The opinion
J-S40037-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JASON PARKER :
:
Appellant : No. 3318 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 29, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): MC-51-MD-0000593-2014
BEFORE: OTT, DUBOW, JJ., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED OCTOBER 02, 2017
Jason Parker appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed on
October 29, 2014, in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County,
after he was found in contempt. Parker was sentenced to a term of 5
months and 29 days of non-reporting probation. In this timely appeal,
Parker argues the trial court erred in finding him in contempt of its verbal
order to leave the courthouse, where he was required to re-enter the
courthouse pursuant to subpoena. Further, Parker asserts the trial court
erred in finding him in contempt for other actions he claims were taken
outside the presence of the court. Finally, Parker argues, having been
convicted of a summary offense, the 5 month, 29 day probationary sentence
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S40037-17
is illegal. After a thorough review of the submissions by the parties, relevant
law, and the certified record, we vacate the judgment of sentence and
reverse the conviction of contempt.
Before we begin our analysis of this matter, we take brief note of the
procedural history. In April 2014, Parker was banished from the Philadelphia
Criminal Justice Center (CJC) by the Honorable Rayford A. Means after
several attorneys complained that Parker was interfering with their ability to
interact with their clients. Later that day, Parker returned to the CJC and
was brought before Judge Means, and a contempt proceeding ensued.
Eventually, on August 19, 2014, Parker was found in contempt for a variety
of actions.1 On October 29, 2014, Parker was sentenced and he appealed.
Parker sought to represent himself and the matter was remanded to the trial
court to conduct a Grazier hearing. One hearing was held and Parker
withdrew his application to represent himself and accepted appointed
counsel. Shortly thereafter, Parker reasserted his desire to represent
himself and another Grazier hearing was held on February 12, 2016. At
that hearing, Judge Means found Parker in contempt for disobeying an order
to be silent. Parker has also appealed that decision. Although not
consolidated, both appeals are now before this panel.2
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1
The details of the contempt will be fully discussed infra.
2
Parker’s subsequent appeal is listed consecutively to the instant appeal, at
J-S40038-17.
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Instantly, the record demonstrates that Parker was charged with and
found guilty of violating 42 Pa.C.S. § 4137(3). See Parker’s Brief at 20-21.
Despite an order signed by the trial court indicating Parker violated Section
4137(3),3 we believe the proper section at issue is Section 4132(3), which
states:
The power of the several courts of this Commonwealth to issue
attachments and to impose summary punishments for contempts
of court shall be restricted to the following cases:
***
(3) The misbehavior of any person in the presence of the
court, thereby obstructing the administration of justice.
42 Pa.C.S. § 4132(3) (emphasis added).
Our standard of review is as follows:
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3
We believe this is a typographical error as Section 4137 addresses the
contempt powers of district justices regarding the failure to compensate the
victim of a crime for injury or damages. Specifically, Section 4137(3)
states:
District justices shall have the power to issue attachments and
impose summary punishments for criminal contempts of a
district justice court in the following cases:
(3) Failure to comply with an order of a district justice in a
criminal proceeding to compensate the victim of the criminal
conduct for the damage or injury sustained by the victim.
Judge Means is not a district justice and, in fact, the First Judicial District,
Philadelphia, has no district justices. Further, the record contains no
evidence that Parker failed to comply with an order to make any such
payment. While this section has no applicability to the instant matter, Parker
has recognized this error and has not objected.
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[I]n considering an appeal from a contempt order, we
place great reliance on the discretion of the trial judge.
Each court is the exclusive judge of contempts against its
process, and on appeal its actions will be reversed only
when a plain abuse of discretion occurs. In cases of direct
criminal contempt, that is, where the contumacious act is
committed in the presence of the court and disrupts the
administration of justice, an appellate court is confined to
an examination of the record to determine if the facts
support the trial court's decision.
Commonwealth v. Jackson, 367 Pa.Super. 6, 532 A.2d 28,
31-32 (1987)(internal citations omitted); Accord Ricci v. Geary,
447 Pa.Super. 609, 670 A.2d 190, 191 (1996). In making this
examination: “we must evaluate the entire record and consider
all evidence actually received.” Commonwealth v. Falana, 548
Pa. 156, 161, 696 A.2d 126, 128 (1997) quoting
Commonwealth v. Griscavage, 512 Pa. 540, 517 A.2d 1256
(1986).
A court's power to find an individual in criminal contempt is
conferred by Section 4132 of the Judiciary Code, which provides
in relevant part:
The power of the several courts of this Commonwealth to
issue attachments and to impose summary punishments
for contempts of court shall be restricted to the following
cases:
***
(3) The misbehavior of any person in the presence of the
court, thereby obstructing the administration of justice.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 4132(3). Consequently, to sustain a conviction
for direct criminal contempt under this provision there must be
proof beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) of misconduct, (2) in the
presence of the court, (3) committed with the intent to obstruct
the proceedings, (4) that obstructs the administration of justice.
Williams v. Williams, 554 Pa. 465, 469, 721 A.2d 1972, 1073
(1998); Commonwealth v. Martorano, 387 Pa.Super. 79, 563
A.2d 1193, 1197 (1989), appeal denied 529 Pa. 632, 600 A.2d
952 (1991).
Commonwealth v. Williams, 753 A.2d 856, 861 (Pa. Super. 2000).
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On April 23, 2014, at approximately 11:00 A.M., Judge Rayford Means
ordered Parker from the CJC. However, shortly thereafter, Parker reentered
the building pursuant to subpoena to attend a court proceeding before a
different judge. Parker was seen by a sheriff and taken before Judge Means.
At 11:46 A.M., a contempt hearing was convened. Judge Means explained
the history:
THE COURT: This is a contempt hearing for Mr. Jason Parker.
[ADA]: Yes, Judge.
THE COURT: Who was, earlier today, April 23rd, ordered out of
the building, based on a complaint – a number of complaints
that he was soliciting people in the hallways. As recently as 30
minutes ago, Mr. Shaka Johnson came in and told me that Mr.
Parker had passed out his cards, telling people he’s affiliated
with Mr. Shaka Johnson.
I ordered [Parker] out of the building because I felt that he was
interfering with justice by soliciting unknowing people and asking
them for money to represent them, when he is not licensed.
N.T. Contempt Hearing, 4/23/2014, at 3.
Judge Means briefly recounted the substance of the complaints against
Parker that led to the order and determined there was sufficient cause to
hold a full contempt hearing, which he scheduled for May 6, 2014. This
determination was made despite the fact that Judge Means was aware that
Parker returned to the CJC in order to attend a different court hearing. This
knowledge is amply demonstrated in the following exchange:
THE COURT: I ordered you out of the building.
PARKER: I left the building.
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THE COURT: Then you came back in.
PARKER: I have a hearing at 11:30 in B-03, Your Honor.
THE COURT: No, no.
PARKER: I came back for my hearing.
THE COURT: You didn’t tell me that. If you –
PARKER: I came up to the sheriff, Judge.
THE COURT: - if that was true, you would have told me when we
escorted you out of the building.
PARKER: I was –
THE COURT: But you never said that.
PARKER: - trying to talk to you. You wasn’t listening to me.
THE COURT: I was listening to you. All right.
PARKER: I was trying to tell you I have a hearing today for me.
Nobody –
THE COURT: Okay, Well, I’ll contact B-05?
PARKER: B-03, in the basement.
N.T. 4/23/2014, at 7-8.
Following this exchange, Judge Means set Parker’s bail at $500,000.00
and, at the request of the Commonwealth, lodged a detainer against Parker
regarding the possible violation of Parker’s probation on another matter.4
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4
In September, 2012, Parker was sentenced to 9 to 18 months’
incarceration to be followed by 2 years of probation by Judge Angelo
Foglietta after Parker’s conviction on charges of fleeing or attempting to
elude a police officer, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3733(a), and related charges.
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The May 6, 2014 hearing was continued to May 20, 2014.5 At the May
20, 2014 hearing, the following exchange occurred:
COURT OFFICER: All right. Let’s go.
[COUNSEL]: Judge, I didn’t have adequate time to speak with
him. He doesn’t understand what’s happening at this point.
THE COURT: All right. I’m going to – I’ve got some witnesses
who’ve got –
[ADA]: We’re all here.
THE COURT: - to go, so I’m going to preserve their testimony.
[ADA]: Judge, he’s already declared legally competent, so –
[COUNSEL]: It’s not about legal competence. It’s about
somebody else was in the booth.
THE COURT: All right.
[ADA]: Oh, oh, that’s fine.
[COUNSEL]: So I just got into the booth a minute ago.
THE COURT: All right. Let’s go. Have a seat. All right, this is
Commonwealth v. Parker.
[COUNSEL]: Well, Judge, he’s – respectfully, Judge, he’s starting
to weigh his options as far as –
THE COURT: All right. Well, I want to preserve some testimony
anyway, Whatever he wants to do, he can do, but right now, I’m
moving forward. All right, Parker is number what on the list?
[ADA]: it’s 47 –
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5
It is unclear if Parker remained in custody for the entire time between April
23, 2014 and May 20, 2014.
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THE COURT: Forty-seven.
[ADA]: And 87 – Judge Foglietta’s VOP, Judge.
THE COURT: Mr. Parker, you are here because you – I
found – this is a contempt hearing for you because I
ordered you out of the Criminal Justice Center. I ordered
you out because I had gotten complaints from lawyers that you
were practicing law in this building. And I asked you on that day
that I put you out were you a lawyer.
PARKER: Right.
N.T. Contempt Hearing, 5/20/2014, at 4-5 (emphasis added).
On May 20, 2014, nine witnesses6 were called to testify. All testimony
concerned the allegation that Parker had either been practicing law without a
license or had held himself out to members of the public to be a lawyer. The
original accusation of contempt addressed only the alleged disobeying of the
order to leave the CJC. The trial judge reiterates that reason at the
beginning of the May 20, 2014 hearing. Although the trial judge had
referred to some of Parker’s actions which had led to his banishment, there
was no specific indication that those actions would be raised, sua sponte, by
the trial judge as separate acts of contempt. Indeed, it was not until the
trial judge had realized Parker had a legitimate reason to have reentered the
CJC that these other actions became the focus of contempt. Accordingly,
____________________________________________
6
Jennifer Muniz, Ashley Colwell, Mary Carlin, Shaka Johnson, Esq., Carrie
Evans, Esq., Jordan Barnett, Esq., Victoria Sanita, Esq., Kathryn Cacciamani,
Esq., and Lenora Clayton, Esq.
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there is no indication in the certified record that Parker was given any notice
of these allegations prior to the hearing.
All but one of Parker’s actions testified to took place outside the
physical presence of the trial court. The certified record is also free from
any mention of an order or decree, other that the order to leave the CJC,
Parker might have been violating. On April 23, 2014, despite the trial court
knowing that Parker had a subpoena requiring him to be at the CJC that
day,7 the trial court scheduled a full contempt hearing for May 6, 2014.8
After taking the testimony of several witnesses, the trial court continued the
May 20, 2014 hearing to August 19, 2014, in order to take further testimony
regarding Parker “sneaking”9 back into the CJC on April 23, 2014.
At the close of the August 19, 2014 hearing, the trial court found
Parker guilty of contempt which is the subject of this appeal. Specifically,
the trial court stated:
The Court: Okay. Mr. Parker, based on all of the information I
have in front of me, based on the past hearings that we’ve had –
you were in the courtroom on that day. I had to take you out.
You had been here on a number of occasions. I find that,
number one, you disrupted the operations of this courtroom.
____________________________________________
7
See N.T. Hearing, 4/23/2014, at 7-8.
8
The May 6, 2014 hearing was continued until May 20, 2014.
9
N.T. Hearing, 8/19/2014, at 9-10.
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Number two, you disrupted the operations of the Criminal Justice
Center by soliciting from people. And those other people can
come in. Michelle, ask those witnesses to come in.
Court officer: Sure.
The Court: They’ve come here faithfully. Once again, I said that
Mr. – let the record reflect that I offered Mr. Parker’s right of
allocution. I offered him the opportunity to take the witness
stand and testify. Through his attorney, he has refused to do so,
so let the record so reflect….
I find that you disrupted the courtroom operations here. I found
that you disrupted the operations of the defense bar, specifically,
the Defender Association, along with private counsel.
Specifically, I find that Kate Cacciamani had to be appointed on
a case when Ms. Victoria Sanita of the Defender Association had
to be removed because there was confrontation between you in
which you confronted her in the anteroom, and she could no
longer represent her client.
I find that you disrupted the practice of law by the private
attorneys and by the Defender Association by soliciting clients
out in this hallway, in this courtroom, and in other courtrooms. I
find that you engaged in the practice of law illegally. You also
were instructed to leave the Criminal Justice Center for the
aforementioned reasons, and you returned.
You never, at any opportunity when I had to personally go out
and get you, mention that you had any summary hearing in this
courtroom. I’ll also point out that when I did find out you had a
hearing, I called and had it postpone[d] so your case was not
dismissed, so that you did not get a bench warrant.
N.T. Hearing, 8/19/2014, at 10-12.
We begin our analysis with the trial court’s determination that Parker
acted contemptuously by reentering the CJC after he had been ordered out
of the building. The order to leave the building is the only order Parker was
charged with violating.
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Conviction of contempt for violation of a court order can be
sustained only if the order or decree was “definite, clear, specific
and left no doubt or uncertainty” in the mind of the person to
whom it was addressed of the conduct prohibited.
Commonwealth v. Garrison, 386 A.2d 971, 977 (Pa. 1978) (citations
omitted).
The certified record does not contain the exact language used by
Judge Means in expelling Parker. However, the judge reiterated his order at
the beginning of the April 23, 2014 contempt hearing wherein he simply
stated he had ordered Parker out of the building. No time limit was ever
established. A strict interpretation of the order, as related by Judge Means,
indicates Parker absolutely complied. He did, in fact, leave the building.
“The long-standing salutary rule in contempt cases is that ambiguities and
omissions in orders redound to the benefit of the person charged with
contempt.” Id.
Were we to ignore the rule providing the defendant with the benefit of
ambiguities and omissions, and presume that the expulsion was meant to
last at least for the rest of the day, we cannot ignore the fact that the trial
court recognized Parker had a legitimate subpoena requiring him to return to
the CJC for a different hearing. In this respect, the order was overly broad.
We can find no authority for the proposition that an order of expulsion
overrides a subpoena requiring the subject to appear before another judge
in the building in question. In light of the foregoing, Parker cannot be found
in contempt of the order requiring him to leave the CJC.
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The remaining allegations against Parker are that he misbehaved in
the presence of the court, thereby obstructing the administration of justice.
See Section 4132(3), supra.10
Initially, “No satisfactory definition of contemptuous misconduct has
been developed.” Garrison, 386 A.2d at 979. However, “An obstruction of
the administration of justice is a significant disruption of judicial
proceedings.” Id. We believe this limits the powers of the court to find
contempt to those actions that disrupt actual judicial proceedings.
Accordingly, this would not include those actions the trial court characterized
as disrupting the activities of the office of the Public Defender or the actions
of a private attorney in the hallways of the CJC.
The Commonwealth seeks to expand the scope of “in the presence of
the court” to include “outside the courtroom but so near thereto that it
obstructs the administration of justice.” Commonwealth v. Falana, 696
A.2d 126, 129 (Pa. 1997) However, this language is dicta in Falana, not
holding, since the question in Falana was whether it was contemptuous for
a defendant to threaten a witness in the courtroom, as the defendant was
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10
As explained above, it was not until Parker revealed he had legitimate
business in the CJC on the day in question that these actions became,
without formal notice to Parker, the subject of allegations of contempt.
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being led from the courtroom, in a voice too low for the trial judge to have
heard.11
Nevertheless, in examining the source of the language, we believe
Falana misapprehended prior case law. Falana took that language at issue
from Commonwealth v. Garrison, supra. Garrison provided an
exceptional description of the three types of contempt described in Section
4132.12 In describing contempt under subsection (3), which is the relevant
subsection for this appeal, Garrison noted, “Trial courts normally punish
allegedly contemptuous behavior under this provision or its federal
analogue.” Id. at 978. Later, in describing “the presence of court,”
Garrison states, “Misconduct occurs in the presence of court if the court
itself witnesses the conduct or if the conduct occurs outside the courtroom
but so near thereto that it obstructs the administration of justice. United
States v. Wilson, supra, 421 U.S. [309] at 315 n.6” Footnote 6 reveals
that the federal statute regarding contempt contains language not found in
the Pennsylvania statute: “Rule 42 applies the contempt power defined in 18
U.S.C. § 401. That statute provides that a federal court has the power to
punish by fine or imprisonment, at its discretion, such contempt of its
____________________________________________
11
Our Supreme Court specifically withheld deciding whether the same
outcome was mandated if the trial judge was not on the bench. Id. at 129,
n.5.
12
Then 17 P.S. § 2041. The relevant language of Section 4132 is identical
to that found in Section 2041.
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authority as ‘[m]isbehavior of any person in its presence or so near thereto
as to obstruct the administration of justice.” Id. (emphasis added). The
words, “or so near thereto” are conspicuously absent from the Pennsylvania
statute. Accordingly, it appears that Garrison is describing the two
definitions of “in the presence of court” found in the Pennsylvania statute
and “its federal analogue.”13 Here, only the Pennsylvania statute is at
issue.14
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13
In Pennsylvania, contemptuous conduct outside the presence of the court
is prosecuted as indirect criminal contempt. “A charge of indirect criminal
contempt consists of a claim that a violation of an Order or Decree occurred
outside the presence of the court.” Commonwealth v. Brumbaugh, 932
A.2d 108, 110 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation omitted). No such contemptuous
behavior occurred in this matter as the sole order in question was not
violated.
14
We also recognize that adding the “or so near thereto” language to the
Pennsylvania statute violates any number of the rules of statutory
construction. “When the words of a statute are clear and free from all
ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of
pursuing its spirit.” 1 Pa.C.S § 1921(b). There is nothing inherently
ambiguous with the phrase “in the presence of the court” that requires the
expansion to “or so near thereto.” Also, pursuant to 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928, all
statues addressing penal provisions are required to be strictly construed.
See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)(1). Additionally, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1923(c) states:
“Words and phrases which may be necessary to the proper interpretation of
a statute and which do not conflict with its obvious purpose and intent, nor
in any way affect its scope and operation, may be added in the construction
thereof.” 1 Pa.C.S. 1923(c). There is no indication that the phrase “or so
near thereto” is in any way necessary to the proper interpretation of 42
Pa.C.S. § 4132. Also adding that phase would literally expand the scope of
authority of the court to find and punish contemptuous behavior. Finally, we
have seen nothing in our research to indicate the drafters of Section 4132
were unaware of the “federal analogue” to the Pennsylvania statute
governing contempt. The federal law expressly expands the scope of the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Even if we expanded the language of section 4312(3), “the presence of
the court, ” to include activities that occurred outside the court’s presence,
but “near thereto”, there was no testimony that the activities in the halls of
the CJC caused a significant disruption of any judicial proceeding.
The only actions described by any witness that took place in a
courtroom were described by Kathryn Cacciamani, Esq., who testified as
follows:
THE COURT: All right. Now, the - do you know the defendant –
Jason – Attorney Jason Parker Wolf?
WITNESS: I know – I have met Mr. Parker here in the CJC.
THE COURT: All right. And how do you – under what
circumstances? …
WITNESS: I met Mr. Parker here in [Courtroom] 705. I was
representing a client by the name of Lamar Jones, and Mr.
Parker was seated in the courtroom on Mr. Jones’ behalf, and Mr.
Jones was in custody.
THE COURT: All right. And what conversation did you have with
him? Who did you represent?
WITNESS: I was representing Mr. Jones.
THE COURT: For the record, yes, Mr. Jones. All right.
WITNESS: It was about the end of March, I believe.
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
statute beyond that described in Pennsylvania law. Had the drafters of the
Pennsylvania statute been so inclined, we have found no reason why “or so
near thereto” could not have been included in Section 4132.
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THE COURT: Yes. And what, if anything, occurred between you
and Mr. Parker?
WITNESS: Mr. Parker was approaching me, asking me if Mr.
Jones was going to take a deal, and I wasn’t sure of who Mr.
Parker was, and I said I had to talk to Mr. Jones, and I wasn’t
going to speak to Mr. Parker until I spoke to Mr. Jones.
THE COURT: All right. And did he interfere with you any way in
the conduct of business with your client?
WITNESS: Well, he was telling – he was telling me that he didn’t
think Mr. Jones should take a deal.
THE COURT: And what was – shouldn’t take a deal?
WITNESS: Yes.
THE COURT: And what was the offer?
WITNESS: The offer was 11½ to 23 months and a period of
probation. I can’t remember the period of probation to follow.
THE COURT: Yes.
WITNESS: It was an F-2 robbery case, where the client had
allegedly taken an object and hit the complainant over the head
and stolen her purse.
THE COURT: Did he say he was related to the defendant?
WITNESS: He did not.
THE COURT: And did he say why he wanted the – why he didn’t
want the client to take the deal?
WITNESS: He – did he say that? I don’t think so.
THE COURT: All right.
WITNESS: I talked to Mister - I went back and spoke with my
client and I’m not going to talk about the nature of that with
attorney client privilege, but Mr. Jones decided to take the deal.
And it was also an immediate parole offer.
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THE COURT: All right.
WITNESS: So he took it.
N.T. Hearing, 5/20/2014, at 78-80.
The conversation between Parker and Attorney Cacciamani took place
in courtroom 705, but there is no evidence that court was in session at that
time or that the judge was on the bench and that it caused a significant
disruption of judicial proceedings as required by section 4132. In this
instance, even when directly asked if Parker had interfered with her business
with her client, Attorney Cacciamani would neither agree nor disagree. As
described by Attorney Cacciamani, she refused to speak with Mr. Parker and
thereafter spoke with her client who then accepted the offer. Accordingly,
the encounter between Parker and Attorney Cacciamani does not qualify as
contemptuous.
The testimony of Victoria Sanita, Esq, requires a closer examination of
the allegedly contemptuous behavior by Parker. She provided evidence that,
in the hallway outside the courtroom, Parker confronted Attorney Sanita
while she was attempting to converse with a client. This confrontation
unnerved Attorney Sanita to such a degree that she requested Judge Means
to “conflict me out because I couldn’t represent her with him meddling…”
N.T. Hearing, 5/20/2014, at 74.15 The certified record reflects that Attorney
____________________________________________
15
The client, Jennifer Muniz, testified earlier that she had paid Parker
$100.00, and also worked for him passing out fliers, in exchange for Parker
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Sanita was replaced by Attorney Cacciamani, who then interviewed the client
without further interference from Parker. There is no evidence of record that
courtroom proceedings were otherwise disrupted.
We do not condone or encourage any behavior that causes such
discomfort to counsel that he or she feels the need to withdraw from
representation. If this incident occurred in a federal court, there is little
doubt that Parker’s actions, occurring “so near thereto” the court, may be
rightly considered as contemptuous. However, the CJC is not a federal
court. Additionally, the certified record does not clearly demonstrate that
judicial proceedings of the day in questions were significantly disrupted by
Parker’s actions that, we repeat, were outside the presence of the court.
Although we do not believe that Parker’s actions, as described in the
testimony herein, were contemptuous, this decision is not meant to ratify
such actions either. Indeed, it appears from the record that Parker was
arrested and charged with violating 18 Pa.C.S. § 4913, impersonating a
holder of a professional license.16 Had Parker conducted his “business” in
the presence of the court, those actions might well have constituted
contempt; however, as discussed above, those actions were not undertaken
in the presence of the court. The requirement that contemptuous actions
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
providing some manner of “legal financial consulting.” See N.T. Hearing,
5/20/2014, at 10.
16
N.T. Hearing, 5/20/2014, at 115.
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under section 4132(3) occur “in the presence of the court” is a clear
statement of the scope of the court’s authority to find contempt. We discern
no authority to expand the scope of section 4132(3) to include actions taken
“so near thereto” a courtroom, as described in federal law. Actions
undertaken outside the presence of the court are addressed by indirect
criminal contempt, which expands the physical scope of authority, but limits
contempt to actions taken in violation of an actual decree or order.
Therefore, we are required to vacate the judgment of sentence and reverse
the conviction of contempt.17
Judgment of sentence vacated. Conviction reversed.
Judge Dubow joins this memorandum.
President Judge Emeritus Stevens concurs in the result.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/2/2017
____________________________________________
17
Accordingly, we need not address Parker’s claim regarding his sentence.
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