Robert L. Allen v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED

this Memorandum Decision shall not be Mar 28 2018, 5:18 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any

court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK

Indiana Supreme Court

Court of Appeals

the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

P. Stephen Miller Curtis T. Hill, Jr.

Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana

Angela N. Sanchez

Supervising Deputy Attorney

General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Robert L. Allen, March 28, 2018

Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.

02A03-1703-CR-481

v. Appeal from the Allen Superior

Court

State of Indiana, The Honorable Frances C. Gull,

Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

02D04-1610-F5-312

Pyle, Judge.

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Statement of the Case

[1] Robert L. Allen (“Allen”) appeals his convictions for Level 5 felony domestic

battery1 and Level 6 felony domestic battery.2 He argues that: (1) the trial court

erred when it denied his motion for directed verdict on his Level 5 felony

domestic battery charge; (2) the trial court committed fundamental error when

it instructed the jury; and (3) his convictions violated the continuous crime

doctrine. Because we are not persuaded by Allen’s arguments, we affirm the

trial court’s decision.

[2] We affirm.

Issues

1. Whether the trial court erred when it denied Allen’s motion for

directed verdict.

2. Whether the trial court committed fundamental error when it

instructed the jury.

3. Whether Allen’s convictions violated the continuous crime

doctrine.

Facts

[3] In October of 2016, Allen had been living with his girlfriend, Stephanie Phillips

(“Phillips”) for two months. On the night of October 25, Phillips was in bed

when Allen came into the bedroom and “just went off” and began “screaming

1

IND. CODE § 35-42-2-1.3(c)(2).

2

I.C. § 35-42-2-1.3(b)(3).

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and yelling” at her. (Tr. Vol. 2 at 162). Phillips had a butcher knife beside her

bed, and Allen picked up the knife and began “swinging it around at [Phillips]

and threatening [her] life with [it].” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 162). Allen also punched

Phillips and put her into a chokehold.

[4] When Phillips escaped to the living room, Allen pinned her against the wall

and on the floor by placing a baseball bat that she normally kept by the front

door “on her shoulders.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 180). He also choked her with the

baseball bat. In total, Allen’s attack lasted for “over an hour.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at

165). Phillips later described that Allen “just kept coming at [her] . . . throwing

punches and swinging fists and swinging the bat around.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 165).

At one point, Allen choked Phillips’ throat with his hands.

[5] When Allen stopped attacking Phillips, she spent half an hour asking him to let

her leave to take care of the blood on her face. Finally, Allen let her leave, and

she went to a friend’s house to call the police. An officer that arrived to the

scene observed that Phillips had a cut over her left eye, blood on her face, “fresh

red marks,” bruising on her face and neck, and a cut on one of her hands. (Tr.

Vol. 2 at 205). He also found a baseball bat that had blood on it in the hallway

of Phillip’s house and a wet rag with blood on it in the bathroom.

[6] On October 31, 2016, the State charged Allen with Count 1, Level 5 felony

domestic battery; Count 2, Level 6 felony domestic battery; and Count 3, Level

6 felony strangulation. The trial court held a jury trial on January 11 and 12,

2017. At the conclusion of the presentation of evidence, Allen moved for a

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directed verdict on his Level 5 felony domestic battery charge. He argued that

the State had not presented any evidence that the baseball bat he had used

qualified as a deadly weapon as required to convict him of the charge. The trial

court denied the motion, reasoning that the question of whether the baseball bat

qualified as a deadly weapon was an issue of fact for the jury to decide.

[7] The trial court then instructed the jury, and Allen did not object to the jury

instructions. The jury subsequently found Allen guilty as charged. The trial

court entered judgments of conviction on Counts 1 and 2 but vacated Count 3

on double jeopardy grounds. The trial court sentenced Allen to six (6) years on

Count 1 and two (2) years on Count 2, with the sentences to be served

consecutively. Allen now appeals.

Decision

[8] On appeal, Allen argues that: (1) the trial court erred when it denied his motion

for directed verdict; (2) the trial court committed fundamental error when it

instructed the jury; and (3) his convictions violated Indiana’s continuous crime

doctrine. We will address each of these arguments in turn.

1. Directed Verdict

[9] First, Allen asserts that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for

directed verdict on his Level 5 felony domestic battery charge. Indiana Trial

Rule 50(A) governs motions for directed verdicts, which are also called motions

for judgment on the evidence. Trial Rule 50(A) provides:

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Where all or some of the issues in a case tried before a jury . . .

are not supported by sufficient evidence or a verdict thereon is

clearly erroneous as contrary to the evidence because the

evidence is insufficient to support it, the court shall withdraw

such issues from the jury and enter judgment thereon . . . .

When a defendant moves for a directed verdict, the court is required to

withdraw the issue from the jury if: (1) the record is devoid of evidence on one

or more elements of the offense; or (2) the evidence presented is without conflict

and subject to only one inference, which is favorable to the defendant. T.R.

50(A); Garcia v. State, 979 N.E.2d 156, 157 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).

[10] On appeal, we use the same standard of review as the trial court in determining

the propriety of a directed verdict. Garcia, 979 N.E.2d at 158. We must “‘view

the evidence in a light most favorable to the party against whom [a directed

verdict] would be entered.’” Id. (quoting State v. Taylor, 863 N.E.2d 917, 919

(Ind. Ct. App. 2007)). We may “‘not invade the province of the jury by

weighing the evidence presented or the credibility of witnesses.’” Id. (quoting

Taylor, 863 N.E.2d at 919). A defendant’s motion for directed verdict should

not be granted if the State presents a prima facie case. Id.

[11] Here, Allen argues that the trial court should have granted his motion for

directed verdict because there was no evidence that he used a deadly weapon as

required for a Level 5 felony domestic battery conviction. Specifically, he

contends that there was no evidence that the baseball bat he was charged with

using constituted a deadly weapon.

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[12] Under INDIANA CODE § 35-42-2-1.3, a person commits domestic battery if he

“knowingly or intentionally . . . touches a family or household member in a

rude, insolent, or angry manner[.]” The offense is a Level 5 felony if it is

committed “with a deadly weapon.” I.C. § 35-42-2-1.3(c)(2). INDIANA CODE §

35-31.5-2-86(a)(2) defines “deadly weapon” to mean, among other definitions,

a “weapon, device . . . or other material that in the manner it: (A) is used; (B)

could ordinarily be used; or (C) is intended to be used; is readily capable of

causing serious bodily injury.” “Serious bodily injury,” in turn, is “bodily

injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes: (1) serious

permanent disfigurement; (2) unconsciousness; (3) extreme pain . . . .” I.C. §

35-31.5-2-292.

[13] We have previously noted that the definition of deadly weapon is broad and

fact-sensitive. Burgh v. State, 79 N.E.3d 955, 957 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). We

have repeatedly stated that whether an object is a “deadly weapon” on a given

set of facts is determined from the nature of the object, the manner of its use,

and the circumstances of the case. Id. We do not consider the original purpose

of the object but, rather, the manner in which the defendant actually used it. Id.

(finding that pavement was a deadly weapon when the defendant struck the

victim’s head on the pavement). In Craeger v. State, 737 N.E.2d 771 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2000), trans. denied, we found that a baseball bat was a deadly weapon

when the defendant used it to strike a person and a door. Likewise, in Corder v.

State, 467 N.E.2d 409, 412 (Ind. 1984), our supreme court held that a bat was a

deadly weapon when the defendant struck a person across the head with it.

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[14] Based on this standard and precedent, we conclude that there was sufficient

evidence that Allen used his baseball bat in a manner that it constituted a

deadly weapon. Phillips testified that Allen choked her with the baseball bat

and that he “just kept coming at [her] . . . swinging the bat around.” (Tr. Vol. 2

at 165). In the manner that Phillips used the bat, it was clearly “readily capable

of causing serious bodily injury” as defined in INDIANA CODE § 35-31.5-2-292.

[15] Because there was sufficient evidence that Allen used the baseball bat in a

manner that it constituted a deadly weapon, the record was not devoid of

evidence of that element of his offense. Therefore, we conclude that the trial

court did not err when it denied Allen’s motion for directed verdict. See Garcia,

979 N.E.2d at 157 (noting that the court is required to withdraw the issue from

the jury if the record is devoid of evidence on one or more elements of the

offense.

2. Jury Instructions

[16] In a related argument, Allen asserts that the jury was not able to make the

factual determination regarding whether his baseball bat constituted a deadly

weapon because the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury. Specifically,

he contends that, although the trial court’s final jury instructions included the

definition of “deadly weapon,” the trial court did not include a definition of

“serious bodily injury,” which is part of the definition of deadly weapon. See

I.C. § 35-31.5-2-86(a)(2).

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[17] In order to preserve an objection to a trial court’s jury instructions for appeal, a

defendant must generally make a contemporaneous objection to the instruction.

McKinley v. State, 45 N.E.3d 25, 28 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), reh’g denied, trans.

denied. Because Allen failed to object to the trial court’s jury instructions during

trial, he concedes that he must establish that the trial court’s failure to instruct

the jury on the definition of “serious bodily injury” was a fundamental error.

The fundamental error exception to the contemporaneous objection rule is

extremely narrow and provides the defendant with a remedy only when an

error constitutes a blatant violation of basic due process principles and the harm

or potential for harm is substantial. Kadrovach v. State, 61 N.E.3d 1241, 1243

(Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied. When determining whether a fundamental

error has occurred with respect to an allegedly improper jury instruction, we do

not examine the instruction in isolation but rather in the context of all relevant

information presented to the jury, including closing argument and other

instructions. Id. “‘[W]here all such information, considered as a whole, does

not mislead the jury as to the correct understanding of the law,’ there is no due

process violation and thus no fundamental error.” Id. (quoting McKinley, 45

N.E.3d at 28-29).

[18] In Clemons v. State, 83 N.E.3d 104, 108 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017), trans. denied, we

recently addressed the issue of whether a trial court committed fundamental

error by instructing the jury on the definition of “deadly weapon” but not the

definition of “serious bodily injury.” There, we noted that “serious bodily

injury” was not an element of the challenged offense—battery with a deadly

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weapon—even though it was a part of the definition of “deadly weapon.” Id. at

107. As a result, “the focus [was] on the instrumentality used and its potential

for harm, not the harm actually inflicted.” Id. at 108.

[19] As for the jury’s ability to determine whether an instrumentality could inflict

serious bodily injury, absent a definition of serious bodily injury, we noted that:

When determining whether an element of an offense has been

proven, the jury may rely on its collective sense and knowledge

acquired through everyday experiences—indeed, that is precisely

what is expected of a jury. The trial court has a duty to give

further instructions defining words used in other instructions only

if the words are of a technical or legal meaning normally not

understood by jurors unversed in the law. We do not doubt that

in some contexts, “serious bodily injury” may require further

definition. But whatever its precise statutory definition, the

phrase is quite readily understood by the average layman to mean

some injury short of death.

Id. We concluded that the jury was able to determine “based on its collective

common sense and everyday experiences” that the metal rod that the defendant

used to batter his victim in Clemons was a deadly weapon capable of causing

serious bodily injury. Id.

[20] Likewise, we conclude here that the jury was able to use its collective common

sense and everyday experiences to be able to determine that the baseball bat was

capable of causing serious bodily injury. As in Clemons, serious bodily injury

was not an element of Allen’s offense. The jury needed only to determine “the

instrumentality used and its potential for harm.” Id. Because the jury was able

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to do so through common sense, the trial court did not commit fundamental

error by failing to instruct the jury on the definition of serious bodily injury.

See, e.g., Clemons, 83 N.E.3d at 108.

3. Continuous Crime Doctrine

[21] Allen also argues that his two domestic battery convictions violated the

continuous crime doctrine because they were so close in time that they

amounted to only a single chargeable crime. The continuous crime doctrine

establishes that “actions that are sufficient to constitute separate criminal

offenses may be so compressed in terms of time, place, singleness of purpose,

and continuity of action as to constitute a single transaction.” Pugh v. State, 52

N.E.3d 955, 970 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied. The doctrine applies “only

where a defendant has been charged multiple times with the same ‘continuous’

offense.” Hines v. State, 30 N.E.3d 1216, 1220 (Ind. 2015) (emphasis added)

(holding that the continuous crime doctrine did not apply where the defendant

was charged with battery and criminal confinement, not multiple charges of

battery nor multiple charges of criminal confinement, because battery and

criminal confinement were not the same offense).

[22] Here, Count 1 of the charging information alleged that Allen “did[,] while

armed with a deadly weapon, to wit: a baseball bat, knowingly or intentionally

touch Stephanie Phillips, who is a family or household member, in a rude,

insolent, or angry manner . . . .” (App. Vol. 2 at 14). Count 2 of the charging

information alleged that he “did knowingly or intentionally touch[] Stephanie

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Phillips, who is a family or household member, in a rude insolent or angry

manner resulting in moderate bodily injury . . . .” (App. Vol. 2 at 15).

Accordingly, Allen was charged with two distinct offenses—committing

domestic battery with his hands and causing moderate bodily injury and,

separately, committing domestic battery with a deadly weapon, a baseball bat.

These were two separate and distinct offenses that occurred in different

locations—the bedroom and living room—over the course of an hour. The

continuous crime doctrine did not apply.3

[23] Affirmed

May, J., and Brown, J., concur.

3

Similarly, Allen argues that his convictions violated the federal constitutional prohibition on double

jeopardy because they were two punishments for a single offense arising from one set of operative

circumstances. However, this argument also fails because Allen was convicted of two distinct offenses.

Under federal law, two offenses are different, for double jeopardy purposes, whenever each contains an

element that the other does not. Lewis v. U.S., 523 U.S. 155, 176 (1998). Here, Allen’s Level 5 felony

domestic battery charge contained an element that he used a deadly weapon, and his Level 6 felony domestic

battery charge contained an element that his battery resulted in moderate bodily injury. I.C. § 35-42-2-

1.3(c)(2); I.C. § 35-42-2-1.3(b)(3). Thus, they were distinct offenses, and his convictions did not violate the

prohibition against double jeopardy.

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