The opinion
2018 IL App (3d) 160368
Opinion filed December 4, 2018
_____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
2018
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ILLINOIS, ) of the 14th Judicial Circuit,
) Rock Island County, Illinois,
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) Appeal No. 3-16-0368
v. ) Circuit No. 14-CF-303
)
CORBIN A.M. BROWN-ENGEL, ) Honorable
) Walter D. Braud,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices McDade and Schmidt concurred in the judgment and opinion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Corbin A.M. Brown-Engel, appeals his conviction and sentence. Defendant
contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance for failing to object to the
admission of other bad acts evidence. Alternatively, defendant contends that the admission of
such evidence amounted to plain error. We affirm.
¶ 2 FACTS
¶3 Initially, the State charged defendant with aggravated criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS
5/11-1.60(b) (West 2014)). The charge alleged that defendant, who was 17 years of age or older,
committed an act of sexual conduct with the victim, T.L.B., who was under 13 years of age, in
that defendant knowingly touched the vagina of T.L.B.
¶4 The State then filed a motion in limine to admit evidence pursuant to section 115-7.3 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2014)). The motion
sought to introduce evidence T.L.B. disclosed during an interview at the children’s advocacy
center that defendant touched her vagina on prior occasions and that defendant put his penis in
her mouth. The State moved to have this evidence admitted to show motive and propensity to
commit the charged offense. Although the State tendered the prior bad act testimony as
propensity evidence under section 115-7.3, the State made clear that it intended to use the
evidence for other purposes. When presenting the motion, the State explained to the court,
“In this specific case we are looking for course of conduct evidence essentially,
bad act evidence related to the specific victim in the charging document and the
defendant. *** It creates information for the jury in this case to understand what
prompted the disclosure, lack of mistake—there’s so many factors that it would
touch upon ***.”
After holding a hearing, the circuit court denied the State’s motion as to T.L.B.’s allegation that
defendant put his penis in her mouth due to the lack of detail provided regarding the incident.
The court, however, did permit the State to present the T.L.B.’s testimony regarding four prior
instances of sexual misconduct: defendant licking T.L.B., putting his hands down her pants,
putting his hand on her buttocks, and putting his hand “on” her pants.
¶5 Prior to the bench trial, the State moved to amend the information to charge defendant
with attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(c)(1)(i) (West 2014)). The
amended charge alleged that defendant committed attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse
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by performing a substantial step towards the commission of the act of sexual conduct in that
defendant knowingly touched the body on or near the vagina of T.L.B. for the purposes of his
sexual gratification. Defendant did not object. The circuit court allowed the amendment, and the
cause proceeded to trial. 1
¶6 T.L.B. testified that her parents were separated, and she would stay with her father,
Thomas B. Jr., at her grandparents’ house every other weekend. T.L.B.’s cousin, defendant, lived
at the house, and T.L.B. would “hang out” with defendant. When T.L.B. and defendant were
together, they would watch television or play on an iPad. According to T.L.B., every time her
father would go outside the house to smoke a cigarette, she would go into defendant’s bedroom
and defendant would touch her “in [her] inappropriate places.”
¶7 In April 2014, T.L.B. was at her grandparents’ house sitting “crisscross applesauce,”
when defendant lifted her dress and tried to touch her inappropriately. T.L.B. pushed defendant’s
hand away before he could touch her. T.L.B was wearing underwear, but defendant’s hand did
not go on or underneath her underwear. Defendant touched the “left inside thigh close to
[T.L.B.’s] pubic area.” T.L.B.’s father entered the room, and T.L.B. stated, “Don’t touch me like
that again.” T.L.B’s father asked her what she meant, and defendant responded, “I just hugged
her to say good job on playing the game.” T.L.B.’s father replied, “Okay. Just be more specific
of when you say don’t touch me like that.”
¶8 Next, T.L.B.’s father exited the house and started his vehicle. Defendant gestured at
T.L.B. by crossing his fingers and telling her not to tell her father. T.L.B. told defendant not to
do it again then she left the house. T.L.B. entered her father’s vehicle so that he could drive her
1
The State was later allowed to amend the information to specify that the criminal act occurred
between February and April 2014.
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to her mother’s house. T.L.B. told her father what happened with defendant and how defendant
had previously touched her inappropriately.
¶9 Regarding defendant’s attempt to lift her dress and touch T.L.B., she stated that she
believed defendant was going to touch her on her “private part” because defendant had
previously touched her there. According to T.L.B., defendant “would always put his hand and
sometimes go under [her], like, under [her] underwear and touch [her] in [her] private part.”
T.L.B. stated that defendant would touch her “[e]very weekend that [she was] with [her] dad”
“multiple times in a day.” When defendant touched her, she would be sitting on his bed watching
television. Defendant would unbutton her pants and “go in and touch [her].” T.L.B. stated that
defendant would “just feel around” her vagina. Defendant would stop when T.L.B.’s father
would return. T.L.B. did not say anything to her father when he entered the room because she
“didn’t know what was going on.”
¶ 10 Thomas Jr. testified that he was T.L.B.’s father and defendant’s uncle. Thomas Jr. and
defendant were close, and he was never concerned about leaving T.L.B. and defendant alone
together. He testified that there were occasions when he and T.L.B. would be in defendant’s
bedroom. Thomas Jr. would leave the room to smoke or for some other reason. On April 13,
2014, T.L.B. told Thomas Jr. that defendant touched her, and she later indicated that defendant
touched her in her crotch area. Initially, Thomas Jr. thought that defendant only touched T.L.B.
by hugging her or touching T.L.B.’s shoulders because T.L.B. only generally stated that
defendant “touched” her, and both defendant and T.L.B. indicated that was the type of touching
that occurred. T.L.B. later talked about “good” touching and “bad” touching, and T.L.B. told him
that defendant touched her “badly.” Thomas Jr. then drove T.L.B. to her mother’s house and
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Thomas Jr. told her mother what had happened. Thomas Jr. then went to tell T.L.B.’s
grandparents.
¶ 11 On cross-examination, Thomas Jr. testified that T.L.B. never provided specifics regarding
how and when defendant touched her. Thomas Jr. also testified that he had seen T.L.B. and
defendant hug and T.L.B. had never told him that she did not want to be around defendant or act
like she did not want to be around defendant.
¶ 12 Cheryl B., T.L.B.’s grandmother, testified that she had a difficult time remembering the
conversation that occurred after she was told about defendant touching T.L.B. Cheryl did not
recall telling an investigating detective that she heard defendant saying that he “f*** up” when
he was confronted with T.L.B.’s accusations. She also did not recall telling the detective that
defendant said, “Grandma, I’m so sorry” or “I’m a piece of s***.”
¶ 13 Thomas B. Sr., T.L.B.’s grandfather, testified that he recalled Thomas Jr. informing him
of T.L.B.’s allegations regarding defendant. The only thing Thomas Sr. recalled was defendant
putting his head in his hands stating, “I’m a piece of s***.”
¶ 14 Defendant testified on his own behalf. Defendant was living with Thomas Sr. and Cheryl
during the time in question. Defendant stated that when he saw T.L.B. he would give her high-
fives and hugs, but denied ever touching or attempting to touch T.L.B.’s vagina or any part of
her body for his sexual gratification. On the day in question, defendant stated that he only saw
T.L.B. for approximately 10 minutes. Defendant went to sleep that night but was later awoken by
Cheryl. Cheryl confronted defendant with T.L.B.’s accusations. Defendant responded, “[t]his is
b***.” Defendant never said “I’m a piece of s***.”
¶ 15 In its closing argument, the State referenced T.L.B.’s testimony regarding defendant’s
prior bad acts and argued, “with the prior bad acts, which are not part of anything but just simply
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showing this purpose for the attempted touching. That’s the relevance of the prior bad acts is to
show the Defendant’s knowledge when he’s attempting to touch [T.L.B.’s] vagina.” Ultimately,
the circuit court found defendant guilty of attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
Subsequently, defendant filed a motion to reconsider. Following the arguments of the parties, the
court denied defendant’s motion. In denying the motion, the court commented,
“There was no question in my mind, and if I implied otherwise, I’m telling
you now, but that on April 13th [defendant] put his hand on her thigh or her hip.
No question but that that happened. But to make that a criminal abuse touch, it
needed to have the earlier touches, where he actually put his hands on her
vagina.”
The circuit court sentenced defendant to 20 months’ probation.
¶ 16 ANALYSIS
¶ 17 On appeal, defendant contends that the circuit court committed plain error or,
alternatively, counsel provided ineffective assistance by allowing T.L.B. to testify to prior sexual
misconduct between her and defendant. Specifically, defendant contends that it was in error to
allow the State to present this evidence to prove defendant’s propensity to commit the charged
crime under section 115-7.3 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2014)) because defendant
was not charged with one of the enumerated offenses for which this section applies. Upon
review, we find that the evidence in question was not admissible to establish propensity under
section 115-7.3. However, we hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing
the admission of this evidence because it was admissible to establish defendant’s intent and
absence of an innocent state pursuant to Illinois Rule of Evidence 404 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011).
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¶ 18 Propensity evidence is generally inadmissible, however, section 115-7.3 of the Code (725
ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2014)) allows the prosecution to offer evidence of other crimes involving
certain sexual offenses. This section applies to criminal cases in which a defendant is “accused of
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, aggravated criminal sexual assault, criminal sexual
assault, aggravated criminal sexual abuse, criminal sexual abuse, child pornography, aggravated
child pornography, criminal transmission of HIV, or child abduction.” Id. § 115-7.3(a)(1). This
section also applies to criminal cases in which “the defendant is tried or retried for any of the
offenses formerly known as rape, deviate sexual assault, indecent liberties with a child, or
aggravated indecent liberties with a child.” Id. § 115-7.3(a)(3).
¶ 19 At the outset, we note that the parties’ sole focus on appeal is the admissibility of
T.L.B.’s testimony pursuant to section 115-7.3. Specifically, the parties focus their arguments on
whether the offense for which defendant was charged falls within one of the offenses enumerated
in section 115-7.3. For example, the State argues that the evidence was admissible because the
charged offense (attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse) is akin to the offense of indecent
liberties with a child—the State does not argue that this evidence was admissible for any other
purpose. Attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse and indecent liberties with a child are two
distinct offenses with differing elements. Therefore, we find that the evidence was inadmissible
to show defendant’s propensity under section 115-7.3 because it is not an enumerated offense.
¶ 20 Our analysis does not end there as evidence admissible for one purpose is not affected by
inadmissibility for another. People v. Carter, 38 Ill. 2d 496, 504 (1967). Although we find that
this evidence was inadmissible to establish defendant’s propensity under section 115-7.3 of the
Code, we hold that the evidence was admissible to establish defendant’s intent and absence of an
innocent state of mind pursuant to Illinois Rule of Evidence 404 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). See Leonardi
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v. Loyola University of Chicago, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 97 (1995) (“As a reviewing court, we can sustain
the decision of a lower court on any grounds which are called for by the record, regardless of
whether the lower court relied on those grounds and regardless of whether the lower court’s
reasoning was correct.”).
¶ 21 Our supreme court has repeatedly held that evidence of other crimes or bad acts is
admissible if it is relevant for any purpose other than to show a defendant’s propensity to commit
crimes. People v. Wilson, 214 Ill. 2d 127, 135 (2005). Rule 404(b) provides that evidence of
other crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admissible for purposes other than to show propensity, such
as such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence
of mistake or accident. Ill. R. Evid. 404(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Other crimes or bad acts evidence
may also be permissibly used to show, by similar acts or incidents, that the act in question was
not performed inadvertently, accidently, involuntarily, or without guilty knowledge. 1 John W.
Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 190, at 660, 664 (5th ed. 1999). Where such other crimes or
bad acts evidence is offered, it is admissible so long as it bears some threshold similarity to the
crime charged. People v. Cruz, 162 Ill. 2d 314, 348-49 (1994). The admissibility of other crimes
or bad acts evidence rests within the sound discretion of the circuit court, and its decision on the
matter will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. People v. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d 36, 58
(1999).
¶ 22 Here, the other bad acts testimony of T.L.B. fits squarely within the recognized
exceptions, which allow such evidence to show defendant’s intent or to show that the act in
question was not performed inadvertently, accidently, involuntarily, or without guilty
knowledge. Defendant was charged with attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse. To commit
this offense, defendant must have taken a substantial step toward the commission of the offense
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of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. A person commits aggravated criminal sexual abuse if “that
person is 17 years of age or over and: (i) commits an act of sexual conduct with a victim who is
under 13 years of age.” 720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(c)(1)(i) (West 2014). An act of “sexual conduct” is
defined as
“any knowing touching or fondling by the victim or the accused, either directly or
through clothing, of the sex organs, anus, or breast of the victim or the accused, or any
part of the body of a child under 13 years of age *** for the purpose of sexual
gratification or arousal of the victim or the accused.” Id. § 11-0.1.
¶ 23 As charged in this case, attempted aggravated criminal sexual abuse is a specific intent
crime. The State must show defendant intentionally or knowingly made a substantial step toward
touching T.L.B.’s vagina for purposes of sexual gratification. Defendant’s intent was at issue at
trial because he acknowledges prior innocent contact with T.L.B. but maintained that he never
attempted to touch T.L.B.’s vagina. T.L.B.’s testimony regarding defendant’s prior sexual
misconduct with her was highly relevant as the charged act was nearly identical to the prior acts.
Therefore, T.L.B.’s testimony regarding the prior incidents with defendant was relevant to show
that defendant’s attempted touching was done for the purpose of his sexual arousal or
gratification.
¶ 24 Additionally, the evidence of other bad acts provided context to the circumstances
surrounding the charged offense. Prohibiting T.L.B.’s testimony regarding the prior bad acts
would have made the charged incident appear isolated and unfairly strain the credibility of
T.L.B.’s testimony concerning the charged offense. See, e.g., People v. Tannahill, 152 Ill. App.
3d 882, 887 (1987) (evidence of defendant’s prior sexual offenses against complainant
admissible to demonstrate the context of the charged conduct); People v. Perez, 2012 IL App
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(2d) 100865, ¶ 50 (evidence of defendant’s prior bad acts admissible to show the context in
which the charged acts occurred and demonstrated defendant’s pattern of conduct). Without the
evidence of defendant’s prior touching of T.L.B., the trier of fact would have only heard that
defendant tried to touch T.L.B. without any context for the reason T.L.B. pushed defendant’s
hand away. Given the previously positive relationship between T.L.B. and defendant, this event
would have appeared to come out of nowhere, straining T.L.B.’s credibility. Similarly, without
evidence of the prior incidents, the trier of fact would have lacked information regarding how
T.L.B. believed that defendant was attempting to touch her for purposes of his sexual
gratification or arousal. In other words, the evidence of the prior bad acts assisted the trier of fact
in understanding defendant’s action as to the charged offense. Consequently, we find no abuse of
discretion in the admission of T.L.B.’s testimony concerning defendant’s prior sexual
misconduct to establish defendant’s intent under Rule 404.
¶ 25 In coming to this conclusion, we note that defendant here suffered no prejudice because
the possibility of prejudice inherent in a jury trial does not exist in a bench trial because it is
presumed that the circuit court considers only admissible evidence. People v. Davis, 260 Ill.
App. 3d 176, 192 (1994). The circuit court noted that there was no question that defendant
touched T.L.B. on her thigh or hip, but it considered defendant’s prior touching of T.L.B. to
establish that defendant intended to touch T.L.B. for his sexual gratification or arousal as to the
charged offense. The court’s comments demonstrate that the prior bad acts evidence was only
considered for the proper purpose of determining defendant’s intent—not defendant’s propensity
to commit crimes.
¶ 26 Accordingly, having found that T.L.B.’s testimony regarding defendant’s prior bad acts
was admissible under Rule 404, there can be no plain error. See People v. Wade, 131 Ill. 2d 370,
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376 (1989). Nor can counsel be ineffective for failing to object to the admission of this evidence.
See People v. Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, ¶ 11 (failure to establish deficient performance
precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel).
¶ 27 CONCLUSION
¶ 28 The judgment of the circuit court of Rock Island County is affirmed.
¶ 29 Affirmed.
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