explaining that “challenges to the fact or duration of confinement are properly brought under habeas, while challenges to the conditions of confinement are properly brought under § 1983”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that “challenges to the fact or duration of confinement are properly brought under habeas, while challenges to the conditions of confinement are properly brought under § 1983”
- “Which statutory vehicle to use depends on the nature of the claim and the type of relief requested....”
- summarizing general Fifth Circuit principles and noting circuit split as to whether conditions of confinement claims can be brought in habeas petitions
- involving challenges to conditions of confinement by state prisoner in context of 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case: 14-30129 Document: 00514094089 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/28/2017
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 14-30129 FILED
July 28, 2017
Lyle W. Cayce
CARLOS POREE, Clerk
Petitioner - Appellant
v.
KANDY COLLINS,
Respondent - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, ELROD, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Carlos Poree is an insanity acquittee who has been in the
custody of the Eastern Louisiana Mental Health System (ELMHS) since 1999.
After a state court denied Poree conditional release to Harmony House
Transitional Center (“Harmony House”), Poree sought federal habeas relief
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court denied his claim. Although we are
troubled that the state court seemingly failed to follow Louisiana state law in
denying Poree relief, we cannot conclude that the state court decision was
contrary to clearly established Supreme Court law. We thus AFFIRM.
Case: 14-30129 Document: 00514094089 Page: 2 Date Filed: 07/28/2017
No. 14-30129
I.
“On November 7, 1977, Carlos Poree shot ten people, killing one.” 1 His
first trial resulted in a mistrial, and his second trial—limited to whether Poree
was not guilty by reason of insanity (“NGBRI”)—resulted in a first degree
murder conviction. 2 After making his way through the state court appellate
system, 3 Poree filed a federal habeas petition in 1997, 4 which the district court
granted. 5 Upon a hearing, Poree was committed to ELMHS.
A.
Since Poree began living at ELMHS, the state court has considered
several times whether he could transfer to a less restrictive setting. According
to Louisiana law, the process begins when the superintendent of the mental
institution recommends discharge or release to a review panel, which then
makes a recommendation to the court. 6 “If the review panel recommends to the
court that the person be discharged, conditionally or unconditionally, or placed
on probation, the court shall conduct a contradictory hearing following notice
to the district attorney.” 7 If a contradictory hearing is held, “the burden shall
be upon the state to seek continuance of the confinement by proving by clear
and convincing evidence that the committed person is currently both mentally
ill and dangerous.” 8
1 Poree v. Cain, No. CIV.A. 97-1546, 1999 WL 518843, at *1 (E.D. La. July 20, 1999).
2 Id.
3 See id. (summarizing Poree’s appeal to Louisiana Supreme Court, which first
reversed, but then reaffirmed conviction and sentence, and Poree’s unsuccessful request for
post-conviction relief in state trial court).
4 Id.
5 Id. at *8.
6 LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 655(A). The committed person may also apply for
release. Id. at art. 655(B).
7 Id. at art. 655(A). But see id. at art. 657 (suggesting court has discretion to either
continue commitment or hold hearing).
8 Id. at art. 657. Article 657 cites to LA. STAT. ANN. § 28:2(3) and (4) to define
dangerousness:
2
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Poree has been through this process several times. Between 2002 and
2009, the state held three hearings, denying Poree transfer each time. 9 In 2010,
the process began again. On October 11, 2010, the ELMHS Forensic Review
Panel, made up of Dr. John W. Thompson, 10 Dr. F.J. Bordenave, 11 and Dr.
David Hale, 12 completed a Review of Patient Status (“Review”) for Poree and
recommended that Poree be conditionally released to Harmony House. The
Review indicated that Poree is aware of the nature of his violent offense, has
the ability to conform his conduct to the law, and has “sufficient moral
cognitive judgment to distinguish between right and wrong.” His Axis I
diagnosis was listed as Schizophrenia, Residual Type. Noting Poree’s
psychiatric history and his past homicidal and assaultive behaviors, the
Review nevertheless stated that Poree’s symptoms are well-maintained with
current medication, and that Poree is fully compliant with his treatment. The
Review further indicated that Poree is currently mentally ill but in stable
remission, is not currently dangerous to self or others if adequately supervised,
and “may be granted Conditional Release and placed in appropriate
community setting with tracking, monitoring and supervision.” The Review
Panel’s opinion that Poree should be conditionally released to Harmony House
(3) “Dangerous to others” means the condition of a person whose behavior or
significant threats support a reasonable expectation that there is a substantial
risk that he will inflict physical harm upon another person in the near future.
(4) “Dangerous to self” means the condition of a person whose behavior,
significant threats or inaction supports a reasonable expectation that there is
a substantial risk that he will inflict physical or severe emotional harm upon
his own person.
9 After an October 29, 2002 hearing, the state court denied Poree a transfer to
Harmony House. At an October 18, 2007 hearing, the state court denied Poree a transfer
from the forensic division of ELMHS to the less restrictive civil side. At a June 23, 2009
hearing, the state court again denied a transfer to the less restrictive civil side.
10 M.D., Chairperson, psychiatrist and chief of staff of ELMHS.
11 M.D., Review Panel Member, and Poree’s treating physician.
12 Ph.D., Review Panel Member.
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included a list of stipulations, including that violations may result in his return
to ELMHS.
On January 18, 2011, a state district court held a hearing to determine
whether Poree should be conditionally released to Harmony House upon the
hospital’s recommendation. At the time of the hearing, Poree was 68- or 69-
years old and resided in the least restrictive unit in the forensic division of
ELMHS. Four witnesses testified: Dr. Bordenave, Dr. Thompson, and Ralph
Griffin testified as defense witnesses, and Dr. Richard Richoux testified as a
State witness (with Dr. Raphael Salcedo, another State witness, concurring).
Dr. Bordenave—an expert forensic psychiatrist, Poree’s treating
physician since July 2010, and head of Mr. Poree’s treatment team—testified
that Poree appears to have been in remission for years, is compliant with his
medications, and that there is no evidence that Poree currently suffers from
delusions. Dr. Bordenave noted that Poree understands that he will have to
stay on medication for the rest of his life. Dr. Bordenave agreed that stopping
medication would likely result in decompensation into mental illness, but that
such relapse would not necessarily result in violence or aggression. He further
testified that Poree had achieved the maximum recovery level at ELMHS, and
that Harmony House has the structure for Poree to successfully continue
treatment. In a letter to the court, Dr. Bordenave stated that Poree has “been
best described as a model patient.” He further stated, “both psychological
actuarial testing and observation and treatment by his treatment team,
indicate that he is a relatively low risk for violent re-offense.” Dr. Bordenave
concluded that “Poree would likely be one of the better, more appropriate
clients served at Harmony.”
Dr. Thompson—an expert forensic psychiatrist, chief of staff of ELMHS,
and a Vice Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Tulane—has worked with
Poree since Poree arrived at the hospital. Dr. Thompson testified that Poree
4
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receives treatment in the forensic unit, with the eventual goal being to safely
move him into either a group home or the community. Dr. Thompson agreed
that Poree had achieved the treatment goals set for him in the forensic unit,
and that Poree did not require continued hospitalization in the forensic unit to
prevent him from becoming dangerous. Dr. Thompson explained that in
making its recommendation, the Review Panel relied on instruments such as
the “COT readiness profile” 13 and the “Hare’s psychopathy.” 14 Dr. Thompson
believed that Poree would comply with the conditions at Harmony House. Dr.
Thompson considered Poree to be mentally ill, but opined that “he’s not a
danger to self or others if placed in the Harmony setting with the restrictions
that we have.”
On cross-examination, Dr. Thompson noted Poree’s smiling while Dr.
Thompson and Poree discussed Poree’s offense. Dr. Thompson recounted
Poree’s statement: “Well, you know, it’s been such a long time. It’s been thirty
years and, you know, knowing how I am now it’s hard to believe that I was that
kind of person that would do something like that.” Dr. Thompson concluded
that the smiling could be “[Poree’s] explanation of what happened,” as in, “‘It’s
been so long ago it’s hard for me to look back and think that I actually did those
things,’” or a residual symptom of his schizophrenia. 15 Dr. Thompson
acknowledged that medications can stop working, and that even with
medication, someone with schizophrenia can decompensate. Dr. Thompson
noted that Poree had never decompensated while on medication. As for
13 The COT readiness profile “looks at how the person accepts their mental illness,
whether they’re engaged in treatment, that they actively participate, come to groups and
things like that.” A score of “[t]hirty-four or less is someone [the panel] consider[s] for a
community placement.” Mr. Poree scored a twenty.
14 On the Hare’s psychopathy, Poree scored “extremely low . . . and also in the range
where [the panel] would consider people for community placement.”
15 Dr. Bordenave acknowledged that nurses had reported Poree smiling, but that
Poree claimed the smiling was due to something on TV.
5
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delusions, Dr. Thompson indicated that Poree is not reporting such symptoms
nor are they seeing them behaviorally.
Mr. Griffin is the facility manager of Harmony Transitional Center, and
he had worked for Harmony for twenty-four years at the time he testified. He
interviewed Poree as a potential resident and pre-accepted him into Harmony
House. Mr. Griffin testified to the qualities he found that would make Poree
an appropriate resident:
[W]e recognized that he had an insight into his mental illness. He
was very remorseful and understood the crime that he committed.
He had been stable, you know, for a period of time. We normally
receive a preplacement packet of the client’s history. And, through
our review of that packet, as well as face to face interview, we
recognized, from 2005 at least, that there was any incident . . . .
And we recognized that he hadn’t displayed any aggression
behaviors. And he’s been consistently taking his medication to
have him stable.
Mr. Griffin stated that he did not have safety concerns regarding Poree.
Dr. Richoux, an expert forensic psychiatrist, was called as a state
witness. Dr. Richoux met with Poree on the day of the hearing to update his
impression and give an opinion regarding the transfer recommendation. Dr.
Richoux had known of Poree since the late 1970s, and had probably seen Poree
ten times between 1999 and the hearing date; his most recent examination of
Poree was in June 2010. Dr. Richoux testified that Poree has a long-standing
schizophrenia diagnosis, that Poree has shown “excellent stabilization of his
symptoms” while on medication, and that he is asymptomatic on a short-term
basis. Dr. Richoux identified as a concern Poree’s insight into his own illness,
but noted development over the years. Richoux indicated, “as of now having
had the opportunity to observe him over many years, Mr. Poree is about as well
stabilized as a person can be who suffers from a major mental illness.” Dr.
Richoux stated that Poree now understood that if he stopped his medication,
6
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there would be a high likelihood of relapse into psychotic symptoms, “be those
accompanied by violent behavior or not, but certainly that he would have a
high risk of reemergence of violent behavior in connection with psychotic
symptoms were he to stop his treatment.” Dr. Richoux concluded that he would
recommend, along with Dr. Salcedo, “that Mr. Poree does seem to be an
appropriate candidate for transfer . . . He seems to have a very evenhanded,
realistic view of things at this point. Sees the need for treatment. To be
expected to comply with treatment I believe.”
When asked, “based on [Poree’s] history of psychotic symptoms were to
reemerge, would he be a danger to himself or others,” Dr. Richoux agreed to a
“possibility of that.” Dr. Richoux could not say how probable that was, “because
of, for one thing, his age at this point.” He explained, “generally speaking, as
people get older their propensity for violent behavior becomes a little less and
a little less as time goes by,” but still noted the possible risk of violence. He
also noted the possibility of a “breakthrough of symptoms” for people taking
medication. When questioned by the judge about the possibility of relapse
when introduced to external stimuli, Dr. Richoux agreed, “[t]here’s always
going to be a possibility of relapse,” but clarified, “[s]chizophrenia itself is not
particularly sensitive to external stresses.”
Dr. Salcedo, stipulated as an expert in forensic psychology, concurred
with Dr. Richoux.
B.
Harmony House is a forensic transitional facility originally established
for people found NGBRI. Patients may eventually be released into society.
Harmony House has many residents with schizophrenia. Residents begin with
few privileges but are allowed more privileges as they progress. The average
length of stay at Harmony House is about four years, but it is an individualistic
determination and some people do not move beyond Harmony House. Harmony
7
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House is a secure facility, and employs tools like magnetic locks controlled by
staff and twenty-four-hour staff supervision. The staff completes sixty hours of
training every year, “which consists of behavior management, identifying
warning signs and possible decompensation changes in behaviors that are
required to be reported to the doctor.”
Mr. Griffin, the facility manager of Harmony House, testified that Poree
would begin Harmony House at the “entry secure level.” Mr. Griffin confirmed
that Poree would have access to counseling services. Dr. Bordenave testified
that Harmony House would be aware of Poree’s medication regimen, and Mr.
Griffin explained: “If they take medicine in the form of injections we bring them
to Baton Rouge Mental Health. The staff is actually there with the client as he
receive[s] the injection. We receive paperwork signed by the doctor that the
injection has been provided.” 16 Mr. Griffin further testified to the procedures
in case Poree’s symptoms returned or he failed to take his medication.
C.
After testimony and arguments at Poree’s hearing, State Judge Camille
Buras ruled from the bench. Judge Buras first recounted the facts of Poree’s
1977 crime, and then stated her finding that Poree still suffers from a mental
illness. As for dangerousness, Judge Buras referred to a standard of potential
danger:
The question being whether or not Mr. Poree is a danger to himself
and/or to others and whether or not it has been proven that he is a
danger to himself and to others by clear and convincing
evidence . . . .
[T]his Court is in a position, again, to protect the public from those
cases where the Court’s opinion being that the hospital is trying to
transition Mr. Poree to his eventual release. And this Court is not,
16 Mr. Griffin also noted an alternative method of a psychiatrist at the facility
administering the injection.
8
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and has not in the past, been satisfied that Mr. Poree does not
present a potential for both danger to himself and to others.
The Court finds that the danger is inherent in the activity and the
conduct that occurred in 1977 and the months, and even years,
preceding the manifestation of the illness by the shooting of ten
people and the killing of one . . . .
Just because, as Dr. Richoux said, the symptoms are not
manifesting and someone is asymptomatic, that does not negate
the diagnosis. And, in this Court’s opinion, does not negate the
potential that Mr. Poree, should he transition into a less restrictive
setting, would not manifest or relapse into the delusions and/or the
behavior that presented itself through the years. . . .
The law says if the defendant still has a major, mental illness and
presents as a potential danger to himself or to others -- and that’s
been proven by clear and convincing evidence -- the Court may
maintain its continued confinement of Mr. Poree. 17
Judge Buras denied Poree’s transfer to Harmony House and ordered that
Poree remain in custody of the ELMHS Forensic Division with an annual
review.
Poree challenged the ruling by filing an original writ in the Louisiana
appellate court, which was denied, and denied again by the Louisiana Supreme
Court. 18 Thereafter, Poree petitioned the United States District Court for a
writ of habeas corpus. The magistrate judge issued a report and
recommendation denying an evidentiary hearing and the habeas petition. Over
Poree’s filed objections, the district court adopted the magistrate’s report. The
district court dismissed Poree’s habeas petition with prejudice and denied a
Certificate of Appealability (“COA”). This Court granted a COA, and Poree now
appeals.
17 Emphases added.
18 State v. Poree, 71 So. 3d 323 (La. 2011).
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II.
Before proceeding to the merits of Poree’s claim, we pause to address
whether Poree’s claim properly sounds in habeas. Typically, habeas is used to
challenge the fact or duration of confinement, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is used to
challenge conditions of confinement. However, “[t]he line between claims
which must initially be pressed by writ of habeas corpus and those cognizable
under § 1983 is a blurry one.” 19 Although Poree’s claim defies easy
categorization, we find it was properly brought in habeas. In short, Poree
challenges the fact of his confinement at the Forensic Division of ELMHS, for
which habeas relief may be sought.
Both 28 U.S.C. § 2254 20 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 21 offer relief to those
improperly confined by the government. 22 Which statutory vehicle to use
depends on the nature of the claim and the type of relief requested, 23 the
instructive principle being that challenges to the fact or duration of
confinement are properly brought under habeas, 24 while challenges to the
19 Cook v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice Transitional Planning Dep’t, 37 F.3d 166, 168
(5th Cir. 1994).
20 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) states: “The Supreme Court, a Justice thereof, a circuit judge,
or a district court shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a
person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in
custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.”
21 42 U.S.C. § 1983 states in relevant part: “Every person who, under color of any
statute . . . of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be
subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to
the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws,
shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper
proceeding for redress . . . .”
22 Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 750 (2004) (per curiam).
23 Compare Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500 (1973) (“[W]hen a state prisoner is
challenging the very fact or duration of his physical imprisonment, and the relief he seeks is
a determination that he is entitled to immediate release or a speedier release from that
imprisonment, his sole federal remedy is a writ of habeas corpus.”), with Youngberg v. Romeo,
457 U.S. 307, 324 (1982) (explaining that the involuntarily civilly committed enjoy a
constitutionally protected interest in “reasonably nonrestrictive confinement conditions”).
24 Preiser, 411 U.S. at 500; Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 81–82 (2005).
10
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conditions of confinement are properly brought under § 1983. 25 While “fact or
duration” claims must be brought under habeas, the Supreme Court has not
foreclosed the use of habeas for other kinds of claims. Some circuit courts,
however, have limited habeas corpus to claims that challenge the fact or
duration of confinement. 26 Others have not. 27 Our own Circuit has been less
clear, 28 but we need not weigh in on that broader question today. 29 Poree’s
claim is similar to others that we have found appropriate for habeas relief.
“[R]elease from physical confinement in prison constitutes release from
custody for habeas purposes, even though the state retains a level of control
25 See, e.g., Youngberg, 457 U.S. at 309; Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 296 (1991).
26 Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 927 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc), cert. denied, 137 S.
Ct. 645 (2017) (mem.); see also Palma-Salazar v. Davis, 677 F.3d 1031, 1035–36 (10th Cir.
2012); Kruger v. Erickson, 77 F.3d 1071, 1073 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). The Seventh
Circuit has remarked that “[a] number of other court of appeals cases likewise have allowed
conditions of confinement to be challenged in an action for habeas corpus, even when, as in
this case . . . the challenge could not affect the duration of [the inmate’s] confinement even
indirectly.” Robinson v. Sherrod, 631 F.3d 839, 840 (7th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted)
(confirming the Seventh Circuit’s “long-standing view that habeas corpus is not a permissible
route for challenging prison conditions”).
27 Aamer v. Obama, 742 F.3d 1023, 1030–38 (D.C. Cir. 2014); Thompson v. Choinski,
525 F.3d 205, 209 (2d Cir. 2008); Woodall v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 432 F.3d 235, 241–44
(3d Cir. 2005); see also Adams v. Bradshaw, 644 F.3d 481, 483 (6th Cir. 2011) (per curiam)
(allowing method-of-execution claim to proceed under habeas); United States v. DeLeon, 444
F.3d 41, 59 (1st Cir. 2006) (“If the conditions of incarceration raise Eighth Amendment
concerns, habeas corpus is available.”).
28 Compare Carson v. Johnson, 112 F.3d 818, 820–21 (5th Cir. 1997) (suggesting level
of exclusivity between habeas and § 1983 by adopting a “simple, bright-line rule” to
determine when § 1983 was the proper vehicle for a claim), and Rourke v. Thompson, 11 F.3d
47, 49 (5th Cir. 1993), with Coleman v. Dretke, 395 F.3d 216, 219 n.2 (5th Cir. 2004), pet. for
reh’g. denied, and Coleman v. Dretke, 409 F.3d 665, 670 (5th Cir. 2005) (per curiam)
[hereinafter Coleman II] (“[N]either the Supreme Court nor this court has held that certain
claims must be brought under § 1983 rather than habeas.” (citations omitted)).
29 Some of our sister circuits have suggested that our circuit has, in fact, foreclosed
the use of habeas for non-fact or duration claims. E.g., Spencer v. Haynes, 774 F.3d 467, 470–
71 (8th Cir. 2014) (pointing to Cook v. Hanberry, 592 F.2d 248 (5th Cir. 1979) (per curiam),
opinion corrected, 596 F.2d 658 (5th Cir.)). The revised opinion in Cook removed language
quoted in Spencer but still opined that “[d]amages for the mistreatment alleged could not be
allowed in this habeas corpus action; they might be sought in a § 1983 action.” 596 F.2d at
660 n.1. We need not revisit Cook and its rationale in light of later controlling case law, e.g.,
Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 779 (2008), as we do not weigh in on the broader issue,
nor does Cook help answer the immediate question.
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over the releasee.” 30 A request for relief from an initial civil confinement
institution to a transitional home is similar. 31 Residence in a transitional
home—a condition of Poree’s release from ELMHS—bridges the gap between
his total confinement and total freedom. 32 We reiterate that we decline to
address whether habeas is available only for fact or duration claims. We find
only that Poree’s claim properly sounds in habeas and that we have jurisdiction
to review the district court’s order under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(a).
III.
“We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and review
its conclusions of law de novo, applying the same standard of review to the
state court’s decision as the district court.” 33 “When examining mixed
questions of law and fact, we adhere to a de novo standard under which we
independently apply the law to the facts found by the district court, as long as
30 Coleman II, 409 F.3d at 669 (citations omitted); see also Boss v. Quarterman, 552
F.3d 425, 426 (5th Cir. 2008) (habeas relief properly sought in prisoner’s appeal of state
board’s denial of mandatory supervision release); Malchi v. Thaler, 211 F.3d 953, 956, 957
n.3 (5th Cir. 2000) (habeas relief properly sought for prisoner’s allegation that “disciplinary
action resulted in a change in his good-time-earning status which extended the date for his
release on mandatory supervision”); see also Woods v. Chapman, 239 F. App’x 35, 37 (5th Cir.
2007) (per curiam) (unpublished) (“The declaratory relief Woods seeks is, however, in essence
just a challenge to his conditions of parole and thus is properly brought in a habeas corpus
proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.” (citation omitted)).
31 Indeed, Louisiana’s statutory scheme likens conditional release to probation. See
LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 658 (“When the committed person is released on probation,
which shall also be known as conditional release, the clerk of court shall deliver to him a
certificate setting forth the period and the conditions of his probation.”); LA. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 657 (“After the hearing, and upon filing written findings of fact and
conclusions of law, the court may order the committed person discharged, released on
probation subject to specified conditions for a fixed or an indeterminate period, or
recommitted to the state mental institution.”).
32 Cf. United States v. Mitchell, 709 F.3d 436, 439 (5th Cir. 2013) (describing federal
insanity acquittee’s “conditional[] release[] . . . to a residential mental health facility” and
later “to a residential treatment facility”).
33 Higginbotham v. Louisiana, 817 F.3d 217, 221 (5th Cir. 2016) (emphasis omitted)
(quoting Ortiz v. Quarterman, 504 F.3d 492, 496 (5th Cir. 2007)), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 506
(mem.).
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the district court’s factual findings are not clearly erroneous.” 34 Moreover,
“[f]ederal habeas proceedings are subject to the rules prescribed by the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA).” 35 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d) directs that a writ of habeas corpus shall not be granted unless the
state court 36 adjudication of the claim:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in
the State court proceeding.
Because “§ 2254(d)(1)’s ‘contrary to’ and ‘unreasonable application’
clauses have independent meaning,” 37 there are three ways a federal court can
grant habeas relief: (1) if the state court decision was contrary to clearly
established Supreme Court law; (2) if the state court decision involved an
unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court law; or (3) if
the state court decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the
34 Grim v. Fisher, 816 F.3d 296, 304 (5th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted), cert. denied,
137 S. Ct. 211 (mem).
35 Matamoros v. Stephens, 783 F.3d 212, 215 (5th Cir. 2015) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254).
36 “Under AEDPA, ‘we review the last reasoned state court decision.’” Woodfox v. Cain,
772 F.3d 358, 369 (5th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 38 (2015) (mem.).
Here, the last reasoned state court decision is the state trial court decision issued from the
bench following the January 18, 2011 hearing. The Supreme Court recently granted
certiorari in a case that concerns the practice of “looking through” to the last reasoned state
opinion, Wilson v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 834 F.3d 1227 (11th Cir. 2016) (en banc),
cert. granted sub nom. Wilson v. Sellers, 137 S. Ct. 1203 (2017), but given the possibility that
the Court’s ultimate disposition will not affect our “look through” practice, we proceed as our
doctrine instructs.
We also note that LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 657 appears to require that
Louisiana courts file “written findings of facts and conclusions of law” following a civil
commitment contradictory hearing. Here, the record on appeal contains no written findings
of facts and conclusions of law relating to the state trial court’s January 18, 2011 hearing and
oral decision.
37 Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002) (citation omitted).
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facts in light of the evidence presented. “AEDPA’s standard is intentionally
difficult to meet.” 38
IV.
Civil commitment is not criminal commitment; unlike a criminal
sentence, civil commitment is not a sentence of punishment. 39 The Supreme
Court “repeatedly has recognized that civil commitment for any purpose
constitutes a significant deprivation of liberty that requires due process
protection.” 40 Although Poree’s 1977 crime looms over these proceedings, he
was adjudicated not guilty by reason of insanity. 41 The task of this Court is to
analyze the state court’s decision with respect to his ongoing civil confinement
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
A.
We first analyze whether the state court decision was “contrary to”
“clearly established” Supreme Court law. The “‘clearly established’ phrase [in
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)] ‘refers to the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of [the
Supreme] Court’s decisions as of the time of the relevant state-court
decision.’” 42 “In other words, ‘clearly established Federal law’ under
§ 2254(d)(1) is the governing legal principle or principles set forth by the
Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its decision.” 43 “[T]he lack
of a Supreme Court decision on nearly identical facts does not by itself mean
38 Woods v. Donald, 135 S. Ct. 1372, 1376 (2015) (citations and internal quotations
omitted).
39 Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 369 (1983) (“Different considerations underlie
commitment of an insanity acquittee. As he was not convicted, he may not be punished.”
(footnote omitted)); id. at 373 n.4 (Brennan, J., dissenting) (“The insanity defense has
traditionally been viewed as premised on the notion that society has no interest in punishing
insanity acquittees, because they are neither blameworthy nor the appropriate objects of
deterrence.” (citation omitted)).
40 Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 425 (1979) (citations omitted).
41 Poree, 1999 WL 518843, at *8.
42 Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71 (2003) (citations omitted).
43 Id. at 71–72.
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that there is no clearly established federal law, since ‘a general standard’ from
[the Supreme] Court’s cases can supply such law.” 44 “A federal habeas court
may issue the writ under the ‘contrary to’ clause if the state court applies a
rule different from the governing law set forth in [the Supreme Court’s] cases,
or if it decides a case differently than [the Supreme Court has] done on a set of
materially indistinguishable facts.” 45
1.
“The starting point for cases subject to § 2254(d)(1) is to identify the
‘clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the
United States’ that governs the habeas petitioner’s claims.” 46 The parties
dispute what law the Supreme Court has clearly established, though both
correctly focus their attention on Jones v. United States 47 and Foucha v.
Louisiana. 48 In Jones, the Supreme Court considered whether an NGBRI
acquittee must be released from a mental hospital because his hospitalization
was longer than his would-be prison sentence. 49 The Court described the
purpose of civil commitment generally and the District of Columbia’s
challenged NGBRI commitment scheme:
The purpose of commitment following an insanity acquittal, like
that of civil commitment, is to treat the individual’s mental illness
and protect him and society from his potential dangerousness. The
committed acquittee is entitled to release when he has recovered
his sanity or is no longer dangerous. And because it is impossible
to predict how long it will take for any given individual to recover
44 Marshall v. Rodgers, 133 S. Ct. 1446, 1449 (2013) (per curiam) (citation omitted).
45 Bell, 535 U.S. at 694 (citation omitted); accord Chester v. Thaler, 666 F.3d 340, 347
(5th Cir. 2011) (“A state court’s decision is ‘contrary to’ clearly established federal law if ‘it
relies on legal rules that directly conflict with prior holdings of the Supreme Court or if it
reaches a different conclusion than the Supreme Court on materially indistinguishable
facts.’” (citation omitted and emphasis added)).
46 Marshall, 133 S. Ct. at 1449 (citations omitted).
47 463 U.S. 354 (1983).
48 504 U.S. 71 (1992).
49 463 U.S. at 356.
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– or indeed whether he ever will recover – Congress has chosen, as
it has with respect to civil commitment, to leave the length of
commitment indeterminate, subject to periodic review of the
patient’s suitability for release. 50
The Court then held that an NGBRI acquittee may be confined to a
mental institution “until such time as he has regained his sanity or is no longer
a danger to himself or society.” 51 The length of his would-be prison sentence
was irrelevant. 52
Nine years later in Foucha, the Supreme Court analyzed whether a state
could continue its civil confinement of an insanity acquittee who was
dangerous but no longer mentally ill. 53 The Court held that because Foucha
was not mentally ill, “the basis for holding [him] in a psychiatric facility as an
insanity acquittee has disappeared, and the State is no longer entitled to hold
him on that basis.” 54 Notably, the Foucha Court characterized the Jones
holding as: “‘(t)he committed acquittee is entitled to release when he has
recovered his sanity or is no longer dangerous,’ i.e., the acquittee may be held
as long as he is both mentally ill and dangerous, but no longer.” 55 And in
response to a dissenting justice, 56 the majority reiterated that Jones provided
the standards for release of insanity acquittees. 57
50 Id. at 368 (citations omitted).
51 Id. at 370.
52 Id. at 369.
53 504 U.S. at 73–75.
54 Id. at 78 (citation omitted).
55 Id. at 77 (quoting Jones, 463 U.S. at 368).
56 Id. at 120 (Thomas, J., dissenting).
57 Id. at 79 n.5 (“The issue in [Jones] . . . was whether an insanity acquittee ‘must be
released because he has been hospitalized for a period longer than he might have served in
prison had he been convicted,’ and in the course of deciding that issue in the negative, we
said that the detainee could be held until he was no longer mentally ill or no longer
dangerous . . . . We noted in footnote 11 that Jones had not sought a release based on
nonillness or nondangerousness, but as indicated in the text, we twice announced the outside
limits on the detention of insanity acquittees. The Justice would ‘wish’ away this aspect of
Jones, but that case merely reflected the essence of our prior decisions.” (internal citations
omitted)).
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Poree argues that “clearly established . . . Supreme Court law . . .
permits the continued detention of an insanity acquittee so long as he remains
both mentally ill and dangerous.” He contends that there is a “temporal
component” to the preconditions of mental illness and dangerousness.
Specifically, he asserts that the Court’s holdings require continuing illness and
dangerousness, meaning confinement must end when either condition is
resolved. In support, Poree points to language from Foucha stating that
continued confinement “is improper absent a determination in civil
commitment proceedings of current mental illness and dangerousness.” 58 He
argues that the word “current” demonstrates a temporal component to the
preconditions. Poree concedes that the Court has not identified the precise
scope of the term dangerousness, but argues that the Court “certainly intends
that the precondition have meaning.” “Specifically,” Poree contends, “the
Supreme Court intended by the dangerousness precondition to limit the class
of mentally ill committees that the state may continue to confine.”
The State counters that whether “current[]” dangerousness must be
shown “is an issue that has never been clearly established by the Supreme
Court.” It asserts that Foucha’s holding is narrow: NGBRI acquittees may not
be confined on the basis of dangerousness alone. The State contends that
Foucha’s references to dangerousness “represent mere dicta rather than
‘clearly established’ federal law,” and that the word “current” modifies only
“mental illness” and not “dangerousness.” Citing Justice O’Connor’s concurring
opinion in Foucha, the State further argues that Foucha was limited to its
58 Id. at 78 (emphasis added).
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facts, and that Jones, Foucha, and O’Connor v. Donaldson 59 do not address, let
alone clearly establish, any temporal aspect of dangerousness. 60
Heeding Lockyer v. Andrade’s explication that clearly established law
under § 2254(d)(1) refers to Supreme Court holdings and governing
principles, 61 the governing legal principle derived from Foucha and Jones is
that a state may continue to confine an insanity acquittee only as long as the
acquittee is both mentally ill and dangerous. 62 We agree with the State and
the district court that the Supreme Court has not explicitly addressed how a
state may make its dangerousness determination; indeed, in Jones the Court
indicated that the dangerousness finding is predictive in nature and that the
government is permitted to protect against the “potential dangerousness” of
NGBRI aqcuittees. 63 It has, however, clearly established that a finding of
dangerousness is one of two prerequisites to continued civil confinement.
2.
Having identified the clearly established Supreme Court law, we next
analyze whether the state court’s decision was contrary to it. We hold that it
was not. Although the state court’s repeated enunciation of a “potential”
59 422 U.S. 563, 576 (1975) (considering continued civil confinement of mentally ill
individual and holding that “a State cannot constitutionally confine without more a
nondangerous individual who is capable of surviving safely in freedom by himself or with the
help of willing and responsible family members or friends”).
60 The district court agreed, finding that Foucha shed no light on how state courts
should consider dangerousness, and that “Jones similarly does not address the issue of
whether future or potential dangerousness can be considered.”
61 See 538 U.S. at 71–72.
62 Jones, 463 U.S. at 368–70; Foucha, 504 U.S. at 77–78; see also O’Connor, 422 U.S.
at 575 (“A finding of ‘mental illness’ alone cannot justify a State’s locking a person up against
his will and keeping him indefinitely in simple custodial confinement.”). Poree does not
contest the state court’s finding of mental illness.
63 See 463 U.S. at 368. Notably, circuit courts frequently use similar, open-ended
language when reviewing federal pretrial bail denials. See, e.g., United States v. English, 629
F.3d 311, 319 (2d Cir. 2011) (“We review a district court’s findings as to the accused’s risk of
flight and potential danger to the community for clear error.”); United States v. Provenzano,
605 F.2d 85, 89–90, 94 (3rd Cir. 1979) (discussing the Bail Reform Act’s “directive that courts
must consider a convicted appellant’s potential danger” in determining eligibility for bail).
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dangerousness standard appears to be in tension with Louisiana law, the
Supreme Court has not clearly established that a finding of “potential”
dangerousness is insufficient to justify the continuing confinement of an
NGBRI acquittee.
In denying Poree’s transfer to Harmony House, the state court framed
the legal standard as: “if the defendant still has a major, mental illness and
presents as a potential danger to himself or to others . . . the Court may
maintain its continued confinement of Mr. Poree.” The state court found that
it was not “satisfied that Mr. Poree does not present a potential for both danger
to himself and to others” and that Poree’s current asymptomatic status “does
not negate the potential that Mr. Poree . . . would not manifest or relapse into
the delusions and/or the behavior that presented itself through the years . . . .”
Poree argues that the state court’s “potential” dangerousness standard
is contrary to clearly established Supreme Court law because “[m]odifying
dangerousness with ‘potential’ renders it meaningless.” As stated above,
Poree’s argument overreads Supreme Court precedent. Together, Jones and
Foucha establish that the state must prove two conditions to justify continued
confinement of an NGBRI acquitee: mental illness and dangerousness. As
Poree concedes, however, the Supreme Court has never precisely defined the
contours of the dangerousness inquiry, and language in Jones suggests that
the “dangerousness” finding is inherently predictive. 64 Thus, even if Poree is
correct that dangerousness must have some temporal limitation to retain
meaning, the Supreme Court has not provided any yardstick for determining
what probability of danger is sufficient and what falls short. Particularly in
light of Jones’s acknowledgement that one of the purposes of confining NGBRI
acquittees is to protect society from “potential” dangerousness, it is not clearly
64 See 463 U.S. at 364, 365 n.13, 368.
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established that a court’s finding of “potential” dangerousness, coupled with a
finding of mental illness, is insufficient to justify continued confinement.
Although we hold that the state court’s decision was not contrary to
clearly establish Supreme Court law, we feel compelled to note that the state
court appears to have applied a standard that is in tension with Louisiana law.
Louisiana requires that the court determine “whether the committed person is
no longer mentally ill . . . and can be discharged, or can be released on
probation, without danger to others or to himself.” 65 Louisiana defines
“dangerous to others” and “dangerous to self” as “the condition of a person
whose behavior or significant threats support a reasonable expectation that
there is a substantial risk that he will inflict harm” on others or himself. 66
Thus, Louisiana law explicitly limits the probability of danger necessary to
justify continued confinement: the state court must find “a reasonable
expectation that there is a substantial risk” that the person will cause harm. 67
The state court here made no such finding. Rather, the court found that Poree
“present[s] a potential for both danger to himself and to others” and that the
expert testimony about Poree’s current remission “does not negate the
potential that [Poree] . . . would not manifest or relapse into the delusions
and/or behavior that presented itself through the years.”
65 LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 657 (“At the hearing the burden shall be upon the
state to seek continuance of the confinement by proving by clear and convincing evidence that
the committed person is currently both mentally ill and dangerous.”).
66 LA. STAT. ANN. § 28:2(3) and (4).
67 The federal statute governing the discharge of NGBRI acquittees similarly
elaborates upon its dangerousness requirement for release and conditional release. 18 U.S.C.
§ 4243(f) (“If, after the hearing, the court finds . . . that the person has recovered from his
mental disease or defect to such an extent that--(1) his release would no longer create a
substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of another,
the court shall order that he be immediately discharged; or (2) his conditional release under
a prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment would no
longer create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to
property of another . . .”).
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Despite this apparent inconsistency, we are not in a position to provide
relief to Poree. Under § 2254, we may grant relief for legal error only when the
state court’s decision was contrary to clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court. Any remedy lies in Louisiana state courts,
not federal habeas proceedings.
B.
We next analyze whether the state court’s decision “involved an
unreasonable application of” clearly established Supreme Court law. 68 We
conclude that Poree abandoned this argument. Throughout these habeas
proceedings, Poree has been inconsistent as to whether he makes such an
argument. 69 In his briefing to this Court, however, Poree does not make any
clear, independent argument that the state court’s denial of conditional release
involved an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court
law.
“Issues submitted to this Court that are inadequately briefed are
considered abandoned.” 70 “To avoid waiver, a party must identify relevant legal
standards and ‘any relevant Fifth Circuit cases.’” 71 The clause “unreasonable
application of” appears only once in Poree’s opening brief—in the statement of
68 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
69 In his original application for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal district court,
Poree cited the entire § 2254(d)(1) standard, but he made no independent argument that the
state court’s decision violated the “unreasonable application” clause. Upon being denied
habeas relief in the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, Poree did raise the
argument that the state court’s decision involved an “unreasonable application” of federal
law in his objections to the report and recommendation. Poree also argued that the state
court’s reliance on potential dangerousness was an unreasonable application of Supreme
Court law in his request for a COA.
70 Davis v. Davis, 826 F.3d 258, 266 (5th Cir. 2016) (citing Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d
1338, 1345 (5th Cir. 1994)); accord Legate v. Livingston, 822 F.3d 207, 211 (5th Cir. 2016) (“A
party that fails to adequately address an argument asserted on appeal is deemed to have
waived that argument.” (citations omitted)).
71 JTB Tools & Oilfield Services, L.L.C. v. United States, 831 F.3d 597, 601 (5th Cir.
2016) (citations omitted); accord United States v. Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 446–47 (5th Cir.
2010).
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the standard of review—and never in his reply brief. “A ‘passing reference to
[a] claim . . . is insufficient to prevent . . . waiver.’” 72 Even though Poree raised
the § 2254(d)(1) argument in general, because “§ 2254(d)(1)’s ‘contrary to’ and
‘unreasonable application’ clauses have independent meaning,” 73 raising one
is insufficient to save the other from abandonment. Poree abandoned any
“unreasonable application of” argument for failing to sufficiently argue it in his
appellate brief.
C.
Finally, Poree forfeited any argument that the state court’s decision was
“based on an unreasonable determination of the facts” under § 2254(d)(2) for
failing to advance it in his district court application for writ of habeas corpus.
At best, Poree could contend that he implicitly made the argument in his
objection to the magistrate’s report and recommendation and in his brief for
COA in this court. But the fact remains that he did not specifically reference
§ 2254(d)(2) in either. This court’s granting of a COA that encompassed the
issue cannot revive what is otherwise a forfeited argument. 74
In any event, it is unclear that this provision is even suitable for
adjudication of this claim. Section 2254(d)(2) is used to review questions of
fact. 75 The state court’s determination of Poree’s dangerousness, however, is
not a pure question of fact. 76 Indeed, in his petition for writ in the district court
72 Hollis v. Lynch, 827 F.3d 436, 451 (5th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).
73 Bell, 535 U.S. at 694 (2002) (citation omitted).
74 See Johnson v. Puckett, 176 F.3d 809, 814 (5th Cir. 1999) (“We have repeatedly held
that a contention not raised by a habeas petitioner in the district court cannot be considered
for the first time on appeal from that court’s denial of habeas relief.” (quotation marks and
citation omitted)).
75 Hill v. Johnson, 210 F.3d 481, 485 (5th Cir. 2000); see also Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S.
290, 293 (2010) (“The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 contains two
provisions governing federal-court review of state-court factual findings,” and citing
§ 2254(d)(2) and § 2254(e)(1)).
76 See Powell v. Florida, 579 F.2d 324, 333 (5th Cir. 1978) (“The second criterion, that
the person is dangerous, presents a mixed question involving both a legal and social judgment
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Poree stated, “Given that there is no debate as to the facts, Mr. Poree’s claim
must be reviewed pursuant to U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).”
V.
Because we hold that the state court’s decision was not contrary to
clearly established Supreme Court law, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial
of habeas relief
as well as a medical opinion.”); United States v. Ecker, 543 F.2d 178, 190 (D.C. Cir. 1976)
(“[T]he issue of ‘dangerousness’ presents the district court with a difficult mixed question of
law and fact . . . .”). But see United States v. Jackson, 19 F.3d 1003, 1006 (5th Cir. 1994)
(holding “that the district court’s conclusion that [insanity acquittee] failed to prove he was
entitled to release is a finding of fact . . . .”).
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PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Carlos Poree suffers from Schizophrenia. In 1977, he went on a shooting
spree, killing one person. He was ultimately adjudicated not guilty by reason
of insanity and was civilly committed to the Eastern Louisiana Mental Health
System (ELMHS). Now, forty years after his horrific act, the doctors who know
Poree best agree that he is fit for conditional release from ELMHS to Harmony
House, a secure facility with continued treatment but increased privileges. One
doctor described Poree as a “model patient.” Another opined that he would
comply with all conditions at Harmony House. A third indicated Poree’s
advancing age mitigates the risk of violent behavior. Against the unanimous
recommendation of all who testified, including the state doctors, the state court
denied the request for transfer. Poree petitioned for habeas relief.
The Supreme Court has clearly established the precondition of
dangerousness for continued civil confinement of insanity acquittees. The state
court, however, relied on a standard of potential dangerousness, stripping the
dangerousness precondition of meaning. For this reason, the state court’s
decision was contrary to clearly established Supreme Court law. The majority
holds differently, so I dissent.
Together, the touchstone cases of Jones v. United States 1 and Foucha v.
Louisiana 2 established standards for the release of insanity acquittees. 3 I
agree with the majority that “the governing legal principle derived from
1 463 U.S. 354 (1983).
2 504 U.S. 71 (1992).
3 As stated in Foucha, “‘(t)he committed acquittee is entitled to release when he has
recovered his sanity or is no longer dangerous,’ i.e., the acquittee may be held as long as he
is both mentally ill and dangerous, but no longer.” 504 U.S. at 77 (quoting Jones, 463 U.S. at
368).
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Foucha and Jones is that a state may continue to confine an insanity acquittee
only as long as the acquittee is both mentally ill and dangerous.” As the
majority acknowledges, this means it is “clearly established that a finding of
dangerousness is one of two prerequisites to continued civil confinement.”
The state court made no finding of dangerousness. Instead, it made a
finding of potential dangerousness. What at first blush seems like an
innocuous, semantic difference is actually a potent one: the state court’s
potentially dangerous standard renders the Supreme Court’s dangerousness
requirement meaningless. “Potential” means merely “[c]apable of coming into
being; possible.” 4 But because it is possible for every insanity acquittee to
become dangerous, the state court’s standard lacks any limit. Although the
Supreme Court has not explicitly decided how dangerousness may be
determined, the dangerousness standard has a constitutional floor that a
standard of potential dangerousness fails to reach.
Under the state court’s standard, the state must only prove that the
possibility exists for someone to become dangerous. This understanding of the
dangerousness requirement lowers the bar to the point of conflicting with the
clearly established law of Foucha and Jones. 5 In relying on a standard of
4 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (9th ed. 2009); accord Merriam-Webster Dictionary
(online ed.), available at http://www.merriam-webster.com (last visited July 27, 2017)
(defining potential as, inter alia, “existing in possibility; capable of development into
actuality.”).
5 See Gray v. Epps, 616 F.3d 436, 439 (5th Cir. 2010) (“A state court’s decision is
deemed contrary to clearly established federal law if it reaches a legal conclusion in direct
conflict with a prior decision of the Supreme Court . . . ” (citation omitted)).
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potential dangerousness, the state court “applie[d] a rule different from the
governing law set forth in” those cases. 6
The majority opinion makes three missteps. First, it relies heavily on the
Supreme Court’s use of the term “potential dangerousness” without analyzing
the context. The Supreme Court in Jones at one point stated: “The purpose of
commitment following an insanity acquittal . . . is to treat the individual’s
mental illness and protect him and society from his potential dangerousness.” 7
Jones thus uses “potential dangerousness” not to describe the standard for
assessing dangerousness—the issue in this case—but to state a purpose of
civilly committing insanity acquittees in the first place. We know this because
the Court’s very next sentence is that “[t]he committed acquittee is entitled to
release when he has recovered his sanity or is no longer dangerous.” 8 The
Court’s mere use of the term “potential dangerousness” in a context distinct
from the dangerousness assessment does not detract from the commonsense
conclusion that the dangerousness assessment must have meaning.
Second, throughout its opinion, the majority uses words like “predictive”
and “probability” in reference to the dangerousness finding. For instance, it
highlights that the Court in Jones found the dangerousness inquiry to be
“predictive in nature” and “inherently predictive.” It notes the lack of “any
yardstick for determining what probability of danger is sufficient” 9 and
explains that Louisiana law “limits the probability of danger necessary to
justify continued confinement.” 10 Importantly, the state court did not apply a
6 Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002) (citation omitted).
7 463 U.S. at 368.
8 Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
9 Emphasis added.
10 Emphasis added.
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standard of “predictive” dangerousness or “probable” dangerousness. It applied
one of potential dangerousness. This matters because those modifiers have
different meanings. Predict means “to declare or indicate in advance;
especially” and to “foretell on the basis of observation, experience, or scientific
reason.” 11 Probable means “supported by evidence strong enough to establish
presumption but not proof” and “likely to be or become true or real.” 12
“Potential,” on the other hand, means “possible.” 13 Predictive and probable
cabin the dangerousness requirement in a more meaningful way than potential
does, but whether a court can take predictions and probabilities of danger into
account is not before us. The state court did not do so.
The majority’s final misstep is its application of the “contrary to . . .
clearly established Federal law” standard. 14 There are two steps in this case’s
§ 2254(d)(1) analysis: first, we must identify the clearly established law; and
second, we must ask whether the state court decision was contrary to it. 15 At
step one, the majority agrees that it is “clearly established that a finding of
dangerousness is one of two prerequisites to continued civil confinement.” At
step two, the question is whether the state court decision was contrary to this
11 Merriam-Webster Dictionary (online ed.), available at http://www.merriam-
webster.com (last visited July 27, 2017).
12 Merriam-Webster Dictionary (online ed.), available at http://www.merriam-
webster.com (last visited July 27, 2017).
13 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (9th ed. 2009).
14 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
15 See Marshall v. Rodgers, 133 S. Ct. 1446, 1449 (2013) (per curiam) (“The starting
point for cases subject to § 2254(d)(1) is to identify the ‘clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States’ that governs the habeas petitioner’s
claims.” (citations omitted)).
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clearly established law. That is, did the state court “reach[] a legal conclusion
in direct conflict with a prior decision of the Supreme Court” 16 or “appl[y] a
rule different[ly] from the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases”? 17
Instead of analyzing this issue, the majority reverts to the clearly
established law question—a question it already answered—to conclude that
the Supreme Court has not clearly established that what the state court did
was incorrect. 18 Bringing to mind the Supreme Court’s recent statements on
“clearly established law” in the qualified immunity context, 19 the majority
answers whether the state court’s analysis was clearly established as
improper, instead of answering whether the state court’s decision was contrary
to the clearly established law it previously identified.
In the § 2254(d) context, “‘clearly established Federal law’ . . . is the
governing legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the
time the state court renders its decision.” 20 Moreover, it “‘refers to the holdings,
as opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions . . . ’” 21 In Foucha,
the Court explained its holding in Jones: “[w]e held . . . that ‘(t)he committed
16 Gray, 616 F.3d at 439 (citation omitted).
17 Bell, 535 U.S. at 694 (citation omitted).
18 For example, the majority reasons that “the Supreme Court has not clearly
established that a finding of ‘potential’ dangerousness is insufficient to justify the continuing
confinement of an NGBRI acquittee.” Similarly, it reasons that “it is not clearly established
that a court’s finding of ‘potential’ dangerousness, coupled with a finding of mental illness, is
insufficient to justify continued confinement.”
19 E.g., Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (“The dispositive question is
‘whether the violative nature of particular conduct is clearly established.’” (citation omitted)).
20 Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71–72 (2003) (citations omitted).
21 Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 74 (2006) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362,
412 (2000)).
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Case: 14-30129 Document: 00514094089 Page: 29 Date Filed: 07/28/2017
No. 14-30129
acquittee is entitled to release when he has recovered his sanity or is no longer
dangerous,’ i.e., the acquittee may be held as long as he is both mentally ill and
dangerous, but no longer.” 22 The majority concludes that this means it is
“clearly established that a finding of dangerousness is one of two prerequisites
to continued civil confinement.” Even the State agrees that “a showing of
dangerousness was necessary in order to justify Poree’s continued
commitment.” With the threshold question of identifying the clearly
established law answered, the remaining question is whether the state court’s
decision was contrary to it. The majority largely avoids this analysis.
Because the state court’s standard of potential dangerousness strips the
dangerousness precondition of meaning, I would find that the state court’s
decision was contrary to clearly established Supreme Court law. Civil
confinement is not punitive. It may not be used to accomplish what the
criminal system could not—here, a life sentence. The systems are distinct in
both justification and operation. They will remain so only if courts are faithful
to the requirements of continued civil confinement. The state court decision
went beyond those bounds in direct conflict with Supreme Court law. I dissent.
22 504 U.S. at 77 (quoting Jones, 463 U.S. at 368).
29