Rmgs, Inc. v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims

BID PROTEST

No. 18-1260C

(Filed Under Seal: November 20, 2018 | Reissued: November 28, 2018)*

) Keywords: Bid Protest; 28 U.S.C. § 1491;

RMGS, INC., ) Organizational Conflict of Interest;

) Standing; Interested Party; Waiver;

Plaintiff, ) Interested Party; Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P.

) v. United States; COMINT Systems Corp.

v. ) v. United States.

)

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )

)

Defendant, )

and )

)

PAE GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC., )

)

Defendant-Intervenor. )

)

Michael John Gardner, Greenberg Traurig LLP, McLean, VA, for Plaintiff. Shomari B. Wade

and Brett A. Castellat, Greenberg Traurig LLP, McLean, VA, Of Counsel.

Russell James Upton, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, U.S. Department of Justice,

Washington, DC, for Defendant, with whom were Claudia Burke, Assistant Director, Robert E.

Kirschman, Jr., Director, and Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General. Kathleen D. Martin,

Attorney Adviser, Office of Buildings and Acquisitions, U.S. Department of State, Arlington,

VA, Of Counsel.

Anuj Vohra, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, DC, for Defendant-Intervenor. Robert J.

Sneckenberg, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, DC, Of Counsel.

OPINION AND ORDER

KAPLAN, Judge.

This is a post-award bid protest. Plaintiff RMGS, Inc. (“RMGS”) challenges the State

Department’s (“State”) decision to disqualify it from competition for one contract because of its

*

This opinion was originally issued under seal and the parties were given the opportunity to

request redactions. The opinion is now reissued with redactions noted in brackets.

status as the awardee of another, related contract. The disqualification was based on

organizational conflict-of-interest (“OCI”) grounds.

The government and Defendant-Intervenor PAE Government Services, Inc. (“PAE”)

argue primarily that RMGS’s protest must fail because it waived its protest rights when it waited

until after the second of the two contracts was awarded to file its protest. The government and

PAE also argue that RMGS lacks standing because it does not qualify as an “interested party,”

and that, in any event, RMGS’s protest fails on the merits.

All three parties have filed motions for judgment on the administrative record

(“MJARs”). ECF Nos. 31, 37, 38. The government has also filed a motion to dismiss for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction along with its MJAR. ECF No. 37. For the reasons set forth below, the

Court agrees with the government and PAE that RMGS has not established that it is an

“interested party” with standing to protest the award at issue. It lacks standing because it has not

shown that it would have had a substantial chance of winning the award but for its

disqualification on OCI grounds. Furthermore, even assuming RMGS has standing, it waived its

objections to the disputed OCI clause by not filing a pre-award protest. Therefore, the

government’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is GRANTED.

BACKGROUND

I. The AFRICAP, ACOTA, and Advisory RFPs

There are three State solicitations relevant to the facts underlying this bid protest,

although one of those three solicitations plays a more indirect role than the others. Each of the

three solicitations was issued by State’s Bureau of African Affairs, Office of Regional and

Security Affairs, which “supports U.S. foreign policy goals in sub-Saharan Africa through a

variety of programs and policies designed to bolster peace, security and regional stability.” AR

Tab 77 at 5678. The Court will review each solicitation in the order it was issued.

Solicitation SAQMMA15R022 (“the AFRICAP RFP”) was issued in January 2015. Pl.’s

Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s MJAR (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 12, ECF No. 29-1.1 Under AFRICAP, contract

awardees would “provide training, logistics services, and construction support to African

countries and regional organizations to enhance their capacity to prevent, manage, and resolve

their own conflicts.” Id. RMGS submitted an AFRICAP proposal on June 19, 2015. Id.

The next solicitation that State issued was the “ACOTA RFP,” Solicitation

SAQMMA15R0318, on July 7, 2015. AR Tab 5 at 107. The ACOTA RFP called for awardees to

provide “training, equipment, logistical and technical support and construction services to

African countries and organizations, to include: field training for African peacekeepers plus staff

training and exercise for battalion, brigade, and multinational force headquarter personnel.” AR

Tab 5a at 112. The government anticipated awarding three to five indefinite-delivery, indefinite-

1

The AFRICAP RFP is not in the Administrative Record because it is only tangentially related

to this bid protest. The Court includes these undisputed facts from Plaintiff’s MJAR for general

background.

2

quantity (“IDIQ”) contracts—up to three of which would be set aside for eligible service-

disabled veteran-owned small businesses—under the ACOTA RFP. Id. at 112, 240.

State received a total of twenty-nine offers in response to the ACOTA RFP—twenty-two

from small businesses (including RMGS) and seven from large businesses. AR Tab 31 at 3075–

76. RMGS submitted its proposal on January 21, 2016. Id. at 3076.

Two months later, on March 10, 2016—before any award under either the AFRICAP or

ACOTA RFP—State issued the third solicitation at issue in this bid protest: the “Advisory RFP,”

Solicitation SAQMMA16R0197. AR Tab 50 at 4519. Under the Advisory contract, awardees

would be responsible for providing “advisory and technical support to African countries and

organizations, as well as to U.S. Embassy country teams.” AR Tab 50a at 4520. State anticipated

awarding three IDIQ contracts under the Advisory RFP. Id. at 4621.

According to Contracting Officer Michael Dickson, the Advisory RFP was issued after

the other two RFPs “because the identification of a separate advisory services requirement arose

after the ACOTA solicitation was issued.” Decl. of Michael Dickson ¶ 6, ECF No. 37-1. State

had initially planned to “include[] advisory services as part of the ACOTA statement of work,”

but “[a]n actual or future organizational conflict was identified by the Contracting Office in

conjunction with the Program Office.” Id. “Accordingly, the advisory services were separated

out and solicited under a stand-alone solicitation, the Advisory Services solicitation.” Id. The

nature of the anticipated conflict, according to Mr. Dickson, was as follows:

[F]irms that received awards resulting from [the Advisory RFP] would be advising

various sections of numerous African countries directly. By conducting the

advisory services to African governments, the awardee under the Advisory IDIQ

may be privy to information which would otherwise be privileged, and such access

may provide a competitive advantage in preparing proposals under the ACOTA

IDIQ. Additionally, an awardee under the Advisory IDIQ may have opportunities

to directly influence actors within those African governments, and generate work

under the ACOTA IDIQ through the advisory services provided to African

governments, thus realizing a benefit under the ACOTA IDIQ as a result of work

performed under the Advisory IDIQ.

AR Tab 77 at 5679–80.

On account of the “actual or future organizational conflict” identified by the Contracting

Office and the Program Office, the Advisory RFP included the following clause (“the OCI

clause”) in clause H.12 of the solicitation: “Any award resulting from the competition under this

Solicitation [(i.e., the Advisory RFP)] will preclude award under Solicitation Numbers

SAQMMA15R0022 (AFRICAP) and SAQMMA15R0318 (ACOTA).” Tab 50a at 4567. In other

words, any contractor who received an award under the Advisory RFP would be ineligible to

receive an award under either AFRICAP or ACOTA.

3

II. The State Department’s Responses to Questions Regarding the Preclusive Effect of

an Award Under the Advisory RFP

In response to the OCI clause in the Advisory RFP, RMGS and several other prospective

offerors raised concerns about the preclusive effect that awards under the Advisory RFP would

have with regard to the AFRICAP and ACOTA RFPs. For instance, one prospective offeror

asked: “Can a company be awarded the [Advisory] contract and also be awarded the AFRICAP

and/or ACOTA contracts?” AR Tab 54c at 4883 (Questions and Answers).2 State answered:

“No. Refer to Clause H.12. An award of an [Advisory] IDIQ contract will preclude award of the

AFRICAP or ACOTA IDIQ contract.” Id.

Additionally, multiple prospective offerors asked if the government would consider

delaying evaluations under the Advisory RFP and/or holding open the proposal period until after

ACOTA and AFRICAP contracts were awarded. State was also unequivocal on this point,

stating, “[a]n extension of this RFP pending award of the AFRICAP and ACOTA IDIQ contracts

will not be granted.” Id. In addition, in response to a question as to whether the government

would hold discussions with potential Advisory awardees to allow them to “opt out” in favor of

AFRICAP and/or ACOTA, State explained:

Offerors, who have submitted proposals to both this RFP and either the AFRICAP

or ACOTA RFP, may rescind proposals submitted in response to the AFRICAP

and ACOTA RFPs, or to Advisory and Reporting Services RFP. Apparent

successful offerors will be contacted prior to award, and be given the opportunity

to rescind their proposal. Pursuant to clause H.12(e), and H.12(f), any award

resulting from the competition under this Solicitation will preclude award under

Solicitation Numbers SAQMMA15R0022 (AFRICAP) and SAQMMA15R0318

(ACOTA).

Id. at 4884.

In sum, State made no promises or representations that offerors would learn their status

under the AFRICAP and ACOTA contracts prior to award (and therefore possible preclusion)

under the Advisory contract. However, State noted that apparent successful offerors under the

Advisory RFP would be given an opportunity to “opt out” of that solicitation by rescinding their

proposals, thus maintaining their eligibility for award under the other two RFPs.

According to RMGS, it sought “clarification” from State as to the Advisory RFP’s OCI

clause “in a series of emails beginning” in March 2016 wherein RMGS “expressed its concern”

about the clause. Compl. ¶ 17, ECF No. 1; see also AR Tab 84 (email chain). RMGS alleges that

after one meeting with officials from State on March 24, the agency went “dark” and was

unresponsive to further requests for clarification. Compl. ¶ 17.

2

The Questions and Answers were incorporated into Amendment A003 to the Advisory RFP,

issued on April 4, 2016. See AR Tab 54 at 4659.

4

III. RMGS Accepts Award of Advisory Contract Notwithstanding That Doing So

Would Preclude an Award of Either the AFRICAP or ACOTA Contracts

State received nine proposals in response to the Advisory RFP (Def.’s MJAR, Dickson

Decl. ¶ 2), including the one filed by RMGS on May 10, 2016 (Compl. ¶ 18, ECF No. 1). On

September 15, 2016, RMGS received an email from State notifying RMGS that it was “an

apparent successful offeror under the [Advisory] RFP.” AR Tab 57 at 5345. The email then

repeated the OCI provisions of the Advisory RFP verbatim: “Any award resulting from the

competition under this Solicitation will preclude award under [AFRICAP] and [ACOTA]. Any

award resulting from the competition under this Solicitation will preclude awardees from

accepting AFRICAP or ACOTA subcontracts.” Id. The email continued on to repeat the

government’s explanation from the Questions and Answers that “[a]pparent successful offerors

will be contacted prior to award, and be given the opportunity to rescind their proposal.” Id. The

email concluded by asking RMGS whether it, “[a]s an apparently successful offeror . . . wish[ed]

to rescind [its] offer” for the Advisory RFP. Id. State gave RMGS until close of business the

following day to respond—a time period of slightly more than twenty-four hours. Id.

The following morning, RMGS President Lynda Stafford responded to State, informing

the agency that RMGS did not wish to rescind its offer. Id. Accordingly, on February 23, 2017,

an Advisory RFP contract was awarded to RMGS. AR Tab 58 at 5347. Ms. Stafford signed the

contract on RMGS’s behalf on February 27, 2017. Id. The contract incorporated the same OCI

clauses regarding the ACOTA and AFRICAP contracts from the Advisory RFP. Id. at 5397.

Thus, the contract explicitly provided that the Advisory award would “preclude award” under

ACOTA and AFRICAP and that the award would “preclude [RMGS] from accepting AFRICAP

or ACOTA subcontracts.” Id.

IV. RMGS Learns It Did Not Receive an AFRICAP Award with No Mention of OCI-

Related Disqualification

On May 3, 2017, State announced the award of AFRICAP contracts to Next Evolution

Water Solutions (“NEWS”), Relyant, and SkyBridge Tactical. AR Tab 86 at 5969. RMGS timely

requested a debriefing on May 5, 2017. Id. State provided a substantive debriefing identifying

various weaknesses which led to RMGS’s proposal being deemed technically unacceptable. Id.

at 5969–74. Because the proposal was technically unacceptable, RMGS “was not included in the

tradeoff process.” Id. at 5974. Despite the fact that RMGS had previously accepted an Advisory

contract award on February 23, 2017, the written debriefing issued on May 15, 2017 made no

mention of RMGS being disqualified from the AFRICAP competition due to the OCI clause. See

generally AR Tab 86.3

3

The Court infers that—like the initial ACOTA evaluations (see below)—initial evaluations

under AFRICAP were completed before the award of Advisory contracts. Although the

government generally cites the Contracting Officer’s Statement of Facts for this proposition

(Def.’s Mot. at 8), upon review the statement does not specifically assert this as to AFRICAP.

See generally AR Tab 77. In any event, if the Court’s inference is correct, RMGS would have

been eliminated from the AFRICAP competition on the basis of its technically unacceptable

proposal before it received its Advisory award, despite the fact that it learned of its unsuccessful

5

V. Evaluation of Offers and Award of the ACOTA Contract

Meanwhile, the ACOTA evaluation process proceeded at State. In accordance with the

RFP, the agency used the cost-technical tradeoff source selection process, as defined in FAR

15.101-1. AR Tab 5 at 240. The RFP stated that the award would be provided to the offeror

whose proposal provided the best value to the government and that “all evaluation factors other

than price, when combined, are significantly more important than price.” Id.

As noted above, the agency received twenty-nine proposals in January 2016, five months

before Advisory proposals were received in May 2016. As part of the ACOTA procurement

process, the Technical Evaluation Team (“TET”) reviewed the proposals and assigned ratings for

the four non-price factors. Based on the ratings, the TET found that eight out of twenty-two

small-business offerors, including RMGS, had submitted “technically acceptable” proposals. AR

Tab 29 at 2989–90. The table below combines data from various charts in the Administrative

Record and shows the factor ratings and proposed prices of all eight of these “technically

acceptable” proposals, including RMGS’s proposal. The Court has rearranged the seven other

offerors in order of the technical rankings assigned by the TET, with RMGS added at the bottom.

AR Tab 31 at 3077–78. For ease of understanding, the rows showing the four small-business

awardees under the ACOTA RFP are shaded.

Factor 1: Factor 2: Factor 3:

Factor 4: Past Factor 5:

Offeror Technical Management Similar

Performance Price

Approach Approach Experience

VERY SATISFACTORY

Blue Force SUPERIOR SUPERIOR $723,534,041

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

VERY SUBSTANTIAL

Celestar SUPERIOR ACCEPTABLE $745,277,063

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SUBSTANTIAL

ATSI ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE RELEVANT $613,634,704

CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT SATISFACTORY

Downrange ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE $547,133,677

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT SATISFACTORY

OTTS MARGINAL ACCEPTABLE $[***]

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT UNKNOWN

VxL ACCEPTABLE MARGINAL $[***]

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

status under AFRICAP after the Advisory award. Although it finds that RMGS’s protest fails

due to both lack of standing and waiver, the Court also observes that contrary to RMGS’s

argument, State’s failure to mention the OCI clause in the AFRICAP debriefing does not

somehow constitute a complete waiver of enforcement of the OCI clause.

6

Factor 1: Factor 2: Factor 3:

Factor 4: Past Factor 5:

Offeror Technical Management Similar

Performance Price

Approach Approach Experience

SOMEWHAT UNKNOWN

NEWS ACCEPTABLE MARGINAL $[***]

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SATISFACTORY

RMGS MARGINAL ACCEPTABLE RELEVANT $[***]

CONFIDENCE

See Def.’s MJAR at 21–22; AR Tab 29 at 2988–89, 3001–02. The four non-price factors were

numbered in order of importance as specified in the RFP; thus Factor 1, Technical Approach,

was more important than the other factors, Factor 2 was next in importance, and so on. AR Tab

5a at 241.

As noted in footnotes to a table contained in the Award decision, which summarizes the

ratings of all twenty-two of the small-business offerors, four of them (RMGS included) were

“not eligible for award” under ACOTA because they had received awards under the Advisory

RFP. AR Tab 29 at 2988–89 nn.1–4. RMGS was the only one of these ineligible offerors whose

proposal was also found technically acceptable. Thus, a “Cost-Technical tradeoff” analysis was

performed for “the seven (7) technically acceptable offerors not precluded from award by

organizational conflict of interest.” Id. at 3000. Ultimately, the Contracting Officer found that

offerors “Blue Force, Celestar, ATSI, and Downrange . . . provide[d] the best-value/most

advantageous solution to [State].” Id. at 3029. These four offerors received awards under the

ACOTA RFP on April 13, 2018. AR Tab 77 at 5679; see also AR Tab 46 at 4405. Three large-

business offerors also received ACOTA awards: Engility Corporation; Michael Baker Global

Services, LLC; and Defendant-Intervenor PAE. AR Tab 47 at 4407.

VI. State Continues To Inquire Whether RMGS Wishes To Extend the Validity of Its

Offer on ACOTA RFP, Even After RMGS Received the Advisory Contract Award

As described above, RMGS was disqualified from consideration for the ACOTA contract

during the time period between the TET’s assignment of factor ratings and the Contracting

Officer’s tradeoff analysis, due to RMGS’s receipt of an award under the Advisory RFP.

Nonetheless, RMGS continued to receive requests from State asking it to extend the validity of

its ACOTA proposal, even after it received an award under the Advisory RFP, due to what State

characterizes as “an administrative error.” AR Tab 77 at 5682–83. In any event, all offerors

under ACOTA, including those who had received Advisory awards, continued to extend the

validity of their proposals pursuant to the government’s requests. See generally AR Tabs 13–23.

VII. RMGS Requests Debriefing

Following the announcement of ACOTA awards to the four successful small-business

offerors, RMGS requested a debriefing from State. AR Tab 48.1 at 4472.1. State responded via

email on April 25, 2018, reiterating the text of the OCI clause and informing RMGS that due to

its award of an Advisory contract, it “was not considered eligible for award under [the ACOTA

RFP].” Id. The email went on to relay that “[g]iven the timing of award of the [ACOTA]

7

contract, an initial evaluation of your proposal was completed and we can offer the following

information relevant to your proposal.” Id. The email then listed RMGS’s ratings for the four

non-price factors evaluated by the TET, as well as specific strengths and weaknesses identified

by the Source Selection Authority and Contracting Officer.4 Id. at 4472.1–72.2.

VIII. GAO Bid Protest

RMGS filed a bid protest with GAO on May 2, 2018. AR Tab 75. RMGS specifically

challenged its disqualification from award under ACOTA based on its acceptance of the

Advisory contract award.5 Id. at 5658. On May 23, GAO dismissed RMGS’s protest as untimely

and for lack of standing. AR Tab 83. GAO summarized its findings as to the protests of RMGS

and similarly situated offeror Barbaricum LLC as follows:

The Advisory RFP was issued on March 10, 2016. The RFP’s OCI clause stated

“[a]ny award resulting from the competition under [the Advisory RFP would]

preclude award under Solicitation Numbers SAQMMA15R0022 (AFRICAP) and

SAQMMA15R0318 (ACOTA).” . . . The closing date was May 10. RMGS and

Barbaricum signed contracts, on February 23, and May 9, 2017, respectively, that

included the OCI clause. RMGS and Barbaricum first protested the application of

the OCI clause in May 2018. Accordingly, RMGS’s and Barbaricum’s failure to

protest this clause until nearly two years after the closing date in the Advisory RFP

(and nearly a year after signing their Advisory contracts with the agency) makes

these protests untimely.

Id. at 5956. GAO also concluded that RMGS and Barbaricum did not qualify as “interested

parties” because they were “ineligible to receive award under [ACOTA]” due to the OCI clause.

Id. at 5956–57.

IX. The Present Bid Protest

Approximately three months after GAO’s dismissal of RMGS’s protest, RMGS filed the

instant protest in the Court of Federal Claims on August 21, 2018. See generally Compl. In

Count I of the complaint, RMGS alleges that State’s handling of the ACOTA award competition

was arbitrary and capricious because the government “appl[ied] unstated evaluation criteria”

when it treated RMGS as ineligible for award due to the Advisory RFP’s OCI clause. Id. at

¶¶ 30–36. In Count II of the complaint, RMGS alleges that State violated the Competition in

Contracting Act (“CICA”) “[b]y issuing the Advisory RFP with its restrictive OCI clause after

4

The parties dispute whether or not the subject email in fact constituted a “debriefing.” See

Def.’s MJAR at 11; Pl.’s Mem. at 17. The Court makes no finding on this issue as it is not

critical to the Court’s determinations that RMGS lacks standing and has waived its ability to

protest.

5

RMGS has not protested the award decisions under AFRICAP either at GAO or in the Court of

Federal Claims. As explained above, AFRICAP awards were made on May 3, 2017—about three

months after Advisory awards and almost one year before ACOTA awards. AR Tab 86 at 5969.

8

receiving proposals for both AFRICAP and ACOTA,” thereby “unnecessarily restrict[ing]

competition.” Id. at ¶¶ 37–40. Counts III through V of the complaint allege claims for

“misleading discussions,” “unreasonable delay,” and violations of applicable acquisition

regulations, respectively. Id. at ¶¶ 41–52.

On August 30, 2018, PAE joined the case as a defendant-intervenor. ECF Nos. 12, 14.

PAE is an awardee under both the ACOTA and AFRICAP RFPs. PAE’s Mot. to Intervene as

Def. at 1 & n.1, ECF No. 12. After the government filed the Administrative Record (“AR”) on

September 10, both RMGS and the government moved to supplement the AR on September 19

and 20, respectively. ECF Nos. 19, 23, 24. The Court granted the government’s unopposed

motion to supplement. ECF No. 25. It also granted RMGS’s motion—which the government

opposed—on November 9, 2018. ECF No. 42.

As discussed above, all three parties filed MJARs and the government also filed a motion

to dismiss. After all of the cross-motions were fully briefed, oral argument was held on

November 15, 2018.

DISCUSSION

The government and PAE have moved to dismiss this bid protest. They argue that RMGS

(a) has failed to establish its standing as an interested party and (b) has waived its claims

pursuant to the rule announced in Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308 (Fed.

Cir. 2007). For the reasons set forth below, the Court agrees with government and PAE.

Accordingly, RMGS’s bid protest must be dismissed.

I. RMGS Has Not Established Its Standing

A. Applicable Law

The Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction over bid protests in accordance with the

Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491, as amended by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of

1996 § 12, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b). Specifically, the Court has the authority “to render judgment on

an action by an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or

proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any

alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed

procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1); see also Sys. Application & Techs., Inc. v. United States,

691 F.3d 1374, 1380–81 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (observing that § 1491(b)(1) “grants jurisdiction over

objections to a solicitation, objections to a proposed award, objections to an award, and

objections related to a statutory or regulatory violation so long as these objections are in

connection with a procurement or proposed procurement”).

To possess standing to bring a bid protest, a plaintiff must be an “interested party”—i.e.,

an actual or prospective bidder (or offeror) who possesses a direct economic interest in the

procurement. Sys. Application & Techs., Inc., 691 F.3d at 1382 (citing Weeks Marine, Inc. v.

United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009)); see also Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States,

704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013). An offeror has a direct economic interest if it suffered a

competitive injury or prejudice as a result of an alleged error in the procurement process. Myers

Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding

9

that “prejudice (or injury) is a necessary element of standing”); see also Weeks Marine, Inc., 575

F.3d at 1360.

In post-award protests, like this one, a plaintiff may demonstrate competitive injury or

prejudice by showing that it would have had a “substantial chance” of winning the award “but

for the alleged error in the procurement process.” Weeks Marine, Inc., 575 F.3d at 1359–62

(quoting Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.

2003)). In making the standing determination, the Court assumes well-pled allegations of error in

the complaint to be true. Square One Armoring Serv., Inc. v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 309,

323 (2015) (citing Digitalis Educ. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 89, 94 (2011), aff’d,

664 F.3d 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012)); see also Salmon Spawning & Recovery All. v. U.S. Customs

& Border Prot., 550 F.3d 1121, 1131–32 & n.9 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Lujan v. Defs. of

Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)).

If subject matter jurisdiction is challenged, however, the plaintiff cannot rely merely on

allegations in the complaint, but must instead bring forth relevant, competent proof to establish

jurisdiction. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988). The

party invoking a court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing it, and must ultimately do so

by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.; Rocovich v. United States, 933 F.2d 991, 993 (Fed. Cir.

1991).

B. Analysis

Here, RMGS alleges that it was erroneous for the government to disqualify it from award

under the ACOTA RFP on the basis of the Advisory RFP’s OCI clause. Thus, the critical

jurisdictional inquiry is whether, in the absence of disqualification on OCI grounds, RMGS stood

a “substantial chance” of winning an ACOTA award. See Weeks Marine, Inc., 575 F.3d at 1359–

62. RMGS’s complaint does not make detailed allegations as to the evaluation of ACOTA

proposals, including RMGS’s ratings assigned prior to its disqualification. The complaint

summarily alleges that RMGS “is an interested party as it submitted a proposal . . . and had a

substantial chance of receiving the contract but for the alleged errors” in the procurement

process. Compl. ¶ 29. This allegation is a legal conclusion, thus the Court need not assume it to

be true. See, e.g., Frankel v. United States, 842 F.3d 1246, 1249 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“In deciding a

motion to dismiss . . . courts are not required to accept [as true] a complaint’s legal

conclusions.”) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)).

The Court concludes that RMGS has not established its own standing because the record

does not support its bare assertion that it had a “substantial chance” of winning an ACOTA

award but for its disqualification on OCI grounds. For ease of reference, the table above showing

State’s evaluations of the eight technically acceptable proposals is again set forth below:

Factor 1: Factor 2:

Factor 3: Similar Factor 4: Past Factor 5:

Offeror Technical Management

Experience Performance Price

Approach Approach

VERY SATISFACTORY

Blue Force SUPERIOR SUPERIOR $723,534,041

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

10

Factor 1: Factor 2:

Factor 3: Similar Factor 4: Past Factor 5:

Offeror Technical Management

Experience Performance Price

Approach Approach

VERY SUBSTANTIAL

Celestar SUPERIOR ACCEPTABLE $745,277,063

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SUBSTANTIAL

ATSI ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE RELEVANT $613,634,704

CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT SATISFACTORY

Downrange ACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE $547,133,677

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT SATISFACTORY

OTTS MARGINAL ACCEPTABLE $[***]

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT UNKNOWN

VxL ACCEPTABLE MARGINAL $[***]

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SOMEWHAT UNKNOWN

NEWS ACCEPTABLE MARGINAL $[***]

RELEVANT CONFIDENCE

SATISFACTORY

RMGS MARGINAL ACCEPTABLE RELEVANT $[***]

CONFIDENCE

Although RMGS argues that this “makeshift chart” amounts to “conjecture” because State did

not include RMGS in its cost-technical tradeoff (Pl.’s Mem. at 8–9), the data in the table is taken

directly from the Administrative Record.6 See AR Tab 29 at 2988–89, 3001–02. Moreover, the

burden of showing standing by a preponderance of the evidence lies with RMGS. Reynolds, 846

F.2d at 748. RMGS must therefore make an affirmative showing in addition to refuting the

government’s arguments.

The Court finds that RMGS has not satisfied its burden to show, by a preponderance of

the evidence, that it had a “substantial chance” of winning an ACOTA contract but for the

application of the OCI clause. Although RMGS has argued that the table above shows only

“initial” rather than “final” evaluations (Nov. 15, 2018 Hr’g (“Hr’g”) at 2:07:15–10:10), the

ratings on the factors themselves were “final,” notwithstanding that RMGS’s proposal was not

included in the tradeoff analysis (Hr’g at 2:28:20–29:45). Based upon the ratings and the

substance of the tradeoff analysis conducted for the other seven offerors listed in the table,

RMGS has not met its burden on the “substantial chance of award” inquiry.

6

The table appearing in this Opinion and Order is a reproduction of the one included in the

government’s brief, with the exception of the gray shading added by the Court to denote the

ACOTA awardees. The Court also rearranged the other seven offerors to show their technical

rankings assigned by the TET. See AR Tab 31 at 3077–78.

11

In a nutshell, there is nothing in the record to indicate that RMGS more likely than not

could have won the award given to Downrange, the lowest-ranked awardee. In comparing

Downrange with non-awardee OTTS, the cost-technical tradeoff analysis concluded: “The higher

proposed price of [OTTS] is not worth the price premium of [***]% when compared to

Downrange. . . . Downrange’s proposal presents a superior technical approach, at a lower overall

price.” AR Tab 31 at 3102–04.

Extrapolating from the foregoing comparison, it is unlikely that RMGS could have beaten

Downrange in the tradeoff analysis. RMGS had identical ratings to OTTS for each factor except

Factor 3, Similar Experience (RMGS achieved a “Relevant” rating as opposed to OTTS’s

“Somewhat Relevant”) and price.7 The difference in price is particularly striking; RMGS’s

proposed price exceeds OTTS’s by almost $[***], or [***]%. In addition, RMGS’s price

exceeds Downrange’s price by more than $[***], or approximately [***]%. On the price factor,

RMGS’s price was lower than the proposed prices of only the top two offerors—both of whom

achieved a “Superior” rating on the most important factor and either matched or surpassed

RMGS on each of the remaining non-price factors.

Considering the large sums of money involved and the Contracting Officer’s conclusion

that OTTS’s proposal was not worth [***]% premium as compared with Downrange, the Court

is skeptical that RMGS would have fared any better than OTTS in the tradeoff analysis. See AR

Tab 31 at 3072 (“As non-price factors, when combined, become more equal, the evaluated price

rises in importance and may become the determining factor.”). This conclusion is buttressed by

the fact that RMGS, like OTTS, achieved a “Marginal” rating on the most important factor as

compared with Downrange’s superior “Acceptable” rating. The Court is not convinced that

RMGS had any chance of prevailing over Downrange or the other, higher-ranked offerors in the

tradeoff analysis.

Furthermore, although the government represented at oral argument that it likely had the

discretion to make additional small-business awards (Hr’g at 2:27:25–55), RMGS has not set

forth any reason that the government would have—more likely than not—awarded it an

ACOTA contract in the absence of the OCI clause. As discussed above, RMGS’s ratings on non-

price factors were very similar to those of non-awardee OTTS with the exception of Factor 3, the

second-to-least important factor. None of RMGS’s arguments explain how it would have had a

“substantial chance” of securing an award in light of its similar ratings to OTTS alongside its

[***]% price premium.8 In fact, based on RMGS’s high price alone the Court finds that—under

7

Although certain tables in the record list OTTS’s Factor 3 rating as “Relevant” (see, e.g., AR

Tab 29 at 3001; AR Tab 31 at 3078, 3094), the Court infers that the true rating was “Somewhat

Relevant” based upon the comprehensive evaluation of OTTS’s proposal. AR Tab 28a14 at

2903. In any event, this discrepancy is immaterial here because if OTTS’s Factor 3 rating was in

fact “Relevant,” then standing would be even more difficult for RMGS to establish. In that case,

none of OTTS’s ratings would be lower than RMGS’s ratings.

8

The Court again notes that the TET ranked OTTS above offerors VxL and NEWS. See AR Tab

31 at 3077–78.

12

the preponderance of the evidence standard—RMGS did not have a substantial chance of award

even in the absence of the OCI clause.

In summary, RMGS has not met its burden to establish it had a “substantial chance” of

winning an ACOTA award but for State’s alleged error. Therefore, the Court finds that RMGS

lacks standing and its protest must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

II. Even If RMGS Had Standing, Its Claims Would Be Barred by the Waiver Rule

Announced in Blue & Gold

For the reasons set forth above, RMGS has not established its standing to sue as an

interested party under § 1491(b). But even had it done so, the Court would nonetheless dismiss

this protest because it is barred by the waiver rule first set forth in the Federal Circuit’s Blue &

Gold decision.

A. Applicable Law

In Blue & Gold, the Federal Circuit held that “a party who has the opportunity to object

to the terms of a government solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the

close of the bidding process waives its ability to raise the same objection afterwards in a [bid

protest] action” in this court. 492 F.3d at 1315. Although the Tucker Act does not contain an

express time-for-filing rule akin to GAO’s timeliness regulation, the court of appeals recognized

a waiver rule based on the statutory instruction to “give due regard” to “the need for expeditious

resolution of” bid protests.9 Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(3)).

One key rationale for the adoption of the waiver rule in Blue & Gold was the court’s

recognition that “[i]t would be inefficient and costly to authorize [bid protests] after offerors and

the agency had expended considerable time and effort submitting or evaluating proposals in

response to a defective solicitation.” Id. at 1314. Accordingly, prospective contractors “cannot sit

on their rights to challenge what they believe to be an unfair solicitation, roll the dice and see if

they [are awarded a contract] and then, if unsuccessful, claim the solicitation was infirm.” Id. In

other words, the waiver rule is meant to limit, as much as possible, “costly after-the-fact

litigation.” Id.

Following Blue & Gold, courts grappling with the newly announced waiver rule were

tasked with determining how broadly the rule should be applied. For example, the decision did

not expressly dictate the proper rule if an error in the procurement process came to light after the

time for submitting proposals had closed, but before awards were made. The Federal Circuit

addressed this issue in COMINT Systems Corp. v. United States, wherein it expanded the waiver

rule “to all pre-award situations.” 700 F.3d 1377, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The court held that

“assuming there is adequate time in which to do so, a disappointed bidder must bring a challenge

to a solicitation containing a patent error or ambiguity prior to the award of the contract.” Id. As

9

GAO regulations provide that “[p]rotests based upon alleged improprieties in a solicitation

which are apparent prior to bid opening or the time set for receipt of initial proposals shall be

filed prior to bid opening or the time set for receipt of initial proposals.” 4 C.F.R. § 21.2(a)(1).

13

to the specific facts of the case, the court found the plaintiff had “more than an adequate

opportunity to object” in the two-and-a-half months between an allegedly defective amendment

to the solicitation and the award of the subject contract. Id. at 1382–83. In the court’s view, the

plaintiffs in COMINT were attempting to do “precisely what Blue & Gold forbids.” Id. at 1383.

The Federal Circuit has also expressly clarified that “mere notice of dissatisfaction or

objection is insufficient to preserve [an offeror’s] defective-solicitation challenge.” Bannum, Inc.

v. United States, 779 F.3d 1376, 1380 (2015). In order to avoid waiving objections to patent pre-

award errors, prospective and actual offerors must file a formal agency protest, GAO protest, or

lawsuit in the Court of Federal Claims. See id. This rule ensures that protestors are “granted

certain remedies [afforded in formal protests] (a stay of award) and ensures that the government

will resolve the matter in a timely fashion.” Id.

In summary, where parties participating in a procurement process have pre-award notice

of the grounds upon which they object to the process, yet wait to see whether they nonetheless

receive an award, any protest based upon those grounds must be barred as a matter of equity. See

Phoenix Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 170, 180 n.6 (2016) (“[T]he waiver rule . . .

‘creates an equitable, rather than jurisdictional, bar to a disappointed offeror’s untimely

challenge to the terms of a government solicitation.’”) (quoting Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v.

United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672, 698 (2010)).

B. Analysis

The waiver rule announced in Blue & Gold—particularly as further explained and

applied in COMINT—applies squarely to this case. Although RMGS attempts through argument

to complicate matters and avoid the waiver rule by characterizing its protest as one based on the

use of “unstated evaluation criteria” in the ACOTA RFP, the proper analysis is rather

straightforward. RMGS not only had notice as early as March 2016 that State planned to

disqualify Advisory contract awardees from award under ACOTA and AFRICAP, it had actual

knowledge of that condition. First, State communicated its intention unequivocally through: (1)

the express terms of the Advisory RFP and (2) its answers to offerors’ questions. Second, State

had direct email exchanges with RMGS in which it gave RMGS the opportunity as an apparent

awardee under the Advisory RFP to rescind its Advisory proposal. Moreover, the OCI clause

was expressly written into the Advisory contract executed by RMGS in February 2017.

There were several critical, pre-award junctures in the procurement process when RMGS

could have, but did not, file a formal protest to object to the OCI clause. First, it could have filed

a protest related to either the Advisory RFP or the ACOTA RFP after the Advisory RFP was

originally issued on March 10, 2016. The record and the parties’ briefing establishes that RMGS

immediately viewed the OCI clause as unduly restrictive, and that RMGS wished to both remain

eligible for an ACOTA contract and compete for an Advisory contract. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 17–

18; see generally AR Tab 84. By the unequivocal and clear terms of the OCI clause, such an

outcome was impossible unless the clause was struck or altered in some way.

In the event that RMGS was in doubt as to whether the clause truly meant what it said,

and to ascertain whether it would learn of its status under ACOTA before submitting an

Advisory proposal, it could have waited to protest until after the Questions and Answers were

14

released on April 4, 2016. AR Tab 54 at 4659. However, after the Questions and Answers were

released, there was no doubt that (1) Advisory awardees would be ineligible for award under

ACOTA (and AFRICAP) and (2) ACOTA offerors would not necessarily be able to learn their

award status before submitting Advisory proposals. AR Tab 54c at 4883. The Questions and

Answers also revealed that apparent awardees for the Advisory contract would be given the

chance to rescind their proposals, thus foreshadowing that Advisory awards might be announced

before ACOTA awards. Id. at 4884.

To be sure, the timing of the RFPs and the effect of the Advisory RFP’s OCI clause

required prospective offerors to weigh the risks and benefits of submitting proposals for all three

RFPs. Nonetheless, the terms of the OCI clause were clear and unequivocal, especially following

the publication of the Questions and Answers. RMGS could have protested the OCI clause at that

time to raise its concerns with the restrictions it imposed.

Next, RMGS could have protested after it received notice that it was an apparent awardee

under the Advisory RFP and was given the opportunity to rescind its Advisory proposal.10 The

notice contained an explicit, verbatim reminder of the Advisory RFP’s OCI clause. It is

unreasonable for RMGS to now claim it was surprised to find out it was ineligible for an award

under ACOTA in the face of this explicit notice of the OCI clause.

Finally, the OCI clause was included in the Advisory contract RMGS executed with State

in February 2017. By executing the contract, RMGS agreed to disqualification from the ACOTA

and AFRICAP procurements. As detailed above, RMGS had ample notice of the OCI clause by

the time the agreement was executed, and it proceeded without any formal objection or protest.

Although RMGS would have the Court believe that it is protesting the evaluation of

proposals under the ACOTA RFP rather than the OCI clause contained in the Advisory RFP

solicitation, this argument is a semantic one that does not defeat application of the waiver rule.

As set forth in COMINT, the waiver rule applies in “all pre-award situations.” 700 F.3d at 1382.

As RMGS readily acknowledges, it “expressed its concern” with the OCI clause almost

immediately after the Advisory RFP was published. Its failure to take the additional step of filing

a formal protest regarding either the Advisory or ACOTA RFP is fatal to its ability to bring the

present protest now that the OCI clause has been applied to disqualify it from award under

ACOTA. RMGS had all the information it needed to protest the OCI clause well in advance of

the award of ACOTA contracts.

In sum, rather than file a formal protest based on what it deemed to be an overly

restrictive OCI clause promptly after learning of the restriction, RMGS waited to formally raise

its objections until after it had been awarded the Advisory contract and then denied award under

ACOTA. While RMGS argues otherwise now, it should not have been surprised to learn in April

10

The Court rejects RMGS’s contention that it had to decide whether to rescind “under duress.”

Pl.’s Mem. at 7. It should have been prepared for this possibility because State set forth this

optional rescission procedure in its answers to offerors’ questions, which were published more

than five months before the notice of apparent award was emailed to RMGS in September 2016.

See AR Tab 54 at 4659.

15

2018 that it was ineligible for award—it had known about the OCI clause for more than two

years. Courts have held that an interval of two-and-a-half months affords “more than an adequate

opportunity to object” to an alleged error in a procurement. See COMINT, 700 F.3d at 1382–83.

Because RMGS’s first formal protest of the OCI clause came post-award in May 2018, its

present protest of the ACOTA procurement must now be dismissed.

III. RMGS’s Remaining Arguments Lack Merit

To the extent that RMGS’s claims alleged in Counts III and IV of its complaint could be

viewed as proper post-award claims (i.e., not waived under Blue & Gold), and assuming for the

sake of this analysis that RMGS has standing, its remaining claims are unavailing.11

A. Count III: Misleading Discussions

Reading RMGS’s complaint generously, it arguably did not waive its claim of

“misleading discussions” because, taking the allegations as true, it did not know it was misled

until after awards were announced.12 In essence, RMGS alleges that State misled it for “over a

year” by asking RMGS to verify and extend the validity of its ACOTA proposal. Compl. ¶¶ 42–

43.

“[M]isleading discussions are characterized by communications from the government

that are incorrect, confusing or ambiguous.” DMS All–Star Joint Venture v. United States, 90

Fed. Cl. 653, 670 (2010). The requirement that discussions be meaningful and not misleading

means that an agency must not “misdirect the protestor as it revises its proposal.” Greenland

Contractors I/S v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 216, 225 (2017) (quoting DMS All–Star Joint

Venture, 90 Fed. Cl. at 670) (alteration omitted); see also Caddell Constr. Co. v. United States,

125 Fed. Cl. 30, 45 (2016) (“An error in communicating a weakness that causes an offeror to

revise its proposal is quintessentially a misleading discussion.”).

RMGS’s argument fails at the outset because State did not conduct any “discussions”

with offerors, let alone misleading ones. See AR Tab 29 at 2999 (Contracting Officer’s

recommendation stating that “[State] did not conduct discussions with any of the offerors”). “[I]n

the context of a government contract proposal, the term ‘discussions’ has a specific legal

definition: ‘discussions involve negotiations’ and ‘are undertaken with the intent of allowing the

offeror to revise its proposal.’” Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1332

11

Counts I and II of the complaint are explicitly based on the enforcement of the OCI clause and

are therefore waived. In addition, the Court views Count V of the complaint—which alleges

violations of State’s acquisition regulations—as a waived claim because the claim is essentially

another way of phrasing RMGS’s objection to the OCI clause. As explained above, RMGS had

ample notice of the OCI clause and that it would be applied well in advance of the ACOTA

awards. Accordingly, RMGS waived this claim by failing to raise it pre-award.

12

The Court notes that if in fact RMGS subjectively felt misled, it unreasonably ignored State’s

clear statements indicating that RMGS would be considered ineligible for award under the

ACOTA RFP.

16

(Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Info. Tech., 316 F.3d at 1321). Thus, “the acid test for deciding

whether discussions have been held is whether it can be said that an offeror was provided the

opportunity to revise or modify its proposal.” DynCorp Int’l LLC v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl.

528, 541 (2007) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Necessarily, a misleading-

discussions claim requires as a predicate the occurrence of some measure of discussions. See

Caddell Constr. Co., 125 Fed. Cl. at 45 (“While an agency has considerable discretion in

conducting discussions with offerors, that discretion is not a license to mislead an offeror.”)

(emphasis supplied); DMS All-Star Joint Venture, 90 Fed. Cl. at 670 (“[D]iscussions become

misleading when communications from the government misdirect the protestor as it revises its

proposal.”) (emphasis supplied).

Furthermore, to the extent that RMGS was subjectively “misled” at all, such

misapprehension of State’s administrative error was unreasonable in light of the unequivocal

nature of the OCI clause and State’s email offering RMGS the option of rescinding the Advisory

RFP proposal. For all of these reasons, even if RMGS had standing (which it does not), the Court

would dismiss this claim for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

B. Count IV: Good Faith and Fair Dealing

RMGS also alleges, in Count IV of its complaint, that State’s “unreasonable delay” in

awarding the ACOTA RFP “severely prejudiced” RMGS and violated the agency’s “obligation

of good faith and fair dealing.” Compl. ¶¶ 45–49. Arguably, this claim does not fall completely

within the waiver rule because it is based at least in part on the fact that State took “820 days

from submission to contract award” in the ACOTA procurement—a fact which RMGS could not

have known precisely until after awards were announced. Id. ¶ 45. Assuming that the Court has

jurisdiction over the claim, see Def.’s MJAR at 31 (observing that judges of this court “ha[ve]

split over whether it possesses jurisdiction to consider claims of breach of the implied duty of

good faith and fair dealing in the context of a post-award bid protest”) (citing cases on each side

of the split)), RMGS’s argument clearly lacks merit.

RMGS’s argument is predicated on the reasoning of Draken International, Inc. v. United

States, wherein another judge on this court opined that “[a]n agency has an obligation of good

faith and fair dealing to bidders participating in Federal procurements, and that duty would

prohibit an agency from arbitrarily unduly delaying a procurement by stringing offerors along,

requiring them to be at the ready at substantial expense for an unnecessarily extended period.”

120 Fed. Cl. 383, 395 (2015); see also Mem. in Supp. of Compl. at 21, ECF No. 4. Draken,

however, is inapposite here. In light of the clear and unequivocal OCI clause—and State’s

reiteration thereof in the context of its offer of the option to rescind the Advisory proposal—

RMGS was not “strung along.” Instead it was on notice in mid-September 2016 that as an

awardee under the Advisory RFP, it would be disqualified from the ACOTA and AFRICAP

procurements. State did not “requir[e]” RMGS “to be at the ready at substantial expense for an

unnecessarily extended period.” Draken, 120 Fed. Cl. at 395. Nor was it secretive about its plans

to disqualify RMGS and other Advisory awardees from the ACOTA and AFRICAP

procurements. That RMGS disagreed with State’s decision to implement the OCI clause is a

separate issue, and as stated above, RMGS has waived its objections on that score.

17

In short, RMGS cannot credibly claim that it was “strung along” by State’s delay in

awarding ACOTA contracts. Taking all of the alleged facts as true, RMGS has failed to state a

claim for unreasonable delay or for a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, the government’s motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction is GRANTED and RMGS’s complaint is DISMISSED without prejudice. The Clerk

is directed to enter judgment accordingly. Each side shall bear its own costs.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Elaine D. Kaplan

ELAINE D. KAPLAN

Judge

18