Riley v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 18-1270€

Filed: February 5, 2019

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

)

BARBARA J. RILEY, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) Pro Se; RCFC lZ(b)(l); Subject~Matter

v. ) Jurisdiction; Clairns Against Partics Other

) Than The United States; Tort Claims;

THE UNITED STATES, ) Criminal LaW; Civil Rights.

)

Defendant. )

)

Barbara J. Riley, lacksonvilie, FL, plaintiff pro Se.

Reta E. Bezak, Trial Attorney, Tara K. Hogan, Assistant Director, Robert E. Kirschman,

Jr., Director, Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Cornrnercial Litigation Branch, Civil

Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiffpro se, Barbara 3. Riley, brought this action seeking monetary damages and

other relief from, among others, the United States in connection With certain civil actions that she

previously filed before several federal courts See generally Compl. The government has moved

to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Ruie 12(b)(1) of the

Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). See generally Def. Mot. For the

reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion to dismiss and

DISMISSES the compiaint.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUNDl

A. Factual Background

Plaintiffpro se, Barbara l. Riley commenced this action on August 21, 2018. See

generally Compl. Plaintiff’s complaint is difficult to follow. But, plaintiff appears to allege that

certain federal judges and other government officials engaged in improper or illegal conduct in

connection With the disposition of four civil actions that she filed before various federal courts.

Id. in this regard, plaintiff names the United States and the following 13 individuals as party

defendants in the complaint (l) Carol Bagley Amon, United States District Court Judge for the

Eastern District ofNeW Yorl<; (2) lulie E. Ca_rnes, Senior United States Circuit ludge of the

United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit; (3) Susan L. Carney, United States

Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; (4) Denny Chin,

United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; (5)

Brian l\/[. Cogan, United States District Court Judge for the Eastern District of NeW York; (6)

Marcia Morales Howard, United States District Court Judge for the l\/liddle District of Florida;

(7) Dora Lizette Irizarry, Chief United States District Court Judge for the Eastern District ofNeW

Yorl<; (8) Debra Ann Livingston, United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of

Appeals for the Second Circuit; (9) Roanne L. l\/lann, Chief Magistrate Judge for the Eastern

District of New York; (l()) Kevin C. NeWsom, United States Circuit ludge of the United States

Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit; (l l) Robin S. Rosenbaum, United States Circuit Judge

of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit; (12) Robert D. Sack, Senior

United States Circuit .ludge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; and

(13) Ralph K. Winter, Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals

for the Second Circuit. See id. at l.

Prior to commencing this action, plaintiff filed several civil cases before the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of New York; the United States District Court for the

Middle District of Florida; the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; and the

1 'l`he facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from plaintiff1 s complaint

(“Compl.”) and the exhibits attached thereto (“Pl. Ex.”) and the government’s motion to dismiss (“Def.

l\/lot.”). ln addition to filing a complaint, plaintiff set forth some of her claims by hand on the Couit’s

complaint folm (“Compl. Form”). Unless otherwise noted herein, the facts recited are undisputed

United States Coult of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. See generally Compl.; Pl. Exs. 1~9. All

of these cases Were ultimately dismissed Compl. at lift 5-6.2

ln the complaint, plaintiff asserts several claims related to the dismissal of her prior cases.

First, plaintiff alleges that the “narned thirteen (l3) federal judges, jointly or severally,

unconstitutionally dismissed and severely damaged all four (4) U.S.A. Congress Authorized

Verified Complaints under color of federal law in their individual and presiding judge capacities

in federal courts . . . .” lcl. at ll 6. Second, plaintiff alleges that the individually-named

defendants “acted in collusion, unconstitutionally or negligently failed to perform their judicial

functions” by dismissing her cases. lcl. at ll l9.

'l`hird, plaintiff alleges that the individually-named defendants “acted in excess of their

jurisdiction [t]aking [p]laintiff’ s two pieces of real properties, directly or indirectly, Without a

single court hearing and without due process.” Id. at ll 20. ln addition, plaintiff alleges that the

United States negligently failed to train, hire, or properly supervise “law-abiding, competent, fair

and impartial judicial officers, clerks of court and law clerks,” Ia'. at 1]1{ 35, 37. Lastly, plaintiff

alleges that the dismissal of her cases constitutes a violation of federal criminal law. ld. at ll 55.

As relief, plaintiff seeks to recover, among other things, a refund of the court filing fees

paid in connection with her prior litigation and certain other monetary damages. lcl. at Prayer for

Relief.

2 On October 29, 2014, the United States District Court for the Eastern District ofNew York dismissed

plaintiff’s quiet title lawsuit for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction See generally Decision and Order,

Riley v. Clly ofNew Yorlc et al., No. l4~CV-4482 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 29, 20l4). On March 23, 2017, the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York dismissed plaintiffs second claim to

quiet title. See generally Order Adopting Repoit and Recommendations, Rr'ley v. Rlvers et al., No. l5-

CV-S()ZZ (E.D.N.Y. March 23, 2017). On luly 23, 2017, the United States District Court Middle District

of Florida dismissed plaintiffs civil rights claims against all but one defendant in that case. See generally

Order, Rlley v. Cardozo, No. 3: l 6-cv-96l-J-34MCR (M.Di Fla. July 28, 201'?). On August 3, 20l 'l, the

United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida dismissed plaintiffs civil rights lawsuit for

lack of personal jurisdiction and improper venue. See generally Order, Rlley v. Dar.rarelli et al., No. 3:16-

CV~898-J»34JBT (M.D. Fla. Aug. 3, 20l'l). Plaintiff’ s subsequent appeals of these matters were also

dismissed See Compl. at fill 56~63.

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B. Procedural Background

On August 21 , 2018, plaintiff filed the complaint in this matter. See generally Cornpl.

On October 22, 2018, the government filed a motion to dismiss this matter for lack of subj ect-

niatter jurisdiction, pursuant to RCFC l2(b)(1). See generally Def. Mot.

On November 9, 2018, plaintiff filed a response and opposition to the government’s

motion to dismiss See generally Pl. Resp. On November 26, 2018, the government filed a reply

in support of its motion to dismiss See generally Def. Reply.

These matters having been fully briefed, the Court resolves the government’s motion to

dismiss

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Pro Se Litigants

Plaintiff is proceeding in this matter pro se, without the benefit of counsel. And so, the

Court applies the pleading requirements leniently. Beriont v. GTE Lal)s., lnc., 535 F. App’x 919,

925-26 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing McZeal v. Sprz'nl Nextel Corp., 501 F.3d 1354, 1356 (Fed.

Cir. 2007)).

When determining Whether a complaint filed by a pro se plaintiff is sufficient to survive a

motion to dismiss, this Court affords more leeway under the rules to pro se plaintiffs than to

plaintiffs Who are represented by counsel. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 5 l9, 520 (1972)

(holding that pro se complaints “hovvever inartfully pleaded,” are held to “less stringent

standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”); Matihews v. United Slare.s‘, 750 F.3d 1320,

1322 (Fed. Cir. 20l4). But, there “is no duty on the part of the trial court to create a claim which

[the plaintiff] has not spelled out in his pleading.” Lengen v. United States, l00 Fed. Cl. 317,

328 (201l) (brackets existing', citations omitted). And so, While “a pro se plaintiff is held to a

less stringent standard than that of a plaintiff represented by an attorney, . . . the pro se plaintiff,

nevertheless bears the burden of establishing the Court’s jurisdiction by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Rz`les v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. l63, 165 (2010) (citing Taylor v. United Srates,

303 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). Given this, the Court may excuse ambiguities but not

defects, in the complaint See Colberl v. United States, 617 F. App’x 981, 983 (Fed. Cir. 20l5);

see also Dernes v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 365 , 368 (2002) (“[T]he leniency afforded pro se

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litigants with respect to mere formalities does not relieve them of jurisdictional requirements.”)

(citation omitted).

B. Jurisdiction And RCFC 12(b)(1)

When deciding a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, this Court must

assume that all undisputed facts alleged in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable

inferences in the non-movant’s favor. See Ericl<;san v. Paralus, 5 51 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); United

Pae. lns. Co. v. United States, 464 F.3d 1325, 1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 2006); RCFC l2(b)(l).

Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and must do so by a

preponderance of the evidence Reynalds v. Army & Air F arce Exeh. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748

(Fed. Cir. 1988). And so, should the Court determine that “it lacks jurisdiction over the subject

matter, it must dismiss the claim.” Marthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006)

(citing RCFC l2(h)(3)).

ln this regard, the United States Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction

and “possess[es] only that power authorized by Constitution and statute.” Kolckonen v. Guardlan

Life lns, Co. ofArn., 5 ll U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Specifically, the Tucker Act grants the Couit

jurisdiction over:

[A]ny claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any

Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express

or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated

damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 149l(a)(l). The Tucker Act, however, is “a jurisdictional statute; it does not create

any substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages . . . . [T]he Act

merely confers jurisdiction upon [the United States Court of Federal Claims] Whenever the

substantive right exists.” United States v. Tesran, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976).

To come within the jurisdictional reach and waiver of the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must

identify a separate source of substantive law that creates the right to money damages Cabral v.

United States, 317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Fislzer v. United States, 402 F.3d

1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005));N0rn1an v. United States, 429 F.3d 1081, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

And so, if the Court finds that the source of law alleged is not money-mandating the Court must

dismiss the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction Flslzer, 402 F.3d at ll73; RCFC

12(b)(1).

Specifically relevant to this matter, it is well-established that the Court “does not have

jurisdiction to review the decisions of district courts or the clerks of district courts relating to

proceedings before those courts.” Jo.s'hua v. United States, 17 F.3d 378, 380 (Fed. Cir. 1994).

The F ederal Circuit has also held that this Court does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to

“scrutinize the actions of coordinate federal courts to determine whether their actions effected a

taking.” Barllz v. United States, 76 F. App’x 944, 945 (Fed. Cir. 2003). And so, the proper

forum for such scrutiny is the appellate courts lcl.

lt is also well-established that this Court does not possess jurisdiction to review tort

claims Hernandez v. United Stat'es, 96 Fed. Cl. l95, 204 (2010); See also 28 U.S.C. §

149l(a)(l); Keene Corp. v, United States, 508 U.S. 200, 214 (1993) (“[T]ort cases are outside the

jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims today.”); Rlck’s Mushroom Serv., lnc. v. United

States 521 F.3d 1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“The plain language of the Tucl<er Act excludes

from the Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction lover] claims sounding in tort.”). In addition, this

Court does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to review or to consider criminal law matters

Joshua, 17 F.3d at 379 (“The court has no jurisdiction to adjudicate any claims whatsoever under

the federal criminal code . . . .”); Cooper v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 306, 311-12 (2012)

(holding that this Court cannot review criminal matters).

The Court also may not consider civil rights claims, because Congress has committed

jurisdiction over claims brought pursuant to the Civil Rights Act to the United States district

courts See 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(4) (“The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any

civil action authorized by law to be commenced by any person . . . (4) To recover damages or to

secure equitable or other relief under any Act of Congress providing for the protection of civil

rights . . . .”); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1981; Cherl)anae]j"v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 490, 502

(2007) (“Where Congress has granted exclusive jurisdiction in certain courts, these statutory

provisions govern.”). And so, the Court must dismiss any claim that is not based upon money-

mandating source of law, sounds in tort; or arises under the Civil Rights Act or criminal code.

IV. LEGAL ANALYSIS

A. The Court Does Not Possess .]urisdiction To Consider Plaintiff’s Claims

The government has moved to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction

upon the grounds that: (l) the Court may not review the decisions of other federal district courts

(2) the Court may not entertain plaintiff s claims against parties other than the United States; (3)

the Court may not consider plaintiffs Civil Rights Act claims (4) plaintiffs tort claims are

jurisdictionally precluded; and (5) plaintiff s takings claims are jurisdictionally precluded Def.

l\/lot. at 5-8', Def. Reply at 1~2. in her response and opposition to the governrnent’s motion to

dismiss plaintiff counters that she has established subject-matter jurisdiction, because the Court

may entertain her claims pursuant Article 2 of the United States Constitution and the Judiciary

Act, ch. 20 §§ 32, 34. Pl. Resp. at 2, 7-8.

For the reasons discussed below, the Court does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to

consider any of plaintiff s claims And so, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion to

dismiss and DISMISSES the complaint RCFC 12(b)(1).

I. The Court May Not Consider Plaintiff’s

Clairns Against Parties Other Than The United States

As an initial matter, the Court may not entertain plaintiffs claims against the

individually-named defendants in this action. In the complaint, plaintiff names in addition to the

United States thirteen federal judges who presided over her various prior cases Compl. at 11 2.

lt is well-established that the United States is the only proper defendant in cases brought in this

Court. RCFC 10(a); Plkulin v. United States 97 Fed. Cl. 71, 75 (2011); Slephenson v. United

States 58 Fed. Cl. 186, 190 (2003) (“[T]he only proper defendant for any matter before this court

is the United States not its officers nor any other individual.”) (emphasis in original); see

Soarlers v. S.C. Pnl). Serv. Aurh., 497 F.3d 1303, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2007). And so, plaintiff may

not pursue any of her claims against the individuals named in the complaint RCFC l2(b)(1).

2. The Court Boes Not Possess Jurisdiction

To Review The Decisions Of Other Courts

The Court also does not possess subject-matterjurisdiction to consider plaintiffs claims

challenging the actions of other federal courts in connection with her prior litigation ln the

complaint, plaintiff alleges among other things that the judges named as defendants in this

matter improperly dismissed her prior cases See Compl. at 11 6 (alleging that the defendants

“jointly or severally, unconstitutionally dismissed and severely damaged all four (4) . . . [of her]

Complaints”). But, the Federal Circuit has long held that this Court does not possess subject-

matter jurisdiction to review the decisions of district courts relating to proceedings before those

courts Joshua v. United States 17 F.3d 378, 380 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (stating that the Court does

not have jurisdiction to review the decisions of district courts); see also Verecla, LTDA. v. United

States 271 F.3d 1367, l375 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (noting that this Court is not an appellate tribunal,

and does not have jurisdiction to review the decisions of district courts). In addition, the Court

may not scrutinize the actions of other federal courts to determine whether the actions of other

courts effected a taking of plaintiffs property. Barlh, 76 F. App’x at 945. Because a review of

the decisions of other courts is precisely the kind of relief that plaintiff seeks here, the Court

must dismiss plaintiffs claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction RCFC l2(b)(1).

3. The Court Docs Not Possess Jurisdiction To

Consider Plaintiff" s Civil Rights Act Claim

The Court is similarly without jurisdiction to consider plaintiff s claim arising under

Section 1982 of the Civil Rights Act, because such a claim must be brought in a United States

district court. In the complaint, plaintiff alleges that “[t]his case is about the unconstitutional

Taking of Plaintiff s U.S.A. Bill of Rights’ lnalienable Rights and U.S.A. Congressional rights

[under the Civil Rights Act] 42 U.S.C. § 1982.” Compl. 1111 at 26, 28 (emphasis added). Plaintiff

may not pursue a Section 1982 claim in this Court, because Congress has committed jurisdiction

over claims brought pursuant to the Civil Rights Act to the United States district courts See 28

U.S.C. § l343(a)(4) (“The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action

authorized by law to be commenced by any person . . . (4) To recover damages or to secure

equitable or other relief under any Act of Congress providing for the protection of civil rights

. . . .”); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1981; Cherl)anaejj‘v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 490, 502 (2007)

(“Where Congress has granted exclusive jurisdiction in certain courts these statutory provisions

govern.”). And so, the Court must dismiss plaintiffs Civil Rights Act claim for want of subject-

matter jurisdiction RCFC 12(b)(1).

4. The Court May Not Consider Plaintiff’s Tort And Criminal Claims

The Court must also dismiss plaintiff s tort and criminal law claims because these claims

are jurisdictionally precluded under the Tucker Act. 28 U.S.C. § l49l(a). In the complaint,

plaintiff alleges that the United States negligently failed to hire, train, and supervise “1aw-

abiding, competent, fair and impartial judicial officers clerks of court and law clerks who carr

actually perform their duties.” Compl. at jljl 35 , 37. Plaintiff also alleges that the individually-

named defendants “acted in collusion, unconstitutionally or negligently failed to perform their

judicial functions” by dismissing her cases ld. at ll 19. Plaintiff s claims sound in tort.

McCaaley v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 250, 265 (1997), a]Y’al, 152 F.3d 948 (Fed. Cir. 1998)

(“Plaintiffs claims for monetary damages which arise out of [the government’s] alleged

negligent and wrongful conduct . . . are claims clearly sounding in tort.”).

lt is well-established that the Tucker Act explicitly places tort claims beyond the

jurisdiction of this Court. 28 U.S.C. § l491(a)(l) (“The United States Court of Federal Claims

shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim against the United States . . . not

sounding in tort.”); Hernanclez, 96 Fed. Cl. at 204 (“l'l`]he Tucker Act expressly excludes tort

claims including those committed by federal officials from the jurisdiction of the United States

Court of Federal Claims.”) (citation omitted). And so, the Court must dismiss plaintiffs tort

claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction RCFC 12(b)(l).

in addition, to the extent that plaintiff alleges a criminal law claim in the complaint, the

Court must also dismiss this claim. See Khalil v. United States 133 Fed. Cl. 390, 392 (2017). ln

the complaint, plaintiff alleges that the defendants committed “patterns of prohibited criminal

practices.” Compl. at 1111 22, 30; see ia'. atll 55 (“since entry of void orders/judgments is ncta

federal judicial function, there is no immunity for violation of constitutional rights or federal

criminal laws”). This Court has recognized that it “has no jurisdiction to adjudicate any claims

whatsoever under the federal criminal code.” Khalil, 133 Fed. Cl. at 392 (quoting Joshua, 17

F.3d at 379); Kania v. United Slales, 650 F.2d 264, 268 (Ct. Cl. 1981) (stating matters of

criminal law are to be assigned to courts of general jurisdiction as opposed to this court). And

so, the Court must also dismiss plaintiffs criminal law claim for want of subject-matter

jurisdiction RCFC 12(b)(1).

B. Transfer Of This Matter To Another Court Is Not Warranted

As a final matter, a careful reading of the complaint also makes clear that it is not in the

interest of justice to transfer this matter to a United States district court. Title 28, United States

Code, Section 1631 provides in pertinent part, that:

Whenever a civil action is filed in a court as defined in section 610 of this title or

an appeal, including a petition for review of administrative action, is noticed for or

filed with such a court and that court finds that there is a want of jurisdiction, the

court shall, if it is in the interest of justice, transfer such action or appeal to any

other such court . . . in which the action or appeal could have been brought . . . .

28 U.S.C. § 1631; see also 28 U.S.C. § 610 (def`rning courts as “courts of appeals and district

courts of the United States the United States District Court for the Distr‘ict of the Canal Zone,

the District Court of Guam, the District Court of the Virgin lslands, the United States Court of

Federal Claims and the Court of lnternational Trade”). The Federal Circuit has also held that

“[t]he phrase ‘if it is in the interest ofjustice’ relates to claims which are nonfrivolous and as

such should be decided on the merits.” Galloway Farms, lnc. v. United States 834 F.2d 998,

1000 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (quoting Zz'nger Const. Co. v. United States 753 F.2d 1053, 1055 (Fed.

Cir. 1985)). And so, “[a] decision to transfer rests within the sound discretion of the transferor

court, and the court may decline to transfer the case ‘li]f such transfer would nevertheless be

futile given the weakness of plaintiffs case on the merits.”’ Spencer v. United States 98 Fed.

Cl. 349, 359 (2011) (quoting Faalkner v. United States 43 Fed. Cl. 54, 56 (1999) (citation

omitted); see 28 U.S.C. § 1631; see also Tex. Peanut Farmers v. United States 409 F.3d 1370,

1374-75 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (stating that the Court of Federal Claims should consider whether

transfer is appropriate once the court has determined that it lacks jurisdiction).

The complaint in this case makes clear that plaintiffs claims relate to her dissatisfaction

with the dismissal of her prior cases by other federal courts While plaintiff s dissatisfaction is

understandable, the appropriate forum to address such concems is the appellate courts And so, a

transfer of this matter to a United States district court would be futile and not in the interest of

justice.

V. CONCLUSION

in sum, when read in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the complaint makes clear that

plaintiff has not established that the Court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to consider any

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of her claims. And so, the Court must dismiss this matter for lack of subject~matter jurisdiction

pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1).

F or the foregoing reasons, the Court:

1. GRANTS the government’s motion to dismiss; and

2. ])ISMISSES the complaintl

The Clerk’s Office is directed to ENTER final judgment in favor of the government,

DISMISSING the complaint

No Costs.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

LYDIAG<`AY GRio<§Y'Y

Judge

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