The opinion
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
December 11, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 337624
Wayne Circuit Court
KENNETH WAYNE JENKINS, LC No. 08-007823-01-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and METER and O’BRIEN, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his jury convictions of six counts of first-degree criminal
sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(1)(a), for which the trial court sentenced him as a
second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to six consecutive prison terms of 25 to 75 years
each. We affirm defendant’s convictions but remand for further articulation regarding
sentencing.
Defendant was convicted of sexually assaulting an 11-year-old girl in her Detroit home in
2008. The prosecution presented evidence that, in May 2008, defendant was dating the victim’s
mother, who left the victim and a three-year-old son in defendant’s care while she attended Bible
study. The victim had fallen asleep as they watched a movie and was awakened by defendant
pulling down her pants. Defendant proceeded to digitally penetrate the victim’s vagina at least
three times, put his tongue in her vagina, digitally penetrate her buttocks, and, while attempting
to repeatedly insert his penis into her vagina, put the tip of his penis between her labia. When
the episode ended, the victim got dressed and ran outside, where she yelled for help until
defendant dragged her back into the house. The victim later spoke to her mother on the
telephone and urged her to hurry home. The victim disclosed the incident to her mother,
reported the incident to the police, and went to a hospital where a sexual assault examination was
performed. After charges were brought against defendant in 2008, he left the state and was not
located until 2015. Forensic testing performed in 2015 revealed that defendant’s DNA matched
DNA recovered in 2008 from the victim’s “panty liner.” The prosecution also presented
evidence that defendant had a prior conviction for second-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-
II), MCL 750.520c(1)(a), for sexually assaulting a nine-year-old girl in 1996. At trial, the
defense argued that the victim falsely accused defendant to orchestrate the breakup of him and
her mother.
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I. OTHER-ACTS EVIDENCE
Defendant challenges the trial court’s decision to allow the prosecutor to present evidence
that defendant had previously sexually assaulted a nine-year-old girl in 1996, for which he was
convicted of CSC-II. The evidence was admitted under MCL 768.27a(1), but defendant argues
that it should have been excluded under MRE 403 because it was unduly prejudicial. We
disagree. We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of
discretion. People v Bynum, 496 Mich 610, 623; 852 NW2d 570 (2014). An abuse of discretion
occurs when the trial court’s decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes. People v
Lewis, 302 Mich App 338, 341; 839 NW2d 37 (2013). “Preliminary questions of law . . . are
reviewed de novo[.]” Bynum, 496 Mich at 623.
MCL 768.27a(1) provides that “in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of
committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another
listed offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter
to which it is relevant.” Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make the existence of a
fact that is of consequence to the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence. MRE 401. A defendant’s propensity to commit a particular type of crime makes it
more probable that he committed such a crime when accused of doing so. People v Watkins,
491 Mich 450, 470; 818 NW2d 296 (2012).
The charged offenses of CSC-I and defendant’s prior conviction for CSC-II qualify as
listed offenses against a minor. See MCL 768.27a(2). The prior conviction for CSC-II was
relevant to defendant’s propensity to commit the charged offenses of CSC-I and assisted the jury
in weighing the victim’s credibility. The defense sought to impugn the victim’s credibility at
trial, arguing that she falsely accused defendant because she wanted her mother and defendant
to break up. Thus, the probative value of the other-acts evidence was high.
MRE 403 provides that relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Watkins, 491 Mich at 481. MRE
403 is not, however, intended to preclude evidence merely because it is damaging to the
opponent, because any relevant evidence will be damaging to some extent. People v Mills, 450
Mich 61, 75; 537 NW2d 909, mod 450 Mich 1212 (1995). Instead, it “is only when the
probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice that evidence is
excluded.” Id. Unfair prejudice exists when there is “a danger that marginally probative
evidence will be given undue or pre-emptive weight by the jury” or “it would be inequitable to
allow the proponent of the evidence to use it.” Id. at 75-76 (quotation marks and citation
omitted); see also People v McGuffey, 251 Mich App 155, 163; 649 NW2d 801 (2002). When
applying MRE 403 to evidence in the context of MCL 768.27a, “courts must weigh the propensity
inference in favor of the evidence’s probative value rather than its prejudicial effect.” Watkins,
491 Mich at 487. Thus, “other-acts evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a may not be
excluded under MRE 403 as overly prejudicial merely because it allows a jury to draw a
propensity inference.” Id. Courts should consider the following factors when deciding whether
to exclude other-acts evidence under MRE 403 as being overly prejudicial:
(1) the dissimilarity between the other acts and the charged crime, (2) the
temporal proximity of the other acts to the charged crime, (3) the infrequency of
the other acts, (4) the presence of intervening acts, (5) the lack of reliability of
the evidence supporting the occurrence of the other acts, and (6) the lack of need
for evidence beyond the complainant’s and the defendant’s testimony. [Id. at
487-488.]
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When weighing the probative value of other-acts evidence, courts should consider the extent to
which the other-acts evidence supports the victim’s credibility and rebuts any defense attack on
the victim’s credibility. Id. at 491-492.
Defendant challenges the first factor from Watkins—similarity between the other act and
the charged sexual assaults—by emphasizing that the prior offense involved CSC-II, and not
CSC-I, and that the “other incident was not penetration, it was unlawful contact.” Despite
defendant’s arguments, this factor clearly weighs in favor of admissibility. The prior conviction
and the current offenses were “ ‘of the same general category’ because they involve[d] sex
crimes . . . against children.” See People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 101; 854 NW2d 531
(2014) (citation omitted). In addition, defendant’s prior victim and this victim were similar
ages—9 and 11—when the charged sexual conduct occurred. Defendant also argues that the
trial “court gave seemingly no consideration to the fact that the alleged prior event occurred 20
years earlier.” However, the second factor addresses “the temporal proximity of the other acts
to the charged crime,” not the temporal divide as it related to defendant’s 2016 trial. Watkins,
491 Mich at 487 (emphasis added). The previous offense occurred in 1996, the charged crimes
occurred in 2008, and defendant was tried for the 2008 charged offenses in 2016. And even
though the previous assault occurred approximately 12 years before the charged assaults, this
temporal gap is not dispositive. MCL 768.27a does not contain a temporal limitation.1 Further,
defendant was imprisoned for the previous assault and the charged offenses occurred only four
years after defendant was released from prison.
Defendant makes no specific arguments that other factors listed in Watkins rendered the
other-acts evidence inadmissible under MRE 403. We note, however, that while some of these
factors may conceivably weigh in favor of finding unfair prejudice, in total, given the highly
probative value of the other-acts evidence, the probative value was not substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice. Moreover, in its final instructions, the trial court gave a
cautionary instruction to the jury concerning the proper use of the evidence, thereby limiting any
potential for unfair prejudice. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the other-
2
acts evidence.
1
In addition, when discussing MCL 768.27a, this Court has stated that “[t]he remoteness of the
other act affects the weight of the evidence rather than its admissibility.” People v Brown, 294
Mich App 377, 387; 811 NW2d 531 (2011).
2
Within this issue, defendant argues that the trial court did not analyze any of the factors from
Watkins before admitting the other-acts evidence. It is apparent that the trial court recognized
its duty to weigh the probative value of defendant’s prior sexual assault against the potential for
unfair prejudice and determined that the record before it provided no reason to exclude the
evidence. At the hearing on the prosecutor’s motion, the court heard the prosecutor’s arguments
in which she discussed several of the Watkins factors that supported admitting the evidence.
When the court asked for defense counsel’s response, he did not discuss or challenge any of the
Watkins factors raised by the prosecutor. Instead, he focused on the “constitutionality and/or
the historic precedent that these kind of cases set” and requested “an on the record and/or
affidavit . . . under oath” to establish the facts of the prior conviction before the trial court
compared the two cases. The trial court responded to defense counsel’s specific request and
also addressed the prejudicial nature of the evidence. Moreover, the trial court clearly agreed
with the prosecutor’s analysis of the Watkins factors, stating that the prosecutor “has
established, in this case, grounds for the Court granting the motion.” Therefore, we reject
defendant’s suggestion that the trial court erred by failing to specifically discuss the factors from
Watkins before permitting the other-acts evidence.
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II. PROSECUTOR’S CONDUCT
Defendant next argues that the prosecutor denied him a fair trial by improperly vouching
for the victim’s truthfulness and by denigrating defense counsel in closing and rebuttal
arguments. We disagree. As defendant acknowledges, he did not object to the prosecutor’s
remarks at trial, leaving this issue unpreserved. We review an unpreserved claim of
prosecutorial error for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v Roscoe, 303
Mich App 633, 648; 846 NW2d 402 (2014). We will not reverse if the alleged prejudicial effect
of the prosecutor’s conduct could have been cured by a timely instruction. People v Watson, 245
Mich App 572, 586; 629 NW2d 411 (2001).
A. IMPROPER VOUCHING
Defendant complains that the prosecutor improperly vouched for the victim’s truthfulness
when she argued that the victim had “no reason to lie.” A prosecutor may not vouch for the
credibility of a witness by conveying that she has some special knowledge that the witness is
testifying truthfully. People v Knapp, 244 Mich App 361, 382; 624 NW2d 227 (2001).
However, prosecutors have great latitude when arguing at trial, People v Fyda, 288 Mich App
446, 461; 793 NW2d 712 (2010), and may argue from the facts in evidence that a witness is
worthy of belief, People v Cain, 299 Mich App 27, 36; 829 NW2d 37 (2012), vacated in part on
other grounds 495 Mich 874 (2013). “The crucial inquiry is not whether the prosecutor said ‘We
know’ or ‘I know’ or ‘I believe,’ but rather whether the prosecutor was attempting to vouch for
the defendant’s guilt.” People v Reed, 449 Mich 375, 399; 535 NW2d 496 (1995).
The prosecutor did not suggest that she had some special knowledge that the victim was
credible. Viewed in context, the prosecutor was arguing that, objectively, the victim was
unlikely to have fabricated a story to implicate defendant in a crime and subject herself to the
medical testing associated with making such a claim. The prosecutor mentioned that it was
unlikely that, if the claim were fabricated, the victim would have gone to the extent of running
outside and screaming such that a witness heard her. The prosecutor urged the jury to evaluate
the evidence, discussed the reliability of the victim’s testimony, and argued that there were
reasons from the evidence to conclude that she was credible. Further, similar to the Cain case, it
was the defense theory that a prosecution witness was not credible3 and the prosecutor was
permitted to respond that the witness had no motive to lie. See Cain, 299 Mich App at 37.4
There is no basis for reversal.
B. DENIGRATION OF DEFENSE COUNSEL
In arguing that the prosecutor denigrated defense counsel, defendant focuses on the
prosecutor’s use of the terms “ludicrous” and “ridiculous” during closing and rebuttal arguments.
A prosecutor may not personally attack the credibility of defense counsel, People v McLaughlin,
3
For example, in his opening statement, defense counsel stated that the evidence would show
that after learning about her mother’s pregnancy, the victim “was focused on . . . breaking up the
relationship between her mother and [defendant].”
4
Further, a timely objection to the challenged remarks could have cured any perceived prejudice
by way of a cautionary instruction. See Watson, 245 Mich App at 586.
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258 Mich App 635, 646; 672 NW2d 860 (2003), or suggest that defense counsel is intentionally
attempting to mislead the jury, Watson, 245 Mich App at 592. However, a prosecutor may fairly
respond to an issue raised by defense counsel, see, e.g., People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 67;
732 NW2d 546 (2007), and need not use “the blandest possible” language, id. at 66.
Viewed in context, the prosecutor’s remarks did not involve a personal attack on defense
counsel’s credibility or suggest that counsel was intentionally attempting to mislead the jury, but
fairly responded to defense counsel’s arguments. The prosecutor’s use of the terms “ridiculous”
and “ludicrous” were comments on the plausibility of defense counsel’s theories that the victim
falsely accused defendant only to break up his relationship with her mother and that defendant’s
DNA had been innocently transferred to the panty liner. The prosecutor gave reasons, grounded
in the evidence, for why the jury should reject these theories. Thus, the comments were not a
personal attack on defense counsel, but a commentary on the implausibility of the defense
theories in light of the evidence presented at trial. The mere use of the challenged language did
not make the arguments improper. Defendant also argues that the prosecutor “sarcastically and
mockingly comment[ed] about a Martian did it.” Defendant ignores, however, that defense
counsel was the first person to reference a Martian when, in his opening statement, he stated that
“if it was false, it got written down [by the doctor], if it was nonsensical such as a martian came
down and did something to the child, it gets written down, but that’s not necessarily truthful
information.” The prosecutor was simply responding to defense counsel’s remark made in
opening statement. In sum, viewed in context, the prosecutor’s arguments were not improper.
Moreover, the trial court’s instructions that the lawyers’ statements and arguments are not
evidence, that the jury was to decide the case based only on the evidence, and that the jury was to
follow the court’s instructions were sufficient to protect defendant’s substantial rights. See,
generally, People v Long, 246 Mich App 582, 588; 633 NW2d 843 (2001). Consequently, this
unpreserved claim does not warrant appellate relief.
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III. SENTENCING
In his last claim, defendant argues that his six consecutive 25-year prison terms violate
the principle of proportionality because the trial court effectively elected to sentence him to a
minimum of 150 years, which is equivalent to a life sentence, despite the fact that he has only
one prior felony and one prior misdemeanor, and is “[c]ertainly not in the category of being one
of the worst offenders[.]” We review the trial court’s decision to impose discretionary
consecutive sentences for an abuse of discretion. People v Norfleet, 317 Mich App 649, 654;
897 NW2d 195 (2016).
“In Michigan, concurrent sentencing is the norm, and a consecutive sentence may be
imposed only if specifically authorized by statute.” People v Ryan, 295 Mich App 388, 401; 819
NW2d 55 (2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Defendant acknowledges that MCL
750.520b(3) authorized the trial court to impose consecutive sentences, but argues that his
combined sentences are disproportionate under the circumstances of this case. The principle of
proportionality “ ‘requires sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the
seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.’ ” People v
Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 459-460; 902 NW2d 327 (2017), quoting People v Milbourn, 435
Mich 630, 636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). However, when a defendant receives consecutive
sentences, each sentence is to be reviewed individually for proportionality purposes. Id.;
Norfleet, 317 Mich App at 663; People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 95; 559 NW2d 299 (1997); People
v Mapp, 224 Mich App 431, 435; 569 NW2d 523 (1997). In other words, “a proportionality
challenge to a given sentence must be based on the individual term imposed and not on the
cumulative effect of multiple sentences.” Norfleet, 317 Mich App at 663. Accordingly,
defendant’s proportionality argument is inapt.
The pertinent question is whether the trial court’s decision to impose consecutive
sentences was outside the range of principled outcomes. Id. at 664-665. In Norfleet, the Court
stated:
a trial court may not impose multiple consecutive sentences as a single act of
discretion nor explain them as such. The decision regarding each consecutive
sentence is its own discretionary act and must be separately justified on the record
. . . [R]equiring trial courts to justify each consecutive sentence imposed will help
ensure that the ‘strong medicine’ of consecutive sentences is reserved for those
situations in which so drastic a deviation from the norm is justified. [Id. at 664.]
The trial court here listed defendant’s “ample chances to be a better human being” and his
assaults against more than one child as justifications for its sentence, but it did not speak to each
consecutive sentence individually. Norfleet therefore requires us to remand for further
articulation so that we may properly review the consecutive nature of all the sentences. Id. at
666.
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Defendant’s convictions are affirmed but this case is remanded for further articulation
regarding the sentences. We retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ Colleen A. O'Brien
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Court of Appeals, State of Michigan
ORDER
Michael J. Kelly
PEOPLE OF MI V KENNETH WAYNE JENKINS Presiding Judge
Docket No. 337624 Patrick M. Meter
LC No. 08-007823-01-FC Colleen A. O'Brien
Judges
Pursuant to the opinion issued concurrently with this order, this case is REMANDED for
further proceedings consistent with the opinion of this Court. We retain jurisdiction.
Proceedings on remand in this matter shall commence within 35 days of the Clerk’s
certification of this order, and they shall be given priority on remand until they are concluded. As stated
in the accompanying opinion, the court shall further articulate the sentencing decisions. The
proceedings on remand are limited to this issue.
The parties shall promptly file with this Court a copy of all papers filed on remand.
Within seven days after entry, appellant shall file with this Court copies of all orders entered on remand.
The transcript of all proceedings on remand shall be prepared and filed within 21 days
after completion of the proceedings.
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
December 11, 2018