Jon Vazeen v. Martin Sir

12/05/2018

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs September 4, 2018

JON VAZEEN v. MARTIN SIR

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County

No. 16C2388 Don R. Ash, Senior Judge1

No. M2018-00333-COA-R3-CV

Jon Vazeen (plaintiff) filed this action for legal malpractice and fraud against his former

attorney, Martin Sir (defendant). Plaintiff alleged that defendant was guilty of “repeated

unprofessional behavior” and the “inept and total mishandling” of his divorce case. He

also alleged defendant defrauded him by “infusing several thousand dollars of fake items

in his invoice” for attorney’s fees. (Underlining in original). The trial court granted

defendant summary judgment on the malpractice claim because the complaint was not

filed within one year of the accrual of the claim, as required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-

104(c)(1)(2017). The court granted summary judgment on the fraud claim on the ground

of res judicata. The court held that the fraud claim was barred by the earlier dismissal of

plaintiff’s ethics complaint based upon the alleged fraud of the defendant with the Board

of Professional Responsibility (the Board). We affirm the summary judgment of the trial

court on the legal malpractice claim. We hold that the Board’s decision to dismiss an

ethical complaint does not bar plaintiff from bringing a malpractice or fraud claim against

an attorney on the ground of res judicata. Summary judgment on the fraud claim is

vacated and the case is remanded for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court

Affirmed in Part and Vacated in Part; Case Remanded for Further Proceedings

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which and RICHARD H.

DINKINS and KENNY ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

Jon Vazeen, Knoxville, Tennessee, appellant, pro se.

Tom Corts and Rachel C. Hogan, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Martin Sir.

1

Sitting by designation.

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OPINION

I.

In February of 2015, plaintiff hired defendant to represent him in his divorce

action. On June 25, 2015, dissatisfied with defendant’s representation of him, plaintiff

sent an email saying, “I am rather very upset, concerned and, truly surprised at your

office’s lack of professionalism in handling this divorce case so far.” Plaintiff itemized

several complaints regarding discovery and lack of attention to other issues in the case.

On July 24, 2015, defendant sent plaintiff an invoice and bill reflecting total charges of

$11,660 and showing an amount due of $6,660. Plaintiff fired defendant on September

15, 2015. Apparently he also complained about the bill, because the record contains a

copy of an email sent from defendant to plaintiff on September 22, 2015, saying:

I will be reviewing my statement to you to see if we made

mistakes in our billing since you have now brought this to my

attention. It is always our policy to make adjustments if

mistakes are made. [Please] know that if billing errors were

made, they were not intentional.

On October 21, 2015, plaintiff responded with a letter stating, in pertinent part, as

follows:

Now that I am preparing to file a complaint against you with

[the] Tennessee Bar Association, other governmental

agencies, file a lawsuit to seek damages and, before I take the

story of your fraudulent charges to the public domain, I am

obligated to give you an opportunity to respond.

On September 15, 2015 documented obvious fraudulent

charges were faxed/mailed to your office. You chose not to

respond. However, the invoice that you submitted along with

your October 7, 2015 motion to the 3rd Circuit Court of

Davidson County (Nashville) is not the same as the invoice

that you had sent me. In the invoice that you submitted to the

court, you have attempted to deceit [sic] the court by

removing some of the obvious fraudulent items, combining

some of the items and, rewording some of the items. On one

hand, you have claimed that a specific service was performed

on a specific date and for specific hours. On the other hand,

you have removed the same item from your invoice.

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Therefore, you have admitted that the service never happened

and the charge was fraudulent. As a supposedly professional

person operating within the legal community, I am sure that

you know that you are legally responsible to explain why you

have removed, combined and, reworded your services.

The fact that you have removed, combined and modified

your services gives me the right to claim that ALL your

invoice items related to [the divorce case] are fraudulent.

Because you have admitted to defrauding me, you have the

responsibility of proving that the remaining charges are not

fraudulent. I claim that ALL invoice items are fraudulent.

To show yet another fraudulent charge; you have charged

me $368.57 for Alpha Reporting while my cancelled check

shows that I paid for the court reporter.

(Italics, bold font, underlining, and capitalization in original).

Defendant replied two days later with a letter stating in pertinent part:

The invoice items that you reference were removed from the

bill because they were mistakenly placed on the bill. Your

copy represents a corrected version that was also sent to the

court. If you had called my office prior to making the false

allegations of fraud towards my office, I would have told you,

as I have done with other prior clients who have noticed

mistakes in bills that it was a mistake and that it would be

corrected. This is what I have done with the new bill that was

submitted to the court and to you. However, as you will note

from the contract you executed, retainers are non-refundable

and the “billing error” did not change the fact.

. . . My bills are itemized so that my clients can review them

and ascertain whether there were any mistakes made because

we are human. . . .

In addition, since you have brought to my attention the

mistake regarding Alpha Reporting. Once Alpha Reporting

verifies that payment, it will also be removed from your bill.

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On January 8, 2016, plaintiff filed an ethics complaint against defendant with the

Board. On September 8, 2016, he filed his complaint in the trial court. On December 5,

2017, defendant mailed plaintiff a check in the amount of $3,948.75, the amount he

determined he had been overpaid by plaintiff, plus prejudgment statutory interest. After

discovery, defendant moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted the motion.

Regarding the timeliness of the legal malpractice claim, the court found and held in

pertinent part as follows:

On June 24, 2015 Plaintiff discovered Defendant had failed to

send interrogatories and requests for production of documents

to Plaintiff’s wife. As Plaintiff stated in his deposition, the

failure “caused an enormous amount of harm” because

Plaintiff was unable to prepare himself for his deposition.

Plaintiff admittedly would have fired Defendant “right then”

for negligence, lack of organization, unprofessionalism, and

his unethical handling of the divorce if he had not already

paid a $5,000.00 non-refundable retainer fee.

As of June 25, 2015, Plaintiff had formed the opinion

Defendant was negligent, unprofessional and unethical and

memorialized his complaint and awareness of Defendant’s

lack of professionalism in an e-mail to Defendant.

Plaintiff alleges Defendant was negligent in failing to

properly prepare for mediation, which occurred in July or

August 2015. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges Defendant “just

s[a]t in there and he didn’t have any input. He didn’t have

any offers prepared. He didn’t work with [Plaintiff]. He

didn’t ask [Plaintiff] what [he] want[ed]. He didn’t look at

the laws to say that this is what the law says, this is what you

can expect. He just showed up and sat in there.” Plaintiff

alleged damages due to Defendant’s lack of preparation for

mediation, his failure to help Plaintiff, and his failure to

negotiate a better settlement.

* * *

[B]y June 24, 2015, Plaintiff was aware of Defendant’s

failure to submit interrogatories to Plaintiff’s wife. He

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memorialized his “upset, concern[] and, tru[e] surprise[]” in

an email to Defendant and he indicated to the Board, he

“would have fired him right then for negligence, lack of

organization, unprofessionalism and, his unethical handling

of [the] divorce,” but for the non-refundable retainer.

Similarly, by July 2015, Plaintiff was aware of Defendant’s

alleged malpractice regarding mediation as Plaintiff was

present at mediation and witnessed the complained-of

conduct. The Court finds, by June 24, 2015 and July 2015,

respectively, Plaintiff was aware of sufficient facts to put him

on notice injuries had been sustained regarding interrogatories

and mediation. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s September 8, 2016

Complaint is untimely as to these theories of legal

malpractice.

(Brackets in original; citation omitted).

Prior to the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, the Board dismissed

plaintiff’s ethics complaint against defendant on January 25, 2017. In defendant’s reply

to plaintiff’s response to his motion for summary judgment, defendant argued that the

Board’s decision was res judicata upon plaintiff’s fraud claim. The trial court agreed and

granted summary judgment on plaintiff’s fraud claim on the ground of res judicata.

Plaintiff timely filed a notice of appeal.

II.

Plaintiff frames the issue presented in his brief as follows:

In a motion for summary judgment where, as the main points,

I. The moving party’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts

is flawed to the extent that it does not even include the most

essential claim of the lawsuit and

II. The court admits to not being clear on the most essential

claim,

III. The most essential claim is under dispute,

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is granting the summary judgment and dismissing the most

essential claim of a lawsuit by default (Res Judicata)

justified?

(Italics, bold font, and underlining in original). In his brief, plaintiff wields the phrase

“most essential claim” like a talisman, using it on nearly every page, and in two

instances, seven times on a single page. Throughout, he defines his “most essential

claim” as defendant’s “scheme to defraud” him.

However, in the body of his brief, plaintiff also obliquely argues that the trial court

erred in dismissing his malpractice claims as untimely under the one-year statute of

limitations. Defendant argues that plaintiff has waived this argument by not including it

in his statement of issues as required by Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(4). The Supreme Court

has held that “an issue may be deemed waived when it is argued in the brief but is not

designated as an issue in accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(4).” Hodge v. Craig,

382 S.W.3d 325, 335 (Tenn. 2012); see also, e.g., Childress v. Union Realty Co., 97

S.W.3d 573, 578 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (“We consider an issue waived where it is argued

in the brief but not designated as an issue”). There is no reasonable interpretation of

plaintiff’s statement of the issue presented to stretch it into a challenge to the trial court’s

ruling that plaintiff’s malpractice claims were filed within one year of their accrual.

Consequently, that issue is waived. Nevertheless, we have thoroughly reviewed the

record as it pertains to this issue, and we observe that it fully supports the trial court’s

determination that, as evidenced by plaintiff’s own testimony and filings with the Board,

the undisputed facts establish that his legal malpractice action was not timely brought.

Thus, had it not been waived, this argument would not have been successful.

We proceed to consider the issue presented, which we restate as: whether the trial

court erred in granting summary judgment on plaintiff’s fraud claim as barred by the

doctrine of res judicata.

III.

Our standard of review of a grant of summary judgment is as stated by the

Supreme Court:

Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on

file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving

party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R.

Civ. P. 56.04. We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion

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for summary judgment de novo, without a presumption of

correctness.

* * *

[I]n Tennessee, as in the federal system, when the moving

party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving

party may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by

affirmatively negating an essential element of the nonmoving

party’s claim or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving

party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is

insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s claim or

defense. . . . The nonmoving party must demonstrate the

existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a

rational trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party.

Rye v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250, 264-65 (Tenn.

2015) (italics in original). “A trial court’s decision that a claim is barred by the doctrine

of res judicata involves a question of law which will be reviewed de novo on appeal

without a presumption of correctness.” Long v. Bd. of Prof. Resp., 435 S.W.3d 174, 183

(Tenn. 2014).

IV.

A.

Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim for fraudulent billing sounds in legal

malpractice and should also be time-barred under the one-year statute of limitations. We

disagree. This Court, in PNC Multifamily Capital Instit. Fund XXVI Ltd. P’ship v.

Bluff City Comm. Dev. Corp., 387 S.W.3d 525, 546 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012), stated:

[N]ot every claim which calls into question the conduct of

one who happens to be a lawyer . . . is a professional

malpractice claim. . . . It is only where the claim is based

upon the failure of the professional to meet the requisite

standards of the subject profession that [a claim for

malpractice lies]. . . . Thus, we have repeatedly held that

complaints asserting claims for intentional misconduct

against a professional, including fraud and misrepresentation,

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do not require the inclusion of an expert affidavit [because

they do not sound in legal malpractice].

(Quoting Crosby v. Pittman, 305 Ga. App. 639, 640, 700 S.E.2d 629 (2010) (brackets

and ellipses in original)); see also Nobes v. Earhart, 769 S.W.2d 868, 872 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1988) (addressing separately claims for legal malpractice and fraud against

attorney). In the present case, plaintiff has alleged intentional misconduct, so his claim is

not barred by the one-year statute of limitations for legal malpractice.

B.

Alternatively, defendant argues that plaintiff’s fraud claim should have been

dismissed because plaintiff failed to state it with particularity, as required by Tenn. R.

Civ. P. 9.02. Defendant first raised this issue in the trial court in his reply to plaintiff’s

response to his motion for summary judgment. Significantly, the trial court did not

dismiss the fraud claim for lack of particularity under Rule 9.02. Thus, on appeal,

defendant is not simply arguing that that the trial court was correct on this issue, but that

the court erred by not dismissing the fraud claim on this ground. This is a distinct issue

not raised by plaintiff as the appellant. In Hodge, the Supreme Court provided the

following guidance for appellees who want to raise their own separate issues for review:

Appellees who have not filed a notice of appeal . . . have

three options with regard to framing the issues on appeal.

First, they may simply accept the issues as framed by the

appellant. Second, they may reframe the issues presented by

the appellant if they find the appellant’s formulation of the

issues unsatisfactory. Third, they may present additional

issues of their own seeking relief on grounds different than

the grounds relied on by the appellant[.]

Parties who have not filed their own application for

permission to appeal may present issues other than those

presented by the appellant. . . . To do so, however, Tenn. R.

App. P. 27(b) requires a party to include in its brief “the

issues and arguments involved in [its] request for relief as

well as the answer to the brief of the appellant . . .” [A]n

issue may be deemed waived when it is argued in the brief

but is not designated as an issue in accordance with Tenn. R.

App. P. 27(a)(4).

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382 S.W.3d at 335 (footnotes omitted). Defendant’s statement of the issues presented

states, “[t]he Appellee adopts the Statement of the Issues as recited by the Appellant.”

Under the principle stated above in Hodge, the issue of pleading fraud with particularity

is waived.

C.

The Board dismissed plaintiff’s ethics complaint against defendant on January 25,

2017. The record contains a copy of the letter to defendant from the Board that simply

states “the complaint has been dismissed.” The Board made no findings, as far as the

record reveals. The trial court ruled that “Plaintiff’s fraudulent billing claim is barred by

res judicata.” The Supreme Court has recently reiterated the following regarding the res

judicata doctrine:

“The doctrine of res judicata, also referred to as claim

preclusion, bars a second suit between the same parties or

their privies on the same cause of action with respect to all

issues which were or could have been litigated in the former

suit.” Creech v. Addington, 281 S.W.3d 363, 376 (Tenn.

2009) (citing Massengill v. Scott, 738 S.W.2d 629, 631

(Tenn. 1987)). “The primary purposes of the doctrine are to

promote finality in litigation, prevent inconsistent or

contradictory judgments, conserve legal resources, and

protect litigants from the cost and vexation of multiple

lawsuits.” Id. (citing Sweatt v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 88

S.W.3d 567, 570 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)).

“The party asserting a defense predicated on res judicata must

demonstrate (1) that the underlying judgment was rendered

by a court of competent jurisdiction, (2) that the same parties

or their privies were involved in both suits, (3) that the same

claim or cause of action was asserted in both suits, and (4)

that the underlying judgment was final and on the merits.”

Long, 435 S.W.3d at 183 (citing Lien v. Couch, 993 S.W.2d

53, 56 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998); Lee v. Hall, 790 S.W.2d 293,

294 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990)).

Napolitano v. Bd. of Prof. Resp., 535 S.W.3d 481, 496 (Tenn. 2017). In the present

case, neither the first nor the third element of res judicata has been established.

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The Board is not “a court of competent jurisdiction” to adjudicate a claim of fraud

against an attorney for a monetary judgment of alleged damages. The Supreme Court,

which directly oversees the Board, has provided the following guidance regarding its

nature and responsibilities:

The Board is an administrative entity, not a judicial system.

As such, the Board performs various functions. For example,

the Board is authorized to investigate any allegation of

attorney misconduct or attorney incapacity. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R.

9, §§ 5.5(a), 8.1. The Board is empowered to adopt and

submit to this Court for approval “written guidelines to ensure

the efficient and timely resolution of complaints,

investigations, and formal proceedings.” Id. § 5.5(b). The

Board assigns district committee members “to conduct

disciplinary hearings and to review and approve or modify

recommendations by Disciplinary Counsel for dismissals or

informal admonitions.” Id. § 5.5(c). The Board reviews, at

Disciplinary Counsel’s request, the determination of a

reviewing district committee member “that a matter should be

concluded by dismissal or by private informal admonition

without the institution of formal charges.” Id. § 5.5(d). The

Board may also privately reprimand attorneys for misconduct.

Id. § 5.5(e).

The Board receives regular reports from, and conducts regular

performance evaluations of, Chief Disciplinary Counsel. Id.

§ 7.1. Petitions initiating formal disciplinary proceedings are

filed with the Board. Id. § 8.2. Once a petition and answer

are filed, the Chair of the Board assigns a hearing panel to

adjudicate the matter. Id. The Board reviews Disciplinary

Counsel’s recommendation to appeal from a hearing panel’s

judgment. Id. § 5.3. The Board, or a panel of the Board,

hears petitions for dissolution of temporary orders of

suspension, id. § 4.3, and petitions for relief from costs, id. §

24.3.

Unlike a judicial system, in which investigative,

prosecutorial, and adjudicative functions are separate, some

overlapping of these functions is inherent in administrative

agencies, like the Board. See Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S.

35, 54–55, 95 S.Ct. 1456, 43 L.Ed.2d 712 (1975) (discussing

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the overlapping investigatory and adjudicatory functions

administrative agencies may perform); Heyne, 380 S.W.3d at

735 (discussing the overlapping functions performed by

school boards in Tennessee). The Board simply is not a

judicial system; thus, a Board member is not an officer of a

judicial system.

Moncier v. Bd. of Prof. Resp., 406 S.W.3d 139, 159 (Tenn. 2013) (emphasis added;

footnote omitted).

Secondly, shortly after plaintiff filed his complaint with the Board, it responded

with a letter stating, in pertinent part, the following:

We have opened an investigative file regarding your

complaint of alleged ethical violations against the above

attorney. An investigation will be conducted into your

allegations and you will be notified of the results. . .

You should understand that we do not represent your legal

interests and cannot give you legal advice. The filing of this

complaint does not preserve your legal rights or remedies in

your underlying legal matter, such as legal malpractice or the

statute of limitations, and is not an action to pursue a civil or

monetary recovery. You should consult independent legal

advice regarding such issues. . .

Our function is limited to consideration of whether there has

been a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct

pursuant to the requirements imposed by Rule 9 of the Rules

of the Tennessee Supreme Court.

(Emphasis added; footnote omitted). This letter makes it clear to all involved that the

issue of whether plaintiff should be awarded damages on his fraudulent billing claim

against his former attorney is not an issue before the Board. Consequently, the third

element of res judicata is not established, and defendant is not entitled to judgment as a

matter of law on the fraud claim.2

2

We do note that it is entirely possible that a Board’s judgment on an ethics complaint might be

given res judicata effect to bar a subsequent second ethics complaint. In this vein, the Supreme Court

stated in Napolitano,

For the purposes of this decision, we assume, without deciding, that the

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V.

The trial court’s summary judgment on the legal malpractice claims is affirmed.

The summary judgment on the fraudulent billing claim is vacated, and the case remanded

for further proceedings. Costs on appeal are assessed one-half to appellant, Jon Vazeen,

and one-half to appellee, Martin Sir.

_______________________________

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE

Board’s action of dismissing an ethics complaint after an investigation

can be considered a judgment sufficient to support a claim of res judicata

if a subsequent ethics complaint otherwise satisfies the criteria for the

application of res judicata.

535 S.W.3d at 496. However, this case obviously does not involve a second ethical complaint against

defendant.

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