failure to object to the admission of evidence at trial normally results in waiver
How later courts described this case
- failure to object to the admission of evidence at trial normally results in waiver
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Nov 13 2018, 9:34 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Karen M. Heard Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Vanderburgh County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
Tyler G. Banks
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Sean M. Keith, November 13, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-1129
v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh
Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Kelli E. Fink,
Appellee-Plaintiff Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
82C01-1712-F6-7614
Vaidik, Chief Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 1 of 12
Case Summary
[1] Sean Keith represented himself at trial and was convicted of residential entry as
a Level 6 felony. He now appeals, arguing that the trial court should have
stricken a biased person from the jury, done more to admonish the jury after
sustaining an objection, and excluded certain testimony. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On the morning of December 7, 2017, Keith’s sister, Casey, and her fiancé,
Jerry Thompson, were sitting in their house in Evansville, while their two
young children slept. While it was still dark outside, Keith came to their house
and “was freaked out . . . .” Tr. Vol. II p. 53. Casey and Thompson, who was
best friends with Keith, “got [Keith] calmed down.” Id. At around 7:15 a.m.,
Casey left for work at KFC, and Keith stayed at the house with Thompson.
Once Casey left, Keith’s “scaredness came back.” Id. Thompson later said that
he felt “very intimidated” and asked Keith to leave. Id.
[3] After Keith left, Thompson texted Casey, “I believe I [am] fixing to die.” Id. at
54. Thompson also called his friend and neighbor, Brian McDaniel, and told
him that he needed him to come over and stand-by while he got his children
ready to go to KFC. Thompson later testified that he wanted “to remove
[himself] from the situation so that nothing could progress any further.” Id.
After getting off the phone with Thompson, McDaniel grabbed his handgun
and went to Thompson’s house.
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[4] Once McDaniel arrived, Thompson put a chair under the knob of the front door
and asked McDaniel to keep an eye out for Keith while he began waking up his
children and getting them ready to leave. About twenty minutes later, Keith
knocked on the front door of the house. Thompson removed the chair and
opened the door. After he saw that it was Keith, Thompson quickly shut the
door. Almost immediately after Thompson shut the door, the door flew open
and Keith came inside the house. When Keith entered the house, he appeared
“shifty . . . [and] aggressive” and had a knife in his hands. Id. at 56. Keith
asked Thompson, “[I]s this your team[?],” and then raised the knife in the air.
Id. at 57. Once Keith raised the knife, McDaniel drew his gun, pointed it at
Keith, and told Keith to leave. Keith backed out the door and left Thompson’s
house. After Keith left, Thompson, his children, and McDaniel were able to
get out of the house and headed straight to KFC. On the way, Thompson
called police and met an officer at a nearby gas station.
[5] After meeting up with the officer and dropping off the children with Casey at
KFC, Thompson and McDaniel returned to the house. They were
accompanied by police because they were unsure where Keith was. Once at the
house, officers took various pictures of the house, including pictures of the
damaged door frame. Later, officers located Keith and arrested him. After
being read his Miranda rights, Keith told officers that “he had tripped out” and
that “he had had a knife.” Id. at 123.
[6] On December 12, the State charged Keith with residential entry as a Level 6
felony. On March 8, 2018 (the day before his trial), Keith asked to represent
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 3 of 12
himself at trial because he no longer wanted his appointed attorney to serve as
his counsel. The trial court advised Keith of the dangers of proceeding pro se
and inquired into his educational background. Ultimately, the trial court
granted Keith’s request to represent himself. The next morning, the trial court
once again warned Keith that even though he was representing himself, he
would be held to the same standards as attorneys, “including the rules of trial
procedure and the rules of evidence.” Id. at 4. The trial court also told Keith
that his “failure to make proper or timely objections will waive any error for
appeal.” Id. Keith confirmed he understood all the trial court’s warnings and
that he still wished to represent himself. The trial court then explained the
process of voir dire, including that Keith would have five peremptory strikes.
[7] During the State’s voir dire, one of the potential jurors expressed an opinion
that “so many defendants in our country are under-represented and that
punishments are so harsh and there are too many incarcerations in regard to
demographics[.]” Id. at 32. After this opinion was expressed, the following
colloquy ensued:
The State: . . . Seeing some heads, some. Yes.
Juror:1 No I’m not responding to that, I’m responding to
the fact that my son is a law enforcement officer.
1
The word “juror” is used in the transcript where the potential juror who was speaking was not identified.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 4 of 12
The State: Yes.
Juror: And has been for 20 years, so I am very pro LEO. I
also worked in, I was a nurse in the Marion County
Jail for six years, so I might have very skewed
opinions on criminal cases, some criminal cases.
The State: So, based on your experience and the relationship
you have with your son and your career, are you
going to be able to be fair and impartial to the State
and to Mr. Keith?
Juror: I really can’t say that I can be.
The State: And that’s an honest answer, that’s all we’re
looking for. Anybody else feel that way, not
necessarily the law enforcement relationship but
perhaps a similar relationship to you. [Juror B.],
similar idea that you have opinions about the
criminal justice system in general and incarceration
and that might skew you one way or the other.
Juror: Separate it, yeah.
The State: [Juror G.]?
[Juror G.]: My brother is incarcerated right now for a very long
time so, and I don’t feel a lot of his, the experience
in the court for him was very fair on his behalf.
The State: So, I’ll ask you the same question that I asked of
[Juror B.] and I asked of [Juror H.], are you going to
be able to separate that experience from what you
hear and see in the courtroom today?
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 5 of 12
[Juror G.]: I don’t know.
Id. at 34-35. After the State finished its questioning of the potential jurors,
Keith thanked the jurors for being there but declined to ask any questions.
Keith did not use any of his five peremptory strikes or challenge any of the
potential jurors for cause. See Appellant’s Br. pp. 15-16. After the State
submitted its peremptory strikes, three potential jurors were stricken, and two
others were released because they were not needed to empanel the required six-
person jury.2 Juror B. was seated on the jury, but not Juror G. or Juror H.
[8] During opening statements, Keith told the jury that “[a] lot of things in these
police reports I have contradict [themselves], but the witness Jerry Thompson is
in the back, if he says I did it then I’ll just say I did it, so that’s all I got to say.”
Tr. Vol. II p. 50. Thompson testified that Keith’s behavior on the morning of
December 7, 2017, made him feel “very intimidated” and that he “couldn’t see
[his] best friend’s pupils, [Keith’s] eyes were black solid[.]” Id. at 53.
Thompson also testified that at the point when Keith’s attitude changed, Keith
was looking for a firearm. Thompson also said that after Keith left he texted
Casey that he “believe[d] [he] was fixing to die.” Id. at 54. Keith did not make
any objections during Thompson’s testimony. McDaniel testified that when
Thompson called him to come over, Thompson told him that “he thought
[Keith] was trying to kill him, that [Keith] had come by, walked around the
2
For a Level 6 felony, the jury consists of six qualified jurors. Ind. Code § 35-37-1-1.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 6 of 12
house in front of [Thompson’s] kids with a knife at his throat.” Id. at 83. Keith
objected to this statement as irrelevant to “[him] coming in the home.” Id. The
trial court sustained the objection and asked the State to ask another question.
Shortly thereafter, the State asked McDaniel why he brought his gun to
Thompson’s house, and McDaniel responded, “Because [Thompson] said that
[Keith] had come by with a knife and was threatening to come back and kill
him.” Id. at 84. Keith objected to this statement as irrelevant to the charge of
residential entry, and the trial court sustained the objection. After this second
objection, the trial court told the jury “to disregard the last portion of the
statement and not to consider it, and that would be the portion of the statement
indicating the threat to his life.” Id. at 85. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury
found Keith guilty of residential entry.
[9] Keith now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[10] Keith makes three arguments on appeal. First, Keith contends that the trial
court should have stricken a biased person from the jury. Second, Keith argues
that the trial court should have done more to admonish the jury after sustaining
his objections to McDaniel’s testimony. Third, Keith asserts that the trial court
should have excluded portions of Thompson’s testimony.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 7 of 12
I. Biased Juror
[11] First, Keith argues that Juror B. was the person who said “I can’t really say that
I can be” when asked if they could be fair and impartial and that the trial court
therefore should not have allowed Juror B. to sit on the jury. Id. at 34. Keith
did not use any peremptory strikes to remove Juror B. nor did he challenge her
for cause. See Appellant’s Br. p. 16. Recognizing that this resulted in a waiver
of the issue for purposes of appeal, Keith contends that the trial court’s failure
to strike Juror B. constituted fundamental error. Fundamental error is an
extremely narrow exception to the waiver rule where the defendant faces the
heavy burden of showing that the alleged errors are so prejudicial to the
defendant’s rights as to make a fair trial impossible. Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d
663, 668 (Ind. 2014), reh’g denied. Stated another way, to prevail under our
fundamental-error analysis, the defendant must show that, “under the
circumstances, the trial judge erred in not sua sponte raising the issue because
[the] alleged errors (a) constitute clearly blatant violations of basic and
elementary principles of due process and (b) present an undeniable and
substantial potential for harm.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).
[12] Keith’s argument fails from the start because he has not shown that Juror B.
was the person who said “I can’t really say that I can be” when asked if they
could be fair and impartial. Tr. Vol. II p. 34. Keith reasons that Juror B. was
the person who said “I can’t really say that I can be” because the State
identified Juror B.’s by name shortly after this statement was made. The State
argues that Keith has not shown that Juror B. was the person who made the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 8 of 12
statement showing bias. The State asserts that Juror B.’s name appears after
this statement because the State was turning to Juror B. to hear her opinion on
what it means to be fair and impartial, not because Juror B. had just made the
statement “I can’t really say that I can be.” See Appellee’s Br. p. 14.
[13] Looking at where this statement appears in the exchange, the State appears to
be correct. Here, again, is the entire exchange:
Juror: . . . I’m responding to the fact that my son is a law
enforcement officer.
The State: Yes.
Juror: And has been for 20 years, so I am very pro-LEO. I
also worked in, I was a nurse in the Marion County
Jail for six years, so I might have very skewed
opinions on criminal cases, some criminal cases.
The State: So, based on your experience and the relationship
you have with your son and your career, are you
going to be able to be fair and impartial to the State
and to Mr. Keith?
Juror: I really can’t say that I can be.
The State: And that’s an honest answer, that’s all we’re
looking for. Anybody else feel that way, not
necessarily the law enforcement relationship but
perhaps a similar relationship to you. [Juror B.],
similar idea that you have opinions about the
criminal justice system in general and incarceration
and that might skew you one way or the other.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 9 of 12
Juror: Separate it, yeah.
The State: [Juror G.]?
[Juror G.]: My brother is incarcerated right now for a very long
time so, and I don’t feel a lot of his, the experience
in the court for him was very fair on his behalf.
The State: So, I’ll ask you the same question that I asked of
[Juror B.] and I asked of [Juror H.], are you going to
be able to separate that experience from what you
hear and see in the courtroom today?
[Juror G.]: I don’t know.
Tr. Vol. II pp. 34-35 (emphasis added). Read in context, Keith has failed to
show that Juror B. made the statement in question because of where and how
her name came up in the discussion. Keith has failed to establish fundamental
error.
II. Witness Testimony
[14] Next, Keith argues that (1) the trial court should have done more to admonish
the jury after sustaining his objections to portions of McDaniel’s testimony and
(2) the trial court should have excluded Thompson’s description of Keith’s eyes
as well as his testimony that he felt intimidated, that Keith was looking for a
firearm, and that Thompson texted his fiancée that he thought Keith was
“fixing” to kill him. Appellant’s Br. pp. 18-24. However, Keith did not request
any additional admonishment regarding McDaniel’s testimony nor did he
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 10 of 12
object to Thompson’s testimony. As such, he has waived review of these issues
for the purposes of appeal. Merritt v. State, 99 N.E.3d 706, 710 (Ind. Ct. App.
2018). (parties are required to ask for admonishment from the court—not to
have the court act sua sponte), trans. denied; see also Ind. Evidence Rule 105;
Konopasek v. State, 946 N.E.2d 23, 27 (Ind. 2011) (failure to object to the
admission of evidence at trial normally results in waiver).
[15] To avoid waiver, Keith would have to establish that the trial court committed
fundamental error. See Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010), reh’g
denied. But Keith has not made a fundamental-error argument as to either
McDaniel’s testimony or Thompson’s testimony. See Appellant’s Br. pp. 16-24.
In any event, we do not find fundamental error. First, during opening
statements, Keith told the jury that “if [Thompson] says I did it then I’ll just say
I did it.” Tr. Vol. II p. 50. Furthermore, there is substantial other evidence,
unchallenged by Keith, that he was acting erratically and violently. Keith was
“freaked out” when he first arrived at Thompson’s house and became “scared”
after Casey left. Id. at 53. Then Keith left Thompson’s house, came back, and
surprised Thompson, who shut the door immediately after realizing it was
Keith. Thompson and McDaniel both testified that Keith forcibly opened the
door to get inside the house. Thompson testified that once Keith was back
inside the house, Keith appeared “shifty . . . [and] aggressive” and had a knife.
Id. at 56. Photographs taken after the incident showed damage to the door
through which Keith entered the house. Finally, after he was arrested Keith
told officers that he “tripped out” at Thompson’s house and “had a knife.” Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1129| November 13, 2018 Page 11 of 12
at 123. In light of this evidence, we cannot say that the jury’s exposure to some
additional evidence of the same sort made “a fair trial impossible.” Ryan, 9
N.E.3d at 668.
[16] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Kirsch, J., concur.
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