State of Tennessee v. Robert Derrick Johnson

11/06/2018

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs March 21, 2018

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ROBERT DERRICK JOHNSON

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bedford County

No. 17752 Franklin Lee Russell, Judge

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No. M2015-02516-CCA-R3-CD

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The Appellant, Robert Derrick Johnson, was found guilty of robbery, and the trial court

sentenced the Appellant as a Range II multiple offender to ten years in the Tennessee

Department of Correction. On appeal, the Appellant contends that he was denied his

constitutional right to a speedy trial and that the trial court erred by declaring a mistrial in

his first trial; therefore, his conviction following a second trial violates the principles of

double jeopardy. Upon review, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.

WOODALL and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.

Elizabeth A. Russell, Franklin, Tennessee (on appeal), M. Wesley Hall, IV, Unionville,

Tennessee (at trial), for the Appellant, Robert Derrick Johnson.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Richard D. Douglas, Assistant

Attorney General; Robert James Carter, District Attorney General; and Michael D.

Randles, Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Procedural Background

On March 22, 2013, the Appellant was arrested for the robbery of Kasey Vincent.

A Bedford County grand jury returned an indictment charging the Appellant with robbery

on November 18, 2013, the Appellant was arraigned, and an assistant public defender

was appointed to represent him. After several hearings were continued, either with

defense counsel’s express acquiescence or because of weather issues, the Appellant’s trial

was set for April 13 and 14, 2015.

Around midday on the first day of trial, one of the State’s witnesses, Detective

Sam Jacobs, became “acutely” ill and had to be taken to the hospital. Detective Jacobs

was unable to recover in time to testify at trial, and the State moved for a mistrial. The

Appellant opposed the motion, but the trial court granted the mistrial without prejudice.

The court found that a mistrial was necessary in order for both parties to receive a fair

trial and that Detective Jacobs’ absence from trial was neither the detective’s fault nor the

fault of the State.

Before the second trial began, the assistant public defender representing the

Appellant filed a motion to withdraw, explaining that he had a conflict of interest because

he recently had learned the public defender’s office had represented a potential witness in

the Appellant’s case. The assistant public defender was allowed to withdraw, and trial

counsel was appointed. The second trial was held on May 11 and 12, 2015, and the jury

found the Appellant guilty of robbery. At the Appellant’s August 21, 2015 sentencing

hearing, the trial court sentenced the Appellant as a Range II multiple offender to ten

years in the Tennessee Department of Correction.

On August 31, 2015, trial counsel filed a timely motion for new trial, challenging

the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining the Appellant’s conviction and the sentence

imposed by the trial court. On September 3, 2015, the trial court entered an order

denying the Appellant’s motion for new trial. In the same order, the trial court noted that

the Appellant was indigent and had expressed an intention to pursue a direct appeal;

however, due to the Appellant’s “questions about the competence of” trial counsel and

his desire for trial counsel to withdraw, the trial court appointed different counsel to

represent the Appellant on direct appeal.

Thereafter, the Appellant, acting pro se, filed in the trial court a Motion to Obtain

Records, asking that a copy of “a complete and accurate record of all proceedings” in his

case be prepared for him at the State’s expense. The certificate of service reflects that the

motion was mailed on September 25, 2015, and that the motion was stamped filed on

October 22, 2015. On November 20, 2015, the trial court issued an order reflecting that

as of the stamped filed date of the Appellant’s pro se motion, his recently appointed

counsel had not filed a notice of appeal and that the Appellant was “concerned that his

direct appeal options may be lost.” The trial court stated that due to counsel’s failure to

file a notice of appeal, the trial court “retain[ed] the jurisdiction to amend” its previous

orders. The trial court, therefore, vacated the September 3, 2015 order denying the

Appellant’s motion for new trial and ordered that “the new Order [o]verruling Motion for

New Trial filed simultaneously with this Order is substituted in its place in order to give

[counsel] additional time to file her notice of appeal and to perfect her appeal . . . .” The

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order further provided that the relevant proceedings were to be transcribed and copies of

the transcripts provided to counsel and the Appellant.

On December 18, 2015, counsel filed a notice of appeal. Despite requesting and

receiving several extensions of time, counsel failed to file a brief in this court. This court

initiated contempt proceedings, which were held in abeyance while counsel petitioned to

have her law license placed on inactive disability status. This court relieved counsel of

further representation and appointed current appellate counsel.

On appeal, the Appellant raises two issues. First, he contends that he was denied

his constitutional right to a speedy trial. Second, he contends that the trial court

improperly declared a mistrial because it was not “manifestly necessary”; therefore, a

retrial was barred, and his conviction violated the principles of double jeopardy. The

State responds that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to vacate the September 3,

2015 order denying the Appellant’s motion for new trial and to substitute it with the order

filed on November 20, 2015. Accordingly, the Appellant’s notice of appeal was

untimely. The State further contends that the Appellant did not raise either of his

appellate issues in the trial court and did not request plain error review by this court;

therefore, his issues are waived.

Before we may address the merits of the Appellant’s issues, we are compelled to

clarify the procedural posture in which the case currently stands. To do so, we must first

address whether the trial court had jurisdiction to vacate its initial order denying the

Appellant’s motion for new trial and to enter a new order.

Rule 4(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that “the notice

of appeal required by Rule 3 shall be filed with and received by the clerk of the trial court

within 30 days after the date of entry of the judgment appealed from . . . .” However, in

the event a timely motion for new trial is filed, the thirty days in which to file a notice of

appeal begins to run “from [the] entry of the order denying a new trial . . . .” Tenn. R.

App. P. 4(c); see State v. Brown, 479 S.W.3d 200, 205-06 (Tenn. 2015). As we stated

earlier, the Appellant timely filed a motion for new trial, and the trial court entered its

initial order denying the motion on September 3, 2015. “As a general rule, a trial court’s

judgment becomes final thirty days after its entry unless a timely notice of appeal or a

specified post-trial motion is filed.” State v. Pendergrass, 937 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn.

1996) (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a) and (c); State v. Moore, 814 S.W.2d 381, 382 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1991)). After the trial court denied the Appellant’s motion for new trial, the

Appellant did not file a timely notice of appeal or one of the other post-trial motions

listed in Rule 4(c) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure; accordingly, the

judgment became final thirty days after the motion for new trial was denied. See State v.

Hatcher, 310 S.W.3d 788, 801 n.5 (Tenn. 2010).

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Generally, once a judgment is final, the trial court loses jurisdiction over the

matter. State v. Boyd, 51 S.W.3d 206, 210 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). Therefore, because

the judgment was final, “the trial court lacked jurisdiction to vacate and re-enter the order

[denying] the motion for new trial, even ‘in the interests of justice . . . .’” State v. Mikel

U. Primm, No. M1999-00354-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 711145, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App.

at Nashville, June 2, 2000). Accordingly, the November 20, 2015 order purporting to

vacate and re-enter the order denying the motion for new trial was “of no legal effect.”

State v. Julio Ramirez, No. M2009-01617-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 2348464, at *8 (Tenn.

Crim. App. at Nashville, June 8, 2011).

The Appellant’s notice of appeal was filed on December 18, 2015, which was

more than thirty days after the filing of the trial court’s September 3, 2015 order denying

the motion for new trial, making it untimely. Regardless, “in all criminal cases the

‘notice of appeal’ document is not jurisdictional and the filing of such document may be

waived in the interest of justice.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 4(a). The record is clear that the

Appellant was not at fault for his attorney’s failure to act; therefore, we have chosen to

waive the timely filing of the notice of appeal.

As we stated earlier, the Appellant has raised two specific issues1 on appeal: (1)

that he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial and (2) that the trial court

erred by granting a mistrial and that his conviction following a second trial violates the

principles of double jeopardy. The State argues that the Appellant failed to make any

arguments regarding either issue in the trial court, either contemporaneously with the

events or in the motion for new trial; therefore, the issues are waived.

A. Mistrial

Regarding the Appellant’s claim that the trial court’s error in granting a mistrial

prohibited a retrial, we agree with the State that the issue is waived. See Tenn. R. App. P.

3(e). Moreover, the Appellant has not requested plain error review on this issue, and,

“consequently, has failed to provide any analysis of the five factors required for plain

error review.” State v. Jaselyn Grant, No. W2017-00936-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL

1876339, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Apr. 18, 2018); see Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b);

State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 283 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626,

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At the end of the Appellant’s brief, he argues in a single short paragraph “[a]s an aside” that his

“first trial contained a questionable basis for the State’s exclusion of jurors during voir dire.” We note

that the Appellant failed to list this issue in his statement of the issues presented for review as required by

Rule 27(a)(4) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. Moreover, the Appellant failed to provide

any citation(s) to the record where he objected to how voir dire was conducted and failed to provide any

citations to authority to support his comments that the State’s voir dire was “questionable”; therefore,

even if this court were to construe the Appellant’s contention as an appellate issue, it would be waived.

Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b); Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7).

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641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Our supreme court has cautioned that it is incumbent

upon an appellant “to persuade an appellate court that plain error occurred that was

sufficient to change the outcome of the trial.” State v. Walls, 537 S.W.3d 892, 901

(Tenn. 2017). Regardless, from our review of the record we conclude that plain error

review is not warranted.

B. Speedy Trial

Regarding the Appellant’s claim that he was denied his right to a speedy trial, we

note that “[t]he right to a speedy trial arises under the Sixth Amendment to the

Constitution of the United States made applicable to the State by the Fourteenth

Amendment . . . and Article 1, § 9 of the Constitution of Tennessee . . . .” State v.

Bishop, 493 S.W.2d 81, 83 (Tenn. 1973). This court has held that “‘the failure to demand

a speedy trial is not a waiver of the right, but is one of the factors to be considered in the

ultimate decision.’” State v. David Scott Hall, No. M2015-02402-CCA-R3-CD, 2017

WL 1655616, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, May 2, 2017) (quoting Bishop, 493

S.W.2d at 85), perm. to appeal granted, (Tenn. Aug. 16, 2017). To determine whether a

defendant’s constitutional right to a speedy trial has been violated this court must conduct

the balancing test set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972). See State v. Wood,

924 S.W.2d 342, 346 (Tenn. 1996); State v. Baker, 614 S.W.2d 352, 353 (Tenn. 1981).

Under the Barker analysis, the following four factors must be considered: (1) the length

of the delay; (2) the reasons for the delay; (3) the accused’s assertion of the right to a

speedy trial; and (4) the prejudice resulting from the delay. 407 U.S. at 530.

“The right to a speedy trial attaches at the time of arrest or indictment, whichever

comes first, and continues until the date of the trial.” State v. Vickers, 985 S.W.2d 1, 5

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). In this case, the Appellant was arrested on March 22, 2013,

and his first trial was held on April 13-14, 2015, resulting in a delay of just over two

years. A delay of one year or longer will usually trigger an inquiry into a speedy trial

violation. Id. However, we note that in Vickers, this court found a delay of three years

and nine months was not a presumptive speedy trial violation. Id. Therefore, we must

examine the other factors involved.

The second factor, the reason for delay, generally falls into one of four categories:

(1) intentional delay to gain a tactical advantage over the defense or delay designed to

harass the defendant; (2) bureaucratic indifference or negligence; (3) delay necessary to

the fair and effective prosecution of the case; and (4) delay caused, or acquiesced in, by

the defense. Wood, 924 S.W.2d at 346-47. The record reveals that the Appellant was

arraigned and counsel was appointed on November 18, 2013. On January 17, 2014, the

trial court granted the Appellant’s motion to continue the case until the State could obtain

results from the DNA testing being performed by the TBI crime lab. On March 6, 2014,

the trial court issued an order continuing the case because the Tennessee Department of

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Correction had cancelled transportation services due to icy road conditions. On April 11,

2014, the parties jointly moved for a continuance for a reason the record does not reflect,

and the trial court granted the motion. On May 16, 2014, the parties jointly moved for a

continuance because the State still had not received the results of the DNA testing, and

the trial court granted the motion. On June 20, 2014, the Appellant made an oral motion

to dismiss the case because the TBI crime lab had not yet generated a report on the DNA

testing. The trial court denied the Appellant’s oral motion to dismiss but granted the

parties joint motion to continue the case to await DNA results. On October 2, 2014, the

parties jointly moved for a continuance because the Appellant had not been transported to

the court. On March 3, 2015, the trial court sua sponte cancelled court and continued the

case due to safety concerns from a prospective winter storm. Therefore, the record is

clear that all of the continuances were either necessary or were acquiesced to or caused

by the Appellant.

Regarding the third factor, the Appellant’s assertion of his right to a speedy trial,

the Appellant claims that his oral request on June 20, 2014, to dismiss the indictment was

an assertion of his right to a speedy trial. At the June 20 hearing, the Appellant did not

argue that his right to a speedy trial had been violated. Rather, he maintained only that he

was “getting [tired] of being brought back and forth” to court. He requested that the

court “dismiss this case without prejudice . . . based on the fact that the TBI evidentially

[sic] can’t seem to get their test done.” The trial court advised the Appellant that if the

case were dismissed without prejudice, the State would re-indict the Appellant.

However, the trial court agreed that if the results of the DNA testing came in before the

scheduled court date, the court would “move it up.”

This court has explained that “the State is not precluded from seeking a

subsequent indictment following a dismissal without prejudice.” State v. Casey Austin,

No. W2004-01448-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 659018, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson,

Mar. 22, 2005). As noted by the State, the remedy for a speedy trial violation is a

dismissal of the charges and a bar on re-indictment. State v. Simmons, 54 S.W.3d 755,

759 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Charles Beaty, No. W2015-00223-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL

4400399, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Aug. 16, 2016). Accordingly, the relief the

Appellant requested cannot be construed as an assertion of his right to a speedy trial.

“Failure to assert the right implies a defendant does not actively seek a swift trial.”

Wood, 924 S.W.2d at 347. Thus, this factor weighs against the Appellant.

Finally, we must determine whether the Appellant was prejudiced by the delay,

which is the “final and most important factor in the [speedy trial] analysis.” Simmons, 54

S.W.3d at 760. Prejudice is to be assessed in light of the following interests of the

accused which the right to a speedy trial was designed to protect: (1) to prevent undue

and oppressive incarceration prior to trial; (2) to minimize the anxiety and concern that

results from being accused of a crime; and (3) to limit the risk that the defense will be

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impaired. Id. Our supreme court has stated that “the most important issue concerning

prejudice to the defendant is the impairment of the ability to prepare a defense.” State v.

Berry, 141 S.W.3d 549, 568 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Baker, 614 S.W.2d 352, 356

(Tenn. 1981)). The Appellant acknowledges that the delay caused no “extraordinary”

impairment to his defense. Additionally, anxiety and concern are “always present to

some extent, and thus absent some unusual showing [are] not likely to be determinative

in [a] defendant’s favor.” 5 Wayne Lafave, Criminal Procedure, § 18.2(e) (4th ed. 2017)

(footnotes omitted).

However, the Appellant contends that his pretrial incarceration was excessively

oppressive and that he “experienced anxiety and concern as he was tasked with not only

asserting his own rights but was transported great distances over the course of two and a

half years.” As we explained earlier, the delays in trial were the result of continuances

which were agreed to by both the Appellant and the State or were caused by unavoidable

circumstances including weather and illness. The Appellant’s pretrial incarceration does

not outweigh the other factors. In balancing the factors, we conclude that the Appellant’s

right to a speedy trial was not violated. Accordingly, the Appellant is not entitled to

relief on this issue.

II. Conclusion

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

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NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JUDGE

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