These and potentially other failures and circumstances
appear to rise to a violation of the fiduciary duty of the
[Respondent’s] office under NCGS 28A-9-1(3).
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A hearing was held on Petitioner’s petition on 8 November 2017 before the
clerk of superior court. Petitioner asserted Respondent had committed multiple
breaches of his fiduciary duties as the estate executor, including failing to satisfy the
deficiency on Petitioner’s year’s allowance before paying lower priority claims on
Decedent’s estate.
Petitioner also asserted, in part, that: (1) Respondent had failed to include
several assets in the estate’s inventory, including the contents of two safes owned by
Decedent that contained firearms, U.S. currency, and a coin collection; (2)
Respondent had improperly included non-probate real estate transactions within his
estate accounting, including the sale of timber from Decedent’s real property, real
estate rents, and real estate expenses; (3) Respondent had calculated his commissions
as executor based upon inflated receipts and disbursements; and (4) Respondent had
failed to provide vouchers to support disbursements made from the estate.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the clerk of superior court orally ruled that
there was a deficiency of $16,650.50 in Petitioner’s year’s allowance, and ordered
Respondent to issue Petitioner a check for the deficiency. The clerk also ordered an
appraisal of Decedent’s coin collection and calendared a hearing for 29 November
2017 on the results of the appraisal. The clerk deferred ruling on the removal of
Respondent as the executor. Respondent gave oral notice of appeal of the clerk’s order
on the deficiency payment.
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Opinion of the Court
After the hearing, Petitioner filed a new petition for the revocation of
Respondent’s letters testamentary on 17 November 2017. In the new petition,
Petitioner reasserted the arguments she had made for removal of Respondent as the
estate executor at the 8 November hearing and in her previous petition.
On 20 November 2017, the clerk of court issued a written order (“the Deficiency
Order”) which contained findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Deficiency Order
required that Petitioner be paid the $16,650.50 deficiency for the year’s allowance.
The order contained the following relevant findings of fact:
6. That on January 20th, 2016 the Anson County Clerk of
Superior Court issued an order Assigning Spouse Year’s
Allowance of $13,349.50 . . . .
7. That the aforementioned remittance in paragraph #6 of
$13,349.50, toward an Assignment of Year’s Allowance, did
and does cause a remaining deficiency of $16,650.50 to the
Spouse’s Year’s Allowance, per N.C.G.S. 30-15.
Based upon these findings, the clerk of court concluded, in relevant part:
8. That on January 20th, 2016 the court approved and
ordered a Year’s Allowance to be assigned to [Petitioner] in
the amount of $13,349.50, leaving a deficiency of
$16,650.50, per N.C.G.S. 30-15.
On 19 December 2017, the clerk of court issued an order (“the Revocation
Order”) denying Petitioner’s petition for revocation of letters testamentary granted
to Respondent. The Revocation Order contained the following relevant findings of
fact:
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Opinion of the Court
8. The Court has examined the filed reports of the
Executor. While sometimes tardy, the Court can find no
breach of fiduciary duty, no evidence of bad faith and no
misconduct that would justify removal or revocation of
letters testamentary.
9. The Court finds no evidence that [Respondent] has acted
in bad faith in carrying out his fiduciary duties as
Executor.
10. The Court finds no evidence that [Respondent] is guilty
of misconduct in the execution of his office.
11. The Court finds no evidence that [Respondent] has a
private interest that might hinder or be adverse to a proper
administration of the estate.
The Revocation Order concluded, in part:
2. [Respondent] has violated no fiduciary duty through
default or misconduct in the execution of his office.
3. [Respondent] has no private interest, whether direct or
indirect, that might tend to hinder or be adverse to a fair
and proper administration of the estate.
Petitioner filed written notice of appeal of the Revocation Order to the superior
court, “pursuant to N.C.G.S. §§ 28A-9-4 and 28A-2-9(b) and 1-301.2 or alternatively
1-301.3 . . . .”
The superior court conducted a hearing on Petitioner and Respondent’s
appeals on 12 February 2018. The superior court issued two orders on 6 March 2018.
One order denied Petitioner’s petition for revocation of letters testamentary granted
to Respondent. The other order allowed Respondent’s appeal of the Deficiency Order
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Opinion of the Court
and declared the Deficiency Order null and void. The superior court ruled that the
clerk of court’s 20 January 2016 order, which did not specify a deficiency owed to
Petitioner, controlled over the Deficiency Order.
Petitioner filed timely notice of appeal of the superior court’s two orders.
II Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b) (2017).
III. Issues
Petitioner argues the superior court applied the incorrect standards of review
to the Revocation Order and the Deficiency Order, which warrants reversal and
remand of both orders to the superior court. In the alternative, Petitioner argues the
superior court erred in denying her petition for revocation of letters testamentary and
in ruling the clerk of court’s deficiency order was null and void.
IV. Standard of Review
“On appeal to the Superior Court of an order of the Clerk in matters of probate,
the trial court judge sits as an appellate court.” In re Estate of Pate, 119 N.C. App.
400, 402-03, 459 S.E.2d 1, 2-3 (1995) (quotations and citations omitted). “The
standard of review in this Court is the same as in the Superior Court.” Id. at 403, 459
S.E.2d at 3. “Errors of law are reviewed de novo.” Overton v. Camden Cty., 155 N.C.
App. 391, 393, 574 S.E.2d 157, 160 (2002) (citation omitted).
We address Petitioner’s arguments that the superior court applied the wrong
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standards of review to each of the clerk of court’s orders.
V. Analysis
A. The Revocation Order
Petitioner argues the superior court failed to apply de novo review to the clerk
of court’s Revocation Order, which denied Petitioner’s petition to revoke letters
testamentary granted to Respondent as executor of Decedent’s estate.
In her notice of appeal to the superior court, Petitioner appealed “pursuant to
N.C.G.S. §§ 28A-9-4 and 28A-2-9(b) and 1-301.2 or alternatively 1-301.3 . . . .”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-9-4 (2017) provides an “interested person” a right to
appeal a clerk of court’s order granting or denying revocation of letters testamentary
to the superior court. The statute states:
Any interested person may appeal from the order of the
clerk of superior court granting or denying revocation as a
special proceeding pursuant to G.S. 28A-2-9(b). The clerk
of superior court may issue a stay of an order revoking the
letters upon the appellant posting an appropriate bond set
by the clerk until the cause is heard and determined upon
appeal.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-9-4 (emphasis supplied). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-2-9(b) (2017)
specifically provides: “Appeals in special proceedings shall be as provided in G.S. 1-
301.2.” (emphasis supplied).
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2(e) (2017) in turn states, in relevant part:
(e) Appeal of Clerk’s Decisions.-- . . . [A] party aggrieved by
an order or judgment of a clerk that finally disposed of a
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special proceeding, may, within 10 days of entry of the
order or judgment, appeal to the appropriate court for a
hearing de novo. . . . (Emphasis supplied).
Although Petitioner appealed, in the alternative, under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-
301.3, nothing indicates that section provides an alternative method to appeal
decisions or orders of a clerk of court granting or denying letters testamentary. N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3 generally governs appeals of trust and estate matters decided by
a clerk of court; however, this statute expressly states:
(a) Applicability. -- This section applies to matters arising
in the administration of trusts and of estates of decedents,
incompetents, and minors. G.S. 1-301.2 applies in the
conduct of a special proceeding when a special proceeding
is required in a matter relating to the administration of an
estate.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3(a) (2017) (emphasis supplied). Under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§
28A-9-4, 28A-2-9(b) and 1-301.2, an appeal from an order of the clerk of superior court
granting or denying a petition to revoke letters testamentary mandates a de novo
hearing. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2(e) provides the appropriate scope of review for
Petitioner’s appeal of the Revocation Order to the superior court, and not N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 1-301.3. See id.
Respondent cites this Court’s opinion in In re Estate of Longest, 74 N.C. App.
386, 328 S.E.2d 804 (1985), to contend the superior court was not required to conduct
a de novo hearing and that the court applied the correct standard of review. Longest
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involved an appeal of a superior court order affirming a clerk of court’s order to revoke
letters testamentary. Longest, 74 N.C. App. at 388-89, 328 S.E.2d at 806.
This Court stated, in relevant part: “Civil actions and special proceedings, . . .
which originate before the Clerk of Court are heard de novo when appealed to the
Superior Court. However, a proceeding to remove an executor is not a civil action or
a special proceeding.” Id. at 389, 328 S.E.2d at 807 (citation omitted). The Court also
stated: “[I]n an appeal from an order of the Clerk in a probate matter, the Superior
Court is not required to conduct a de novo hearing.” Id. at 390, 328 S.E.2d at 807.
Longest was decided prior to the General Assembly’s amendment of N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 28A-9-4 in 2011 to provide for “a hearing de novo” in the nature of a special
proceeding. The General Assembly enacted N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-2-9(b) to make N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2, which provides for a de novo hearing, applicable to appeals of
orders granting or denying letters testamentary. Session Laws 2011-344, § 4, eff. Jan.
1, 2012. This Court’s opinion in Longest no longer controls the standard or scope of
review applied to appeals to the superior court of a clerk of court’s order granting or
denying letters testamentary. See id. Respondent’s position is contradicted by the
plain language and legislative history of the statutes. The superior court was not
required to review the Revocation Order de novo, but to conduct “a hearing de novo”
pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 28A-9-4, 28A-2-9(b), and 1-301.2.
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The superior court’s order denying Petitioner’s petition to revoke Respondent’s
letters testamentary, states, in relevant part:
[A]fter review of the court file, evidence presented,
petitioner’s post hearing brief, applicable law, and
arguments of counsel, the Court finds as follows:
1. That the findings of fact are supported by the evidence;
2. That the conclusions of law are supported by the findings
of facts; and
3. That the order is consistent with the conclusions of law.
The language of the superior court’s order does not indicate it conducted “a
hearing de novo” as is required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2. Instead, the language
of the trial court’s order tracks the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3(d), which
states:
(d) Duty of Judge on Appeal. -- Upon appeal, the judge of
the superior court shall review the order or judgment of the
clerk for the purpose of determining only the following:
(1) Whether the findings of fact are supported by the
evidence.
(2) Whether the conclusions of law are supported by the
findings of facts.
(3) Whether the order or judgment is consistent with the
conclusions of law and applicable law. (Emphasis
supplied).
The Supreme Court of North Carolina has recognized that “When the order or
judgment appealed from was entered under a misapprehension of the applicable law,
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the judgment, including the findings of fact and conclusions of law on which the
judgment was based, will be vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings.”
Concerned Citizens v. Holden Enterprises, 329 N.C. 37, 54-55, 404 S.E.2d 677, 688
(1991) (1991) (citation omitted); see Thompson v. Town of White Lake, __ N.C. App.
__, __, 797 S.E.2d 346, 353 (2017) (“Ordinarily when a superior court applies the
wrong standard of review . . . this Court vacates the superior court judgment and
remands for proper application of the correct standard.”).
Based upon the superior court’s apparent misapprehension of the scope of its
review, the appeal of the clerk of court’s Revocation Order must be remanded to the
superior court for “a hearing de novo” in accordance with N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 28A-9-4,
28A-2-9(b), and 1-301.2.
“The word ‘de novo’ means fresh or anew; for a second time; and a de novo trial
in appellate court is a trial had as if no action whatever had been instituted in the
court below.” In re Hayes, 261 N.C. 616, 622, 135 S.E.2d 645, 649 (1964) (citation and
quotation marks omitted). “A court empowered to hear a case de novo is vested with
full power to determine the issues and rights of all parties involved, and to try the
case as if the suit had been filed originally in that court.” Caswell Cty. v. Hanks, 120
N.C. App. 489, 491, 462 S.E.2d 841, 843 (1995) (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted).
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In Hanks, this Court analyzed the provision of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-4.1(c)
providing for an appeal to superior court of a county’s animal control appellate board’s
determination that a dog is a “potentially dangerous dog.” Id. at 490, 462 S.E.2d at
842. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-4.1(c) states, in relevant part: “The appeal shall be heard
de novo before a superior court judge sitting in the county in which the appellate
Board whose ruling is being appealed is located.”
In analyzing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-4.1(c), this Court stated: “The language of
the statute in this case is mandatory, providing that the appeal to superior court
‘shall be heard de novo[.]’” Hanks, 120 N.C. App. at 491, 462 S.E.2d at 843 (citing
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-4.1(c)).
This Court held: “The plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-4.1(c) . . . requires
that the superior court must hear the case on its merits from beginning to end as if
no hearing had been held by the Board and without any presumption in favor of the
Board’s decision.” Id.
As with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 67-4.1(c), N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2(e) expressly
provides for “a hearing de novo” on appeal to the superior court, and not just de novo
or whole record review. The order appealed from is vacated and remanded. Upon
remand, the superior court is required to conduct “a hearing de novo” of Petitioner’s
petition for revocation of letters testamentary, “as if no hearing had been held by the
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[clerk] and without any presumption in favor of the [clerk’s] decision.” Hanks, 120
N.C. App. at 491, 462 S.E.2d at 843.
B. The Deficiency Order
Petitioner also argues the superior court applied the wrong standard of review
to Respondent’s appeal of the Deficiency Order. We agree.
Unlike petitions for revocation of letters testamentary under N.C. Gen. Stat. §
28A-9-4, no statute expressly addresses appeals of a clerk of court’s order awarding
or denying a deficiency for a surviving spouse’s year’s allowance under N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 30-15 (2017).
The appeal of a clerk of court’s order regarding a deficiency in a year’s
allowance falls under the general area of “[a]ppeal[s] of trust and estate matters
determined by clerk,” and is governed by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3. This statute
provides, in relevant part:
(a) Applicability. -- This section applies to matters arising
in the administration of trusts and of estates of decedents,
incompetents, and minors. . . .
(b) Clerk to Decide Estate Matters. -- In matters covered by
this section, the clerk shall determine all issues of fact and
law. The clerk shall enter an order or judgment, as
appropriate, containing findings of fact and conclusions of
law supporting the order or judgment.
(c) Appeal to Superior Court. -- A party aggrieved by an
order or judgment of the clerk may appeal to the superior
court by filing a written notice of the appeal with the clerk
within 10 days of entry of the order or judgment after
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service of the order on that party. . . .
(d) Duty of Judge on Appeal. -- Upon appeal, the judge of
the superior court shall review the order or judgment of the
clerk for the purpose of determining only the following:
(1) Whether the findings of fact are supported by the
evidence.
(2) Whether the conclusions of law are supported by the
findings of facts.
(3) Whether the order or judgment is consistent with the
conclusions of law and applicable law.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3(a)-(d) (emphasis supplied).
This Court has stated:
On appeal to the Superior Court of an order of the Clerk in
matters of probate, the trial court judge sits as an appellate
court. When the order or judgment appealed from does
contain specific findings of fact or conclusions to which an
appropriate exception has been taken, the role of the trial
judge on appeal is to apply the whole record test. In doing
so, the trial judge reviews the Clerk’s findings and may
either affirm, reverse, or modify them. If there is evidence
to support the findings of the Clerk, the judge must affirm.
Moreover, even though the Clerk may have made an
erroneous finding which is not supported by the evidence,
the Clerk’s order will not be disturbed if the legal
conclusions upon which it is based are supported by other
proper findings.
Pate, 119 N.C. App. at 402-03, 459 S.E.2d at 2-3 (citations and quotation marks
omitted). The superior court’s order granting Respondent’s appeal and vacating the
clerk of court’s Deficiency Order states, in relevant part:
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Opinion of the Court
[U]pon the Respondent’s appeal of the November 20, 2017
Order of the Honorable Mark Hammonds, Clerk of
Superior Court for Anson County, finding a year’s
allowance deficiency, and after review of the court file,
evidence presented, petitioner’s post hearing brief,
applicable law, and arguments of counsel, the Court finds
that the Honorable Mark Hammonds, Clerk of Superior
Court for Anson County, entered an Order on January 20,
2016 Assigning Spouse[‘s] Year’s Allowance of $13,349.50,
as a credit against the spouse[‘s] testate share, without any
deficiency. The court finds that the January 20, 2016 Order
to be the controlling Order, and that the Order entered on
November 20, 2017 by Clerk Hammonds finding a year’s
allowance deficiency of $16,650.50 is null and void and of
no effect.
The superior court’s order does not indicate the court applied the deferential
standard of review as is required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3(d), but instead
disregarded the clerk of court’s findings of fact and conducted a de novo review. The
superior court’s ruling on Respondent’s appeal of the clerk’s Deficiency Order must
also be vacated and remanded to the superior court for application of the correct
standard of review as is required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.3(d). See Concerned
Citizens, 329 N.C. at 54-55, 404 S.E.2d at 688.
VI. Conclusion
The superior court applied the wrong scope of review to the clerk of court’s
Revocation Order and the wrong standard of review to the clerk’s Deficiency Order.
We vacate and remand these matters to the superior court for application of the
statutorily mandated scopes of review. Upon remand, the superior court must
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Opinion of the Court
conduct “a hearing de novo” of Petitioner’s appeal of the Revocation Order in
accordance with N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 28A-9-4, 28A-2-9(b), and 1-301.2. The superior
court must apply the controlling standard of review required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-
301.3(d) to Respondent’s appeal of the Deficiency Order. It is so ordered.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Judges ZACHARY and COLLINS concur.
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