The opinion
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 17‐1903
BLANCHARD & ASSOCIATES,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
LUPIN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. and
LUPIN, LTD.,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 16 C 8843 — Sara L. Ellis, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED DECEMBER 7, 2017 — DECIDED AUGUST 20, 2018
____________________
Before BAUER, MANION, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
SYKES, Circuit Judge. In 2009 Blanchard & Associates, a Chi‐
cago law firm, provided legal services to an Indian pharma‐
ceutical company, Lupin Ltd. (“Lupin India”), and its
American subsidiary, Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Lupin
USA”). The advice concerned the patentability of a generic
birth‐control drug that Lupin India planned to launch in the
United States through Lupin USA. When the Lupin
2 No. 17‐1903
companies initially sought Blanchard’s advice, the firm sent
an engagement letter outlining its hourly fees and other
terms. Neither Lupin India nor Lupin USA signed the letter,
but Blanchard provided the requested legal services and the
companies paid the firm for its work—at least at first. In Oc‐
tober 2009 Blanchard sent its two final invoices but they went
unpaid. Seven years later Blanchard sued the Lupin compa‐
nies for breach of contract and unjust enrichment. A district
judge dismissed both claims as untimely.
We agree that the unjust‐enrichment claim is untimely. It
accrued in 2009 when Blanchard furnished the services and
the Lupin companies did not pay, so the five‐year statute of
limitations expired long before suit was commenced. But the
contract claim is timely. Though the engagement letter is un‐
signed, it counts as a written contract under Illinois limita‐
tions law, and the claim for breach is therefore governed by a
ten‐year statute of limitations. See 735 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/13‐
206. Blanchard filed suit within that time, so we reverse and
remand for further proceedings on the contract claim.
I. Background
We take the following account of the facts from the
amended complaint. Blanchard is a law firm formerly based
in Chicago, though its sole proprietor is a citizen of Tennessee.
Lupin India is a pharmaceutical company incorporated under
the laws of India. Its subsidiary, Lupin USA, is incorporated
in Delaware with its principal place of business in Baltimore,
Maryland. The two Lupin companies formed a joint venture
to launch a generic birth‐control drug in the United States. In
March 2009 they turned to Blanchard for legal advice in con‐
nection with that venture—more specifically, patent reviews
and related services.
No. 17‐1903 3
Blanchard communicated with the companies through So‐
fia Mumtaz, who held herself out as an authorized agent for
both Lupin India and Lupin USA. Blanchard sent Mumtaz an
engagement letter explaining the hourly rates for the firm’s
attorneys and other terms of the representation. The letter
also specified that payment was due on the firm’s invoices
within 30 days.
Mumtaz never signed the engagement letter. Neverthe‐
less, Blanchard provided the requested services between
April and August 2009. The Lupin companies accepted those
services and paid the firm’s first two invoices. At that point,
payment stopped. On October 31, 2009, Blanchard submitted
two final invoices totaling $120,835, but they went unpaid.
On August 4, 2016, Blanchard sued Lupin USA in Illinois
state court alleging claims for breach of contract and unjust
enrichment. After removing the case to federal court, see
28 U.S.C. § 1332, Lupin USA moved to dismiss the complaint
under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,
arguing that (1) it failed to allege a valid and enforceable con‐
tract; (2) the claims were untimely; and (3) Blanchard sued the
wrong party because Lupin India was responsible for any
nonpayment.
Blanchard amended the complaint to add Lupin India as
a defendant. The new complaint also clarified that Lupin In‐
dia and its American subsidiary had acted as a joint enterprise
and that Mumtaz held herself out as a dual agent for both
companies. Blanchard served Lupin USA as a named defend‐
ant and as the agent for Lupin India.
Lupin USA again moved to dismiss, raising the same
grounds. Lupin India neither answered nor joined the motion
4 No. 17‐1903
to dismiss, so Blanchard sought entry of default against it un‐
der Rule 55(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
The judge dismissed the suit against both defendants. She
first ruled that Lupin USA is a proper defendant because the
amended complaint adequately alleged that the two compa‐
nies operated as a joint venture and together had engaged
Blanchard’s legal services. Turning to the contract claim, the
judge held that the amended complaint sufficiently alleged
the existence of a valid and enforceable contract. But she also
ruled that the claim should be construed as one for breach of
an unwritten contract because the engagement letter was
never signed. Under Illinois law a five‐year limitations period
applies to unwritten contracts, so the judge dismissed that
claim as untimely. As for the unjust‐enrichment claim, the
judge held that it too was time‐barred because it accrued in
November 2009 and was governed by a five‐year statute of
limitations. Finally, the judge held that her rulings regarding
the time bars “apply equally” to the claims against both de‐
fendants, so she denied Blanchard’s request for entry of de‐
fault against Lupin India.
II. Discussion
We review a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal de novo. Deppe v. Nat’l
Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 893 F.3d 498, 500 (7th Cir. 2018). Be‐
fore we take up the timeliness questions, we need to sort out
which Lupin entity is a proper defendant. Lupin USA contin‐
ues to insist that it is not a proper party because the engage‐
ment letter referred only to “Lupin” and was directed to an
address in India. Read in context, however, the letter’s refer‐
ence to “Lupin” signifies the joint enterprise between both
companies. The amended complaint alleges that the two com‐
panies formed a joint venture to launch their generic drug in
No. 17‐1903 5
the United States and that Mumtaz held herself out as an
agent for both companies when she negotiated with
Blanchard. Those facts, if true, establish that both Lupin USA
and Lupin India were parties to the agreement.
Lupin USA objects that the amended complaint doesn’t
explain when, where, or how Mumtaz held herself out as an
agent and that the documents attached to the complaint do
not plausibly show a joint enterprise. Based on these sup‐
posed factual shortcomings, Lupin USA argues that
Blanchard failed to “nudge” its claims “across the line from
conceivable to plausible.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 680
(2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
(2007)).
This argument misunderstands the Twombly/Iqbal plausi‐
bility standard. The amended complaint describes the joint
venture between Lupin India and Lupin USA, Mumtaz’s role
as the agent for both companies, the purpose of the legal en‐
gagement that commenced in March 2009, Blanchard’s subse‐
quent provision of legal services between April and August
of that year, and the nonpayment of its two final invoices to‐
taling $120,835. These allegations are facially plausible and
thus are “entitled to the assumption of truth” at this stage. Id.
And the documents attached to the complaint corroborate the
allegations. The attachments include the engagement letter
and invoices, which were sent to an address in India, and also
a 2011 press release announcing the joint venture’s launch of
Lupin’s drug in the United States. Reading the complaint and
its attachments as a whole, it’s reasonable to infer that Lupin
India and its American subsidiary worked together to bring
the drug to market in the United States and together sought
6 No. 17‐1903
Blanchard’s legal advice in connection with that effort. Noth‐
ing more is needed. Both companies are proper defendants.
With that point out of the way, we proceed now to the
timeliness questions. Claims for breach of contract and unjust
enrichment are mutually exclusive: “[U]njust enrichment is
based on an implied contract,” so it does not apply when an
actual contract governs the parties’ relationship. People ex rel.
Hartigan v. E&E Hauling, Inc., 607 N.E.2d 165, 177 (Ill. 1992)
(quotation marks omitted). But the inconsistency doesn’t mat‐
ter at the pleading stage; a complaint may plead these two
state‐law theories in the alternative. See Gagnon v. Schickel, 983
N.E.2d 1044, 1052 (Ill. App. Ct. 2012).
That said, the unjust‐enrichment claim is clearly time‐
barred. Under Illinois law a claim for unjust enrichment must
be brought within five years of accrual. 735 ILL. COMP. STAT.
5/13‐205; Mann v. Thomas Place, L.P., 976 N.E.2d 554, 557 (Ill.
App. Ct. 2012). The claim is woefully late whether it accrued
when the Lupin companies retained the benefit of Blanchard’s
legal services without paying for them (as Blanchard argues)
or when payment came due on the invoices but was not made
(as Lupin USA argues).
It’s certainly true, as Blanchard points out, that a claim for
unjust enrichment requires the plaintiff to show that “the de‐
fendant retained a benefit to the plaintiff’s detriment.” HPI
Health Care Servs., Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hosp., Inc., 545 N.E.2d 672,
679 (Ill. 1989). It follows, Blanchard argues, that a claim for
unjust enrichment does not accrue until there is both a detri‐
ment to the plaintiff and a benefit to the defendant. Lupin
USA contends, on the other hand, that the accrual date should
be keyed to the date payment was required and not made—
No. 17‐1903 7
here, November 30, 2009—just like an ordinary contract
claim.
We don’t see how this debate matters; the claim is late ei‐
ther way. Under Blanchard’s proposed rule, the claim accrued
no later than the end of 2009. By then the joint venture had
received the last of the firm’s legal services—the work con‐
cluded in August—and no payment was forthcoming. At that
point the elements of benefit and detriment were present. On
this understanding of accrual, the five‐year statute of limita‐
tions expired at the end of 2014, two years before Blanchard
filed suit.
Blanchard’s arguments to the contrary are unavailing. The
firm maintains that the joint venture did not benefit from its
legal advice until 2011 when the drug received FDA approval
and launched in the United States. Not so. Legal advice im‐
mediately benefits the client. Relatedly, the firm argues that
the attorney‐client relationship didn’t actually end until the
FDA approved the drug—indeed, “if it is not on‐going even
now.” That position cannot be reconciled with the amended
complaint; it alleges that the firm provided legal services be‐
tween April and August 2009, a closed time period.
To support its argument for a later claim‐accrual rule,
Blanchard cites Rubin & Norris, LLC v. Panzarella, 51 N.E.3d
879, 893 (Ill. App. Ct. 2016), but that case doesn’t help its
cause. Rubin simply reaffirms the established principle that a
claim for quantum meruit—similar but not identical to an un‐
just‐enrichment claim, see HPI Health Care Servs., 545 N.E.2d
at 679—accrues on “the date the services have been com‐
pleted.” Rubin, 51 N.E.3d at 893. Rubin also explains that in
order to recover legal fees from a client in an action for quan‐
tum meruit, an attorney must first establish that there was an
8 No. 17‐1903
underlying attorney‐client relationship and the client agreed
to pay. Id. at 891 (citing In re Chi. Flood Litig., 682 N.E.2d 421,
427 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997)). In other words, an attorney‐client re‐
lationship doesn’t dictate when a claim accrues; rather, it is a
necessary condition for a claim to exist at all. We don’t see Ru‐
bin’s relevance to this case.
Moving to the contract claim, here we cannot agree with
the judge’s analysis. She applied Illinois’s five‐year limita‐
tions period for unwritten agreements because the engage‐
ment letter was unsigned. That was a mistake. Though
unsigned, the engagement letter qualifies as a written contract
under Illinois’s limitations law.
Illinois provides a five‐year limitations period for actions
based on unwritten contracts, 735 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/13‐205,
but a ten‐year limitations period applies to an action based on
a written contract, id. § 5/13‐206. A contract is deemed written
for these purposes “if parties are identified and all the essen‐
tial terms are in writing and ascertainable from the instru‐
ment itself.” See Portfolio Acquisitions, LLC v. Feltman,
909 N.E.2d 876, 880 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009). The essential terms in‐
clude “the nature of the transaction, the amount in question
and, at least by reasonable implication, an intention to repay
the debt.” Garrett’s Estate v. Garrett, 322 N.E.2d 213, 215 (Ill.
App. Ct. 1975). If extrinsic evidence “is necessary to identify
the parties or essential terms, the contract is considered an
oral contract for purposes of the statute of limitations.” Port‐
folio Acquisitions, 909 N.E.2d at 880.
Lupin USA does not dispute that the engagement letter
identifies the nature of the transaction. It argues instead that
the letter does not qualify as a written contract for limitations
purposes because it fails to identify the parties or the amount
No. 17‐1903 9
in question. And because the letter is unsigned, Lupin USA
insists that it does not evince an intent to pay.
We disagree on all counts. The letter identifies both
Blanchard & Associates and Lupin as parties to the contract.
As we’ve explained, “Lupin” as used here refers to the joint
venture between Lupin India and Lupin USA. That’s suffi‐
cient to identify the parties without resorting to extrinsic evi‐
dence. The letter also lists the hourly rates of the firm’s
attorneys, which establishes the amount in question to the de‐
gree necessary for a suit on a written contract. Finally, the Il‐
linois Supreme Court has held that a contract counts as
“written” for purposes of the statute of limitations even if the
parties haven’t signed it. Ames v. Moir, 22 N.E. 535, 536 (Ill.
1889) (citing Plumb v. Campbell, 18 N.E. 790 (Ill. 1888)) (holding
that an unsigned contract constituted a written agreement for
limitations purposes because it contained all of the essential
elements). That forecloses Lupin USA’s argument that the en‐
gagement letter doesn’t evince an intent to pay. The ten‐year
limitations period applies, and the contract claim was timely
filed.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the dismissal of the unjust‐en‐
richment claim, REVERSE the dismissal of the contract claim,
and REMAND for further proceedings. On remand Blanchard
may renew its request for entry of default against Lupin India.